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docs/index.html

@@ -733,7 +733,8 @@
 <div class="footer">
 <p><span class="citation" data-cites="holland2012">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Holland, 2012</a>)</span></p>
 </div>
-<aside class="notes"><style type="text/css">
+<aside class="notes"><p>Emergence shares similarities with evolution. On shorter time scales, we observe the formation of patterns. Over longer time scales, entirely new levels of organization appear, leading to phenomena that seem unrelated to their origins (e.g., a rock and a human).</p>
+<style type="text/css">
         span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
           position:absolute!important;
           clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
@@ -782,7 +783,7 @@
 <div>
 
 </div>
-<div class="quarto-layout-panel" data-layout-nrow="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.25em; padding-top: 75px">
+<div class="quarto-layout-panel" style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.25em; padding-top: 75px" data-layout-nrow="2">
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 <p><strong>Simulation is a third<br>way of doing science</strong><br><span class="citation" data-cites="axelrod1997">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Axelrod, 1997, p. 24</a>)</span>.</p>
@@ -801,7 +802,7 @@
 <div>
 
 </div>
-<div class="quarto-layout-panel" data-layout-nrow="2" style="padding-top: 0px">
+<div class="quarto-layout-panel" style="padding-top: 0px" data-layout-nrow="2">
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@@ -872,7 +873,7 @@
           display:block!important;
       }</style></aside></section><section id="other-concepts" class="slide level2 smaller"><h2>Other concepts</h2>
 <p>There are several other concepts/subjects in complexity science that were not shown here, but are essential for a good understanding of complex systems and their behavior. Some of these concepts are:</p>
-<p>(<em>See the appendix section for more information on these concepts</em>)</p>
+<p>(<em>See the appendices section for more information on these concepts</em>)</p>
 <div class="columns">
 <div class="column" style="width: 50%; padding-top: 0px;">
 <ul>
@@ -927,7 +928,7 @@
 <div>
 
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-<div class="quarto-layout-panel" data-layout-nrow="2" style="padding-top: 25px">
+<div class="quarto-layout-panel" style="padding-top: 25px" data-layout-nrow="2">
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@@ -1048,7 +1049,7 @@
 <div>
 
 </div>
-<div class="quarto-layout-panel" data-layout-nrow="2" style="padding-top: 25px">
+<div class="quarto-layout-panel" style="padding-top: 25px" data-layout-nrow="2">
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@@ -1224,7 +1225,6 @@
 \end{cases}
 \]</span></p>
 <p><br></p>
-<p><strong>Life is not deterministic</strong>.</p>
 <p>Global (Top-Down) approach.</p>
 <p>Local (Bottom-Up) approach.</p>
 </div><div class="column" style="width: 50%; padding-top: 25px;">
@@ -2293,9 +2293,7 @@
           overflow: hidden!important;
           display:block!important;
       }</style></aside></section><section id="ap-reductionism-versus-compression" class="slide level2 smaller" data-visibility="uncounted"><h2>(AP) Reductionism <em>versus</em> Compression</h2>
-<div style="font-size: 0.9em;">
-<p><strong>We’re not looking down levels to explain the level of interest</strong>. And that’s one of it’s defining features that will come back to at some point when we talk about emergence.</p>
-</div>
+<p><strong>We’re not looking down levels to explain the level of interest</strong>.</p>
 
 <img data-src="images/krakauer-2023-figure-1.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch" style="width: 100%; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 35px;"><div class="footer">
 <p><span class="citation" data-cites="krakauer2023">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Krakauer, 2023</a>)</span></p>
@@ -2923,6 +2921,21 @@
           display:block!important;
       }</style></aside></section><section id="ap-poppers-hypothetico-deductive-method-1" class="slide level2 smaller" data-visibility="uncounted"><h2>(AP) Popper’s hypothetico-deductive method</h2>
 <p>Here <span class="math inline">\(\text{P}_1\)</span>, is the <strong>problem</strong> from which we start, <span class="math inline">\(\text{TT}\)</span> (the ‘tentative theory’) is the imaginative conjectural solution which we first reach, for example our first <strong>tentative interpretation</strong>. <span class="math inline">\(\text{EE}\)</span> (‘<strong>error- elimination</strong>’) consists of a severe critical examination of our conjecture, our tentative interpretation: it consists, for example, of the critical use of documentary evidence and, if we have at this early stage more than one conjecture at our disposal, it will also consist of a critical discussion and comparative evaluation of the competing conjectures. <span class="math inline">\(\text{P}_2\)</span> is the problem situation as it emerges from our first critical attempt to solve our problems. It leads up to our second attempt (<strong>and so on</strong>).</p>
+<div class="cell" data-reveal="true" data-fig-width="6.5" data-layout-align="center">
+<div class="cell-output-display">
+<div>
+<p></p><figure class=""></figure><p></p>
+<div>
+<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js">flowchart LR
+  A(P1) --&gt; B(TT)
+  B --&gt; C(EE)
+  C --&gt; D(P2)
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="footer">
 <p><span class="citation" data-cites="popper1979">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">K. R. Popper, 1979, p. 164</a>)</span></p>
 </div>
@@ -2968,12 +2981,12 @@
           overflow: hidden!important;
           display:block!important;
       }</style></aside></section><section id="ap-popper-against-positivism-or-the-problem-of-induction" class="slide level2 smaller" data-visibility="uncounted"><h2>(AP) Popper against positivism (or the problem of induction)</h2>
-<p><em>Notre activité intellectuelle est suffisamment excitée par le pur espoir de découvrir les lois des phénomènes, par le simple désir de <strong>confirmer</strong> ou d’infirmer une théorie. […] la philosophie positive est le véritable <strong>état définitif</strong> de l’intelligence humaine […]</em> <span class="citation" data-cites="comte1892">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Comte, 1892, pp. 9–10</a>)</span>.</p>
+<p><em>Notre activité intellectuelle est suffisamment excitée par le pur espoir de découvrir les lois des phénomènes, par le simple <strong>désir de confirmer</strong> ou d’infirmer une théorie. […] la philosophie positive est le véritable <strong>état définitif</strong> de l’intelligence humaine […]</em> <span class="citation" data-cites="comte1892">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Comte, 1892, pp. 9–10</a>)</span>.</p>
 <p><strong>Why post-positivist?</strong></p>
 <ul>
-<li>Anti-positivist (positive: “imposed on the mind by experience”)</li>
 <li>Anti-inductivist (deduction, satisfactory answers)</li>
 <li>Anti-verificationist (falsifiability as demarcation criterion)</li>
+<li>Anti-historicist (rebuttable presumptions)</li>
 </ul></section><section id="ap-popper-against-positivism-or-the-problem-of-induction-1" class="slide level2 smaller" data-visibility="uncounted"><h2>(AP) Popper against positivism (or the problem of induction)</h2>
 <p>But I shall certainly admit a system as empirical or scientific only if it is capable of being tested by experience. These considerations suggest that <strong>not the <em>verifiability</em> but the <em>falsifiability</em> of a system is to be taken as a criterion of demarcation</strong>. In other words: I shall not require of a scientific system that it shall be capable of being singled out, once and for all, in a positive sense; but I shall require that its logical form shall be such that it can be singled out, by means of empirical tests, in a negative sense: <strong>it must be possible for an empirical scientific system to be refuted by experience</strong>.</p>
 <div class="footer">

