barela_etal_2024.bib

@article{Addessi.etal.2013,
  title = {Delay choice versus delay maintenance: {{Different}} measures of delayed gratification in capuchin monkeys ({{{\emph{Cebus}}}}{\emph{ apella}})},
  shorttitle = {Delay choice versus delay maintenance},
  author = {Addessi, Elsa and Paglieri, Fabio and Beran, Michael J. and Evans, Theodore A. and Macchitella, Luigi and De Petrillo, Francesca and Focaroli, Valentina},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  volume = {127},
  number = {4},
  pages = {392--398},
  issn = {1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/a0031869},
  abstract = {Delaying gratification involves 2 components: (1) delay choice (selecting a delayed reward over an immediate one) and (2) delay maintenance (sustaining the decision to delay gratification even if the immediate reward is available during the delay). Two tasks most commonly have explored these components in primates: the intertemporal choice task and the accumulation task. It is unclear whether these tasks provide equivalent measures of delay of gratification. Here, we compared the performance on the intertemporal choice task and the accumulation task of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) belonging to 2 study populations. We found only limited evidence of a significant correlation in performance. Consequently, in contrast to what is often assumed, our data provide only partial support for the hypothesis that these tasks provide equivalent measures of delay of gratification.},
  copyright = {(c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved},
  keywords = {*Delay of Gratification,*Monkeys,Choice behavior}
}

@article{Amici.etal.2019,
  title = {The ability to recognize dog emotions depends on the cultural milieu in which we grow up},
  author = {Amici, Federica and Waterman, James and Kellermann, Christina Maria and Karimullah, Karimullah and Br{\"a}uer, Juliane},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-52938-4},
  urldate = {2019-11-13},
  abstract = {Inter-specific emotion recognition is especially adaptive when species spend a long time in close association, like dogs and humans. Here, we comprehensively studied the human ability to recognize facial expressions associated with dog emotions (hereafter, emotions). Participants were presented with pictures of dogs, humans and chimpanzees, showing angry, fearful, happy, neutral and sad emotions, and had to assess which emotion was shown, and the context in which the picture had been taken. Participants were recruited among children and adults with different levels of general experience with dogs, resulting from different personal (i.e. dog ownership) and cultural experiences (i.e. growing up or being exposed to a cultural milieu in which dogs are highly valued and integrated in human lives). Our results showed that some dog emotions such as anger and happiness are recognized from early on, independently of experience. However, the ability to recognize dog emotions is mainly acquired through experience. In adults, the probability of recognizing dog emotions was higher for participants grown up in a cultural milieu with a positive attitude toward dogs, which may result in different passive exposure, interest or inclination toward this species.},
  copyright = {2019 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Aria.etal.2021,
  title = {The scholar's best friend: research trends in dog cognitive and behavioral studies},
  shorttitle = {The scholar's best friend},
  author = {Aria, Massimo and Alterisio, Alessandra and Scandurra, Anna and Pinelli, Claudia and D'Aniello, Biagio},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {541--553},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-020-01448-2},
  urldate = {2021-05-18},
  abstract = {In recent decades, cognitive and behavioral knowledge in dogs seems to have developed considerably, as deduced from the published peer-reviewed articles. However, to date, the worldwide trend of scientific research on dog cognition and behavior has never been explored using a bibliometric approach, while the evaluation of scientific research has increasingly become important in recent years. In this review, we compared the publication trend of the articles in the last 34~years on dogs' cognitive and behavioral science with those in the general category ``Behavioral Science''. We found that, after 2005, there has been a sharp increase in scientific publications on dogs. Therefore, the year 2005 has been used as ``starting point'' to perform an in-depth bibliometric analysis of the scientific activity in dog cognitive and behavioral studies. The period between 2006 and 2018 is taken as the study period, and a backward analysis was also carried out. The data analysis was performed using ``bibliometrix'', a new R-tool used for comprehensive science mapping analysis. We analyzed all information related to sources, countries, affiliations, co-occurrence network, thematic maps, collaboration network, and world map. The results scientifically support the common perception that dogs are attracting the interest of scholars much more now than before and more than the general trend in cognitive and behavioral studies. Both, the changes in research themes and new research themes, contributed to the increase in the scientific production on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of dogs. Our investigation may benefit the researchers interested in the field of cognitive and behavioral science in dogs, thus favoring future research work and promoting interdisciplinary collaborations.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Aria et al/aria_et_al_2021_the_scholar’s_best_friend.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/62WZYDKP/Aria et al. - 2020 - The scholar’s best friend research trends in dog .pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/H9Q6SBM7/Aria et al. - 2021 - The scholar’s best friend research trends in dog .pdf}
}

@misc{Barela.etal.2023,
  title = {Impulsivity as a trait in domestic dogs ({{Canis}} familiaris): {{A}} systematic review and meta-analysis},
  shorttitle = {Impulsivity as a trait in domestic dogs ({{Canis}} familiaris)},
  author = {Barela, Jessica and Worth, Yasmin and Stevens, Jeffrey R.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ctfns},
  urldate = {2023-01-06},
  abstract = {Impulsivity is a critical component of dog (Canis familiaris) behavior that owners often want to curtail. Though studies of dog impulsivity have examined their inability to wait and to inhibit inappropriate behaviors, it is not clear whether impulsivity is a behavioral trait with consistent characteristics across contexts. For this project, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether impulsivity exists as a behavioral trait in domestic dogs. Under a pre-registered protocol, we processed over 10,000 bibliographic database records to uncover 13 articles with multiple impulsivity tasks assessed in the same subjects. Across 31 pairs of impulsivity tasks, 28 failed to detect a correlation in performance between tasks and 3 detected a correlation. For 15 correlations of impulsivity tasks with the owner's perception of their dog's impulsivity, 10 were not correlated, