- Author: Ava Baker, Computation and Design (Computer Science), Class of 2025, Duke Kunshan University
- Instructor: Prof. Luyao Zhang, Duke Kunshan University
- Disclaimer: Submissions to the Problem Set 2 for STATS201 Introduction to Machine Learning for Social Science, 2023 Spring Term (Seven Week - First) instructed by Prof. Luyao Zhang at Duke Kunshan University.
- Acknowledgments: I would like to thank my professor, Luyao Zhang, for her patience and wisdom in guiding me through this assignment.
- Project Summary: Using machine learning methods to complete time series forecasting on google search trend data. Searches for the term "Entrepreneur" spiked twice since 2004, both after major economic disasters. This led me to be interested in analyzing interest in entrepreneurship and how this might spike during times of financial crisis. This research was supported by reading and analyzing related literature on changing concepts of and interest in entrepreneurship after financial crisis, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic.
Github Repository: stats201-PS2-Ava
| Type | Link | Data Files | Data Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Source | https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Entrepreneur | https://github.com/Rising-Stars-by-Sunshine/stats201-PS2-Ava/tree/main/data/Queried_Data/interestOverTime.csv | A table including the score of searches for "Entrepreneur" and their corresponding Year/Month. |
| Queried Data | https://github.com/Rising-Stars-by-Sunshine/stats201-PS2-Ava/tree/main/data/Queried_Data | interestOverTime.csv, PS2references.csv | interestOverTime.csv is the Data Source (refer to above row) and PS2references contains the bibliographic information for 21 journal articles, books, and book chapters discussing recent trends in entrepreneurship and post-pandemic spikes in entrepreneurship. |
| Processed Data | https://github.com/Rising-Stars-by-Sunshine/stats201-PS2-Ava/tree/main/data/Processed_Data | Regression_Train.csv, Regression_Test.csv, Classification_Train.csv, Classification_Test.csv |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| count | "Numbers represent search interest relative to the highest point on the chart for the given region and time. A value of 100 is the peak popularity for the term. A value of 50 means that the term is half as popular. A score of 0 means there was not enough data for this term" (from Google). |
| Date | Year-Month. |
| Item type | A classification of the data source documented (either Journal Article, Book, or Book Chapter). |
| Authors | Contributers to the data source. |
| Title | Title of the journal article, book, or book chapter. |
| Journal | The journal the data source was published in (if applicable). |
| Publication Year | The year the data source was published in. |
| Volume | The volume of the data source if applicable. |
| Pages | The selecetion of pages that the data source comes from if applicable. |
| Date Published | The year and month that the data source was published in. |
| ISBN | The ISBN number of the data source if applicable. |
| URLs | Links to the data source if applicable. |
| DOI | The DOI of the data source if applicable. |
| Abstract | A summary of the data source. |
Figure No.1. Random Tree Regression
Figure No.1. Source: Google Trends: Entrepreneur, created by sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor
Figure No.2. Word Cloud of Related Literature Abstracts
Figure No.2. Source: Related Literatures: Entrepreneurship Post Pandemic, created by wordcloud
Figure No.1 is the Random Tree Regression of the google trend search data for "Entrepreneur." This is a supervised learning alogrithm that uses an ensemble learning method to determine the strength and character of the relationship between two variables. The second figure is a word cloud of frequently used terms in the abstracts of related literatures. As you can see, along with "entrepreneur" and "entrepreneurship," terms such as "crisis," "pandemic," and "covid" were also common, showing the relationship between the two.
stats201-tutorial-prediction/code
Cardow, Andrew. "The Metaphorical Rise of Entrepreneurship".SSRN Electronic Journal (2010).
Hill, Stephen, Aileen, Ionescu-Somers, Alicia, Coduras, Maribel, Guerrero, Ehud, Menipaz, Fatima, Boutaleb, Przemysław, Zbierowski, Thomas, Schøtt, Sreevas, Sahasranamam, Jeffrey, Shay, and Global, Monitor. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report: Adapting to a “New Normal”. 2023.
Elam, Amanda, Karen, Hughes, Maribel, Guerrero, Stephen, Hill, Catharina B, Nawangpalupi, M.Mar, Fuentes-Fuentes, Juan, González, Ana, Fernandez-Laviada, Catalina, Martínez, Alicia, Rubio Bañón, Nihel, Chabrak, Candida, Brush, Ben, Baumer, René, Heavlow, and the, (GERA). Women’s Entrepreneurship 2020/21. Thriving Through Crisis. 2021.
Bosma, Niels, Stephen, Hill, Aileen, Ionescu-Somers, Donna, Kelley, Maribel, Guerrero, Thomas, Schøtt, and the, (GERA). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2020/2021 Global Report. 2021.
Behr, Rachael, and Virgil, Storr. "Understanding pandemic entrepreneurship as a unique form of crisis entrepreneurship".Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 11 (2022).
Sreenivasan, Aswathy, and Ma, Suresh. "Twenty years of entrepreneurship education: a bibliometric analysis".Entrepreneurship Education (2023): 1-24.
Elam, Amanda, Karen, Hughes, Maribel, Guerrero, Stephen, Hill, Catharina B, Nawangpalupi, M.Mar, Fuentes-Fuentes, Juan, González, Ana, Fernandez-Laviada, Catalina, Martínez, Alicia, Rubio Bañón, Nihel, Chabrak, Candida, Brush, Ben, Baumer, René, Heavlow, and the, (GERA). Women’s Entrepreneurship 2020/21. Thriving Through Crisis. 2021.
Verma, Amit. Entrepreneurship Amidst Pandemic COVID 19. 2022.
Monitor, Global, Amanda, Elam, Benjamin, Baumer, Thomas, Schøtt, Mahsa, Samsami, A., Dwivedi, Baldegger, Rico, Maribel, Guerrero, Fatima, Boutaleb, and Karen, Hughes. GEM 2021/22 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report: From Crisis to Opportunity. 2022.
Yerzhanova, A.M., and L.Zh, Ashirbekova. "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A PANDEMIC".Statistika, učet i audit 87 (2022): 37-48.
Pereira, Ygo, Priscilla, Sousa, Adams, Alves, Elis, Regina, and Washington, Monte. "Perception of entrepreneurship as alternative to facing the post-pandemic crisis".Revista de Gestão e Secretariado 14 (2023): 893-902.
Petersen, R., L., William, S., Shatner, and A., Ogleby. "Scalable Green Entrepreneurship in the Post- COVID-19 Pandemic World: The Australasian Case".Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting (2021): 14-23.
Liñán, Francisco, and Inmaculada, Jaén. "The Covid-19 pandemic and entrepreneurship: some reflections".International Journal of Emerging Markets 17 (2022): 1165-1174.
Maldonado Castro, Jenny, Angel, Castro, Daniel, Gavilánez, and María, Guzmán Macías. "Post Pandemic Entrepreneurship Surge: Impact on Economic Growth".Centro Sur 6 (2022).
Tripalupi, Ramadhani, and Prameshwara, Anggahegari. "Strengthening Entrepreneurship: Sharia Empowerment for MSMEs Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic".International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Studies 2 (2022): 73-89.
Bapat, Gautam, Ravikumar, Chitnis, and Srinivas, Pasumarti. "The state of "Innovation" and "Entrepreneurship" in India -A Post Pandemic Bibliometric Analysis". (2022): 6820-6826.
Kang, Pengsheng, Lin, Guo, Zhou, Lu, and Lili, Zhu. "Evaluation of the early-stage entrepreneurship activity in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic".Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022).