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Datasets for multilingual speech valence classification

Introduction

This repository collects datasets with raw audio that can be used for speech emotion recognition, particularly for training a multilingual speech valence classifier.

To the best of my knowledge, all end-user license agreements for these datasets allow for public or free-use non-commercial access (although some disallow distribution) and there are no requirements for active university affiliation or institutional review board approval.

Users who clone this repository may consider a partial or shallow clone since the working directory contains roughly 40 GB (and there may be large artifacts in the commit history). See also the Unified Multilingual Dataset of Emotional Human Utterances, which unifies these datasets by standardizing audio format, normalizing volume, and trimming silences.

Inquiries may be directed to Michael.Chen.0@gmail.com.

Contents

Application

Emotion recognition is an important part of natural language understanding. Conversational agents accepting voice input have already been deployed in many contexts such as healthcare [1] or customer service [2] where empathic responses improve the quality of services provided. A cross-lingually or multilingually trained classifier can be especially useful when little training data is available for a particular target language [3].

[4] combined five corpora (German, Italian, and English variants) and attained F1 scores between 89% and 98% and corresponding accuracy scores between 92% and 98% for valence classification. Using a model trained on English and French data, [3] achieved an unweighted average recall of 61.73% (English) and 49.33% (French) for valence. [5] trained a model on English, German, Italian, and Urdu to obtain an unweighted average recall score of 70.98% for binary (negative and non-negative) valence classification in Urdu. Others have developed multilingual speech emotion recognition systems to classify utterances into affective categories (e.g., happy, sad, angry, neutral, etc.) [6]–[9]. This repo is part of a project that builds on prior research by unifying a broader set of multilingual data: 13 English data sources, 9 datasets in non-English languages, 2 datasets providing both English and non-English speech samples, and 3 datasets of affective human non-speech vocalizations for a total of 27 data sources in 9 languages.

Data

English audio samples with emotion labels were sourced from the Carnegie Mellon University Let's Go Spoken Dialogue Corpus [10]–[11], Crowd-sourced Emotional Multimodal Actors Dataset [12]–[13], the Electromagnetic Articulography Database [14], the EmoReact dataset [15], the eNTERFACE '05 Audio-Visual Emotion Database [16], the JL Corpus [17], the Morgan Emotional Speech Set [18]–[19], the Multimodal EmotionLines Dataset [20]–[21], the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song [22], the Surrey Audio-Visual Expressed Emotion Database [23], and the Toronto Emotional Speech Set [24].

Most of the English-language datasets are of North American English with some dialectic variations. For instance, the Crowd-sourced Emotional Multimodal Actors Dataset [12]–[13] (amongst others) consists mostly of Mainstream American English recordings but also some samples of non-standard American English while the Toronto Emotional Speech Set [24] was elicited from two actresses recruited from the eponymous metropolitan area in Canada.

On the other hand, the JL Corpus [17] is of New Zealand English and the Surrey Audio-Visual Expressed Emotion Database [23] is of British English. The eNTERFACE '05 Audio-Visual Emotion Database [16] consists of English spoken by participants of fourteen nationalities. Although not a full dataset, [25] provides six samples (two each of positive, negative, and neutral valence) in Australian English (prepared for investigation of emotion perception in patients with schizophrenia).

Similar spoken corpora with emotion labels were obtained for Arabic (Egyptian Arabic speech emotion database) [26], Estonian (Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus) [27], French (French Emotional Speech Database - Oréau) [28] and Canadian (Québec) French (Canadian French Emotional Speech Database) [29], German (Berlin Database of Emotional Speech) [30], Greek (Acted Emotional Speech Dynamic Database) [31]–[32], Persian (Sharif Emotional Speech Database) [33], Turkish (Bahcesehir University Multimodal Face Database of Affective and Mental States) [34], and Urdu (Urdu Language Speech Dataset) [5].

Two datasets contained non-English samples in addition to English samples: the Bahcesehir University Multilingual Affective Face Database (Turkish) [35] and the Emotional Speech Dataset (Mandarin Chinese) [36]. Although reported to contain Belgian French samples as well, only the English files of the Emotional Voices Database [37] were available to me.

The the corpus provided by Lima, Castro, and Scott [38], the Montreal Affective Voices [39], and the Variably Intense Vocalizations of Affect and Emotion Corpus [40] contained emotional non-speech vocalizations of humans. Respectively, vocalizations were elicited from native speakers of European Portuguese [38], Canadian French [39], and American English [40].

The end-user license agreements of the two Bahcesehir University datasets [34]–[35], the EmoReact dataset [15], the Egyptian Arabic speech emotion database [26] and the Surrey Audio-Visual Expressed Emotion Database [23] do not allow for distribution of the datasets, so the raw data were not uploaded to this repository; to use these datasets, you may need to fill out the appropriate end-user license agreements and/or contact the authors. Otherwise, I tried to preserve the directory structure of each dataset and upload the audio files in full, although I compressed some subdirectories and may have omitted some files to reduce total file size (e.g., video samples when audio-only samples are also available).

I also included additional documentation (e.g., full-text journal articles or PDFs of web pages) where I could along with some notes and Python scripts I used for file organization. (The scripts were written in a 3.9+ environment, but most Python 3.8+ versions should be fine.) Since each dataset is different in the way files samples were collected, files are organized, speaker IDs were notated, etc., a run-once script named *_data_files.py that I used to help me select the files I would personally consider retaining as samples for model development may be found in each dataset directory; each of these scripts generates a tab-separated file (*_data_files.tsv) containing the paths of those files and some metadata per dataset.

Each dataset was created with different methods, but they share common features that made them suitable for this project:

  1. Audio data (or video data with audio) of human vocalizations at the utterance level. These were variously obtained via spontaneous participant elicitation (e.g., the eNTERFACE '05 Audio-Visual Emotion Database [16] or Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus [27]), acted speech (e.g., Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song [22] or Acted Emotional Speech Dynamic Database [31]–[32]), or media samples from telelvision or films (e.g., the Urdu Language Speech Dataset [5] or Multimodal EmotionLines Dataset [20]–[21])). Almost all samples correspond to a single speaker with few exceptions, usually due to inaccurate speaker segmentation.
  2. A single unambiguous valence classification per audio sample of either positive, negative, or neutral — explicitly labeled or directly inferable from the conventional valences of emotion categories (where supported by the literature on emotion studies). For instance, samples colored with anger, disgust, fear, or sadness would all be considered negatively valenced and joy is considered positively valenced. Some datasets also contain ambiguous valence states like "concentrating" or "sleepy". Some emotions may be variably valenced like surprise [42] or curiosity [43], depending on the methods and context of sample collection/elicitation per dataset. Datasets dealing with sentiment but not emotions were omitted from consideration.
  3. Demonstrated academic or practical application in some context (e.g., conference or journal publication, Kaggle, etc.).
  4. Public or free-use non-commercial access.

Information about speaker gender was available for all datasets as well (although not always explicitly encoded). All speakers in all datasets were adults with the exception of the EmoReact dataset [15], which featured children's English, and the Canadian French Emotional Speech Database [29] in which one of the actors was under 18 years old at time of recording.

I considered many other datasets such as those listed in [41], but most of these did not meet all the above criteria, required an active academic affiliation, were paywalled, or were otherwise inaccessible or unusable.

Datasets

English

Non-English

  • aesdd | Acted Emotional Speech Dynamic Database (Greek) [31]–[32]
  • BAUM1 | Bahcesehir University Multimodal Face Database of Affective and Mental States [34]
  • BAUM2 | Bahcesehir University Multilingual Affective Face Database [35]
  • cafe | Canadian French Emotional Speech Database [29]
  • ekorpus | Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus [27]
  • EmoDB | Berlin Database of Emotional Speech (German) [30]
  • esd | Emotional Speech Dataset (Mandarin Chinese and English) [36]
  • EYASE | Egyptian Arabic speech emotion database [26]
  • oreau2 | French Emotional Speech Database - Oréau [28]
  • ShEMO | Sharif Emotional Speech Database (Persian) [33]
  • urdu | Urdu Language Speech Dataset [5]

Non-Speech

  • LimaCastroScott | the corpus provided by Lima, Castro, and Scott [38]
  • MAV | Montreal Affective Voices [39]
  • vivae | Variably Intense Vocalizations of Affect and Emotion Corpus [40]

References

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Multilingual datasets with raw audio for speech emotion recognition

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audio multilingual nlp language data machine-learning natural-language-processing natural-language speech emotion speech-recognition languages datasets speech-processing nlp-machine-learning emotion-detection emotion-recognition natural-language-understanding valence crosslingual

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