docs/search.json

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
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-    "text": "Emergence\nIn complex adaptive systems, emergent properties often occur when coevolving signals and boundaries generate new levels of organization.\nA word about emergence (Holland, 2012, Topic 5.5).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Holland, 2012)"
+    "text": "Emergence\nIn complex adaptive systems, emergent properties often occur when coevolving signals and boundaries generate new levels of organization.\nA word about emergence (Holland, 2012, Topic 5.5).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Holland, 2012)\n\nEmergence shares similarities with evolution. On shorter time scales, we observe the formation of patterns. Over longer time scales, entirely new levels of organization appear, leading to phenomena that seem unrelated to their origins (e.g., a rock and a human)."
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-    "text": "Other concepts\nThere are several other concepts/subjects in complexity science that were not shown here, but are essential for a good understanding of complex systems and their behavior. Some of these concepts are:\n(See the appendix section for more information on these concepts)\n\n\n\nPower laws & Factor sparsity\nFeedback loops\nRobustness\nEquilibrium states\nAdaptation\nSelf-organization\nPath dependence\n\n\n\nCriticality\nScaling invariance\nNonlinear dynamics\nPhase transitions\nAttractors\nFractal dimensions\nNetwork dynamics"
+    "text": "Other concepts\nThere are several other concepts/subjects in complexity science that were not shown here, but are essential for a good understanding of complex systems and their behavior. Some of these concepts are:\n(See the appendices section for more information on these concepts)\n\n\n\nPower laws & Factor sparsity\nFeedback loops\nRobustness\nEquilibrium states\nAdaptation\nSelf-organization\nPath dependence\n\n\n\nCriticality\nScaling invariance\nNonlinear dynamics\nPhase transitions\nAttractors\nFractal dimensions\nNetwork dynamics"
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     "section": "A picture is worth a thousand words",
-    "text": "A picture is worth a thousand words\n\n\n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{S} = - \\lambda \\text{S} \\text{I} \\\\\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{I} = \\lambda \\text{S} \\text{I} - \\gamma \\text{I} \\\\\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{R} = \\gamma \\text{I} \\\\\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\nLife is not deterministic.\nGlobal (Top-Down) approach.\nLocal (Bottom-Up) approach.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Kermack & McKendrick, 1927)"
+    "text": "A picture is worth a thousand words\n\n\n\\[\n\\begin{cases}\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{S} = - \\lambda \\text{S} \\text{I} \\\\\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{I} = \\lambda \\text{S} \\text{I} - \\gamma \\text{I} \\\\\n\\cfrac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d} t} \\text{R} = \\gamma \\text{I} \\\\\n\\end{cases}\n\\]\n\nGlobal (Top-Down) approach.\nLocal (Bottom-Up) approach.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Kermack & McKendrick, 1927)"
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     "section": "(AP) Reductionism versus Compression",
-    "text": "(AP) Reductionism versus Compression\n\nWe’re not looking down levels to explain the level of interest. And that’s one of it’s defining features that will come back to at some point when we talk about emergence.\n\n\n\n(Krakauer, 2023)"
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     "title": "Exploring complexity with agent-based models",
     "section": "(AP) Popper’s hypothetico-deductive method",
-    "text": "(AP) Popper’s hypothetico-deductive method\nHere \\(\\text{P}_1\\), is the problem from which we start, \\(\\text{TT}\\) (the ‘tentative theory’) is the imaginative conjectural solution which we first reach, for example our first tentative interpretation. \\(\\text{EE}\\) (‘error- elimination’) consists of a severe critical examination of our conjecture, our tentative interpretation: it consists, for example, of the critical use of documentary evidence and, if we have at this early stage more than one conjecture at our disposal, it will also consist of a critical discussion and comparative evaluation of the competing conjectures. \\(\\text{P}_2\\) is the problem situation as it emerges from our first critical attempt to solve our problems. It leads up to our second attempt (and so on).\n\n(K. R. Popper, 1979, p. 164)"
+    "text": "(AP) Popper’s hypothetico-deductive method\nHere \\(\\text{P}_1\\), is the problem from which we start, \\(\\text{TT}\\) (the ‘tentative theory’) is the imaginative conjectural solution which we first reach, for example our first tentative interpretation. \\(\\text{EE}\\) (‘error- elimination’) consists of a severe critical examination of our conjecture, our tentative interpretation: it consists, for example, of the critical use of documentary evidence and, if we have at this early stage more than one conjecture at our disposal, it will also consist of a critical discussion and comparative evaluation of the competing conjectures. \\(\\text{P}_2\\) is the problem situation as it emerges from our first critical attempt to solve our problems. It leads up to our second attempt (and so on).\n\n\n\n\n\nflowchart LR\n  A(P1) --> B(TT)\n  B --> C(EE)\n  C --> D(P2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(K. R. Popper, 1979, p. 164)"
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docs/sitemap.xml

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
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-    <lastmod>2024-10-02T22:28:57.490Z</lastmod>
+    <lastmod>2024-10-04T13:27:48.809Z</lastmod>
   </url>
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index.qmd

@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ A word about emergence [@holland2012, Topic 5.5].
 :::
 
 ::: {.notes}
+Emergence shares similarities with evolution. On shorter time scales, we observe the formation of patterns. Over longer time scales, entirely new levels of organization appear, leading to phenomena that seem unrelated to their origins (e.g., a rock and a human).
 :::
 
 ## Leverage points {.smaller}
@@ -406,7 +407,7 @@ Complexity science seeks to **explain emergent phenomena** or mechanisms that 
 
 There are several other concepts/subjects in complexity science that were not shown here, but are essential for a good understanding of complex systems and their behavior. Some of these concepts are:
 
-(*See the appendix section for more information on these concepts*)
+(*See the appendices section for more information on these concepts*)
 
 :::: {.columns}
 ::: {.column style="width: 50%; padding-top: 0px;"}
@@ -674,8 +675,6 @@ $$
 
 <br>
 
-**Life is not deterministic**.
-
 Global (Top-Down) approach.
 
 Local (Bottom-Up) approach.
@@ -1357,9 +1356,7 @@ Is love just a chemical?
 
 ## (AP) Reductionism *versus* Compression {.smaller visibility="uncounted"}
 
-::: {style="font-size: 0.9em;"}
-**We're not looking down levels to explain the level of interest**. And that's one of it's defining features that will come back to at some point when we talk about emergence.
-:::
+**We're not looking down levels to explain the level of interest**.
 
 ![](images/krakauer-2023-figure-1.png){fig-align="center" style="width: 100%; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 35px;"}
 
@@ -1875,6 +1872,15 @@ flowchart LR
 Here $\text{P}_1$, is the **problem** from which we start, $\text{TT}$ (the ‘tentative theory’) is the imaginative conjectural solution which we first reach, for example our first **tentative interpretation**. $\text{EE}$ (‘**error- elimination**’) consists of a severe critical examination of our conjecture, our tentative interpretation: it consists, for example, of the critical use of documentary evidence and, if we have at this early stage more than one conjecture at our disposal, it will also consist of a critical discussion and comparative evaluation of the competing conjectures. $\text{P}_2$ is the problem situation as it emerges from our first critical attempt to solve our problems.
 It leads up to our second attempt (**and so on**).
 
+```{mermaid}
+%%| fig-width: 6.5
+
+flowchart LR
+  A(P1) --> B(TT)
+  B --> C(EE)
+  C --> D(P2)
+```
+
 ::: footer
 [@popper1979, p. 164]
 :::
@@ -1906,13 +1912,13 @@ may indeed be looked upon as improvements and rationalizations of the Hegelian d
 
 ## (AP) Popper against positivism (or the problem of induction) {.smaller visibility="uncounted"}
 
-*Notre activité intellectuelle est suffisamment excitée par le pur espoir de découvrir les lois des phénomènes, par le simple désir de **confirmer** ou d'infirmer une théorie. [...] la philosophie positive est le véritable **état définitif** de l'intelligence humaine [...]* [@comte1892, pp. 9-10].
+*Notre activité intellectuelle est suffisamment excitée par le pur espoir de découvrir les lois des phénomènes, par le simple **désir de confirmer** ou d'infirmer une théorie. [...] la philosophie positive est le véritable **état définitif** de l'intelligence humaine [...]* [@comte1892, pp. 9-10].
 
 **Why post-positivist?**
 
-- Anti-positivist (positive: “imposed on the mind by experience”)
 - Anti-inductivist (deduction, satisfactory answers)
 - Anti-verificationist (falsifiability as demarcation criterion)
+- Anti-historicist (rebuttable presumptions)
 
 ## (AP) Popper against positivism (or the problem of induction) {.smaller visibility="uncounted"}