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Merge pull request #2 from agahkarakuzu/main
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Fix bib entry
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valosekj authored Oct 10, 2023
2 parents 7c91e5a + 37b31ee commit 58335b9
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8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions content/index.ipynb
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"The spinal cord plays a vital role in the central nervous system by transmitting sensory and motor signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It also contains essential networks responsible for functions such as locomotion and pain processing. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess spinal cord macrostructure and to compute measures of spinal cord morphometry like cross-sectional area (CSA) or anteroposterior (AP) diameter. The morphometric measures serve as objective indicators to evaluate spinal cord pathologies, such as the extent of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis {cite:p}`Losseff1996-py,Mina2021-xs,Rocca2019-yc` and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis {cite:p}`El_Mendili2023-ws,Paquin2018-kf` or the severity of spinal cord injury and spinal cord compression in traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury, respectively {cite:p}`Badhiwala2020-qh,David2019-jc,Miyanji2007-za`.\n",
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"However, interpreting morphometric measures is challenging due to considerable inter-subject variability associated with demographic and biological factors. For example, significantly smaller CSA is consistently reported in females relative to males {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Engl2013-xx,Mina2021-xs,Papinutto2015-ov,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand_Dahlberg2020-xz,Yanase2006-xz`. Similarly, studies showed an association of spinal cord CSA with cervical cord length {cite:p}`Martin2017-cf,Martin2017-zu,Oh2014-du`, spinal canal area, and spinal canal diameters {cite:p}`Kesenheimer2021-vw,Papinutto2020-hn`. Other factors, such as brain volume, intracranial volume, and thalamic volume also showed a strong correlation with spinal cord CSA {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand_Dahlberg2020-xz`. \n",
"However, interpreting morphometric measures is challenging due to considerable inter-subject variability associated with demographic and biological factors. For example, significantly smaller CSA is consistently reported in females relative to males {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Engl2013-xx,Mina2021-xs,Papinutto2015-ov,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand2020-xz,Yanase2006-xz`. Similarly, studies showed an association of spinal cord CSA with cervical cord length {cite:p}`Martin2017-cf,Martin2017-zu,Oh2014-du`, spinal canal area, and spinal canal diameters {cite:p}`Kesenheimer2021-vw,Papinutto2020-hn`. Other factors, such as brain volume, intracranial volume, and thalamic volume also showed a strong correlation with spinal cord CSA {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand2020-xz`. \n",
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"As for weight and height, studies showed only a moderate correlation with spinal cord CSA {cite:p}`Papinutto2020-hn,Yanase2006-xz` or did not show any significant association {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Papinutto2020-hn,Solstrand_Dahlberg2020-xz`. Likewise, only a weak non-significant association was reported between spinal cord CSA and age {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Kato2012-iy,Papinutto2020-hn,Yanase2006-xz`. A single study with a wide cohort age range reported that CSA increases until about 45 years of age and then begins to decrease {cite:p}`Papinutto2020-hn`.\n",
"As for weight and height, studies showed only a moderate correlation with spinal cord CSA {cite:p}`Papinutto2020-hn,Yanase2006-xz` or did not show any significant association {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Papinutto2020-hn,Solstrand2020-xz`. Likewise, only a weak non-significant association was reported between spinal cord CSA and age {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Kato2012-iy,Papinutto2020-hn,Yanase2006-xz`. A single study with a wide cohort age range reported that CSA increases until about 45 years of age and then begins to decrease {cite:p}`Papinutto2020-hn`.\n",
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"In addition to inter-subject variability, spinal cord anatomy varies depending on the level. Corresponding with anatomical textbooks {cite:p}`Standring2020-er`, studies have shown an increase in CSA around levels C4-C5 corresponding to cervical enlargement {cite:p}`De_Leener2018-zm,Frostell2016-yw,Horakova2022-gz,Martin2017-zu,Mina2021-xs,Rocca2019-yc`. Then, the spinal cord cross-section becomes smaller, which is mirrored by the decrease in CSA. \n",
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"As for AP diameter and transverse diameter, values measured in this study correspond with population estimates from {cite:t}`Frostell2016-yw`. For instance, we measured an AP diameter of 7.86 ± 0.56 mm and a transverse diameter of 11.9 ± 0.76 mm for the C2 vertebral level, while {cite:t}`Frostell2016-yw` reported an AP diameter of 7.9 ± 1.6 mm and a transverse diameter of 12.3 ± 2.4 mm for the same vertebral level.\n",
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"Confirming previous studies {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Engl2013-xx,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand_Dahlberg2020-xz,Yanase2006-xz`, we showed that females have smaller CSA relative to males across all vertebral levels. Smaller spinal cord size is also mirrored by lower AP and transverse diameters in females compared to males.\n",
"Confirming previous studies {cite:p}`Bedard2022-tr,Engl2013-xx,Papinutto2020-hn,Rashid2006-ar,Solstrand2020-xz,Yanase2006-xz`, we showed that females have smaller CSA relative to males across all vertebral levels. Smaller spinal cord size is also mirrored by lower AP and transverse diameters in females compared to males.\n",
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"The increase in CSA around levels C4-C5 indicates the location of cervical enlargement, the source of the large spinal nerves that supply the upper limbs. This finding is consistent with anatomical textbooks {cite:p}`Standring2020-er` and previous studies {cite:p}`De_Leener2018-zm,Frostell2016-yw,Horakova2022-gz,Martin2017-zu,Mina2021-xs,Rocca2019-yc`. After the cervical enlargement (i.e., below level C5), the spinal cord becomes smaller, which is mirrored by the decrease in CSA, AP diameter, and transverse diameter. The cranio-caudal decrease in AP diameter along the spinal cord, along with the changing trends in compression ratio and eccentricity, corresponds to the fact that the spinal cord is not cylindrical but rather changes its shape across levels from circular shape at C1 and C2 levels to a more elliptical shape around levels C5 and C6 {cite:p}`Standring2020-er`.\n",
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"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.13"
"version": "3.8.16"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion paper.bib
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year = 2017
}

@ARTICLE{Solstrand_Dahlberg2020-xz,
@ARTICLE{Solstrand2020-xz,
title = "Heritability of cervical spinal cord structure",
author = "Solstrand Dahlberg, Linda and Viessmann, Olivia and Linnman, Clas",
journal = "Neurol Genet",
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