ZKP (circuit) compiler shootout

Evaluating & benchmarking ZKP compilation strategies.

Currently we are testing the following Zero Knowledge machines

1. RISC0
2. Miden
3. Triton
4. Plonk
5. Halo2

If you would like your machine / framework / compilation strategy to be benchmarked against the standard suite, please submit a PR! You can find instructions below.

Results can be seen in the following files:

• BENCHMARKS-x86.md
  • The results rendered in a mark down table
• BENCHMARKS-arm64.md
  • The results rendered in a mark down table
• anoma.github.io/zkp-compiler-shootout/
  • The results with graphs and standard deviations, means, etc.

The results were collected on a AMD Ryzen 7 5700X 8-Core @ 16x 3.4GHz CPU.

To see very rough notes about the languages in the benchmark and potential improvement points please read my notes file.

Dependencies

For some benchmark backends some external dependencies are required

Risc0

1. risczero
2. cargo-risczero

which can be installed by the following command

cargo install cargo-risczero
cargo risczero install

Make table

1. cargo-criterion
2. criterion-table

these can both be installed with the following command.

cargo install cargo-criterion
cargo install criterion-table

How to get benchmark results

There are two commands for producing results

1. make table arg="desired_backend"
2. make bench arg="desired_backend

It is recommended to run make table. However it requires two external dependencies

see the dependencies section for instructions for installation.

Make sure cargo packages are on your path.

Either way, the results can be seen

1. run make table arg="desired_flags"
   • or make bench arg="desired_flags, if one does not wish to install the cargo packages
2. sit back and watch your CPU spin
3. The HTML results should be in ./shootout/target/criterion/reports/index.html
4. If make table was run, the updated benchmark results should be seen in ./BENCHMARKS.md

Benchmark Flags

In order to be effective for developers and users wishing to verify results, we do not enable all benchmarks by default.

The following class of flags are had

1. Compiler flags
2. Test flags
3. Step Flags

All Step flags and Test flags are enabled by default. ALl Step flags on may be too slow for your workflow.

Parent Flag	Flag	default status	Notes
all	all	off
all_compilers	miden	off
all_compilers	triton	off
all_compilers	halo2	off
all_compilers	plonk	off
all_compilers	risc	off	Fails to compile
all_compilers	vampir_p	off
all_compilers	vampir_halo2	off
all_tests	sudoku	on
all_tests	fib	on
all_tests	blake	on
all_steps	compile	on
all_steps	prove	on
all_steps	verify	on
all_steps	prove_and_verify	on

• Any compilers that have Fails to compile, have to be enabled by hand in arg, as they are excluded from their parent

So if one wants to run everything one can run

make table arg="all"

In fact if one is fine with the default on features then one just needs to run

make table arg="miden"
make bench arg="miden"

where you can replace miden with any compiler_flag, such as risc.

However if one wishes to turn off a feature like various steps or tests

then one has to run a command like

cd shootout

cargo bench --no-default-features --features "all_tests prove_and_verify miden"

Here, we turn off all the steps, running only the prove_and_verify part of the benchmark.

Contributing

This repository serves as a base for contributions and so contributions should hopefully be easy, and deficiencies on the implementations well known.

Hopefully the process is rather straight forward, however we give a guide below to more quickly get familiar with the structure of the project.

To get a quick TL;DR feeling of this you could alternatively read how the miden backend plugs in both in the miden.rs, main.rs, bench.rs, and the miden sub directory for project layout. That should hopefully be readable enough without having to read the full guide below.

Layout Structure: SRC

The project has two components of organization, the shootout directory has an src folder that hosts a file per backend. These files (miden.rs, risc.rs, etc.) are rather basic, just hosting an implementation of the given backend struct that was created.

.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
│   ├── bench.rs
│   ├── halo.rs
│   ├── main.rs
│   ├── miden.rs
│   ├── plonk.rs
│   └── risc.rs

We can see other files as well such as bench.rs and main.rs

For creating a new backend to test, one will have to touch bench.rs to have their new backend be tested. Since the code added is just a way to get around Rust's lack of typing of existentials this should be an easy task.

One should also add a feature flag for one's compiler in Cargo.toml.

Finally, in main.rs we hook up our tests to a certain benchmark we care about.

pub fn bench_sudoku(c: &mut Criterion) {
    let to_bench = vec![
        #[cfg(feature = "miden")]
        ZKP::Miden(miden::sudoku()),
        #[cfg(feature = "plonk")]
        ZKP::Plonk(plonk::sudoku()),
        #[cfg(feature = "risc")]
        ZKP::Risc0(risc::sudoku()),
        #[cfg(feature = "halo2")]
        ZKP::Halo2(halo::sudoku()),
    ];
    bench_zkp(c, String::from("Sudoku"), to_bench)
}

As we can see it's just adding the backend's struct to a vector list and wrapped with the enum found in bench.rs.

This structure should also make it easy to add new benchmark programs, please feel free to add new kinds of programs we wish to test here with whatever backend you are interested in! Hopefully others, including myself, can contribute to other backends for your test!

Layout Structure: sub directories

The layout structures of the other directories are as follows:

.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── miden
├── notes.org
├── risc
├── sudoku-halo2
├── sudoku-plonk
└── zero-knowledge
    ├── Cargo.toml
    └── src

The most important folder is zero-knowledge as this has the trait needed to implement to have the benchmarker work.

pub trait ZeroKnowledge {
    type C;
    type R;
    fn name(&self) -> String;
    fn compile(&self) -> Self::C;
    fn prove(&self, setup: &mut Self::C) -> Self::R;
    fn verify(&self, receipt: Self::R, program: &mut Self::C) -> ();
    fn prove_and_verify(&self) -> () {
        let circuit = self.compile();
        let receipt = self.prove(&circuit);
        self.verify(receipt, &circuit);
    }
}

Here for a custom backend one just needs to implement compile, prove, verify, and a name, and your new zero knowledge backend can be tested!

The other folders like miden and risc, represent stand alone backends. Adding a new program to benchmark or improve a current benchmark should be quite easy.

the sudoku-halo2 and sudoku-plonk are similar, but represent a single program/project style structure (In the future we will likely transform these to fit the mold of what risc and miden have).

Lastly, the notes.org file lays out notes about the backends and deficiencies in any particular implementation, hopefully over time all the programs will be optimal for their specific backend to have a more accurate and fair results.

Project Structure

For adding a new backend or adding new programs for backends like halo2 or plonk. One may have to create a new sub directory.

this can be done with cargo new, or if you already have working code, just copy and paste your code into the directory! each of the sub-directories are standalone independent projects with their own workspace. The only new dependency you'll have to add is:

[dependencies]
zero-knowledge = { path = "../zero-knowledge" }

and make sure the top level Cargo.toml excludes the project and brings it in as a dependency.

If you are importing existing code for a new backend, make sure you implement the ZeroKnowledge trait, and you're all set!

We will now talk about backend specific considerations, feel free to skip these if they aren't a backend you care about contributing to

Project Structure: Miden

The miden backend can be found in the miden sub directory. Really one does not have to alter this code at all, just add your program to src/miden.rs to mainly fill in the starting advice tape or the starting stack, along with the file path where the miden program is stored.

Ι personally keep my miden code in miden-assembler, as Ι generate out miden code from my Common lisp DSL in programs sub directory. All one needs to run this code is quick-lisp and just write

;; if you need to load the file by hand
;; I will assume the repl is in the miden-assembler directory
(load "miden-assembler.asd")
;; load the project
(ql:quickload :miden-assembler)
;; switch to the project
(in-package :miden)
;; dump the code changes
(dump)

However you may keep it wherever you feel, just make sure path is properly given in the miden.rs file.

the rest is just hooking up your new program to main.rs which should be straight forward.

Project Structure: Risc0

Risc0 can compile straight rust code, which is nice, however this means the structure is a bit different from miden or other ZKVMs.

.
├── Cargo.toml
├── methods
│   ├── build.rs
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── guest
│   └── src
├── README.md
├── src
│   ├── lib.rs
│   └── main.rs
├── sudoku-core
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   └── src
└── target

the src directory contains lib.rs which you will only need to touch the imports from the methods directory. the Risc struct should be general enough to handle any program you wish to compile.

.
├── build.rs
├── Cargo.toml
├── guest
│   ├── build.rs
│   ├── Cargo.lock
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── src
│   │   └── bin
│   │       ├── fib_fifty.rs
│   │       ├── fib_ninty_two.rs
│   │       ├── fib.rs
│   │       └── sudoku.rs
└── src
    └── lib.rs

inside methods, you should place your code in the bin of guest. As you can see the names of the current programs, these correspond to the imports in lib.rs

pub use methods_fib::{FIB_ID,           FIB_PATH,
                      FIB_FIFTY_ID,     FIB_FIFTY_PATH,
                      FIB_NINTY_TWO_ID, FIB_NINTY_TWO_PATH,
                      SUDOKU_ID,        SUDOKU_PATH};

Note that any dependency you want to be compiled with these should be placed in the Cargo.toml in the guest directory. This includes shared code like we have for sudoku-core, which is linked both to the guest and to the native rust code in src.

Much like miden, all that is now required is to make the Risc struct in shootout/src/risc.rs for your new program and tell main.rs to benchmark it!

Project Structure: Stand alone.

Hopefully miden shows a good way to create standalone projects. So if one has existing halo2 or plonk code, one could just copy and paste it into a directory and implement the ZeroKnowledge trait. for their program.

Alucard/VAMP-IR

Please see the official Alucard repository.

Geb

See the Geb repository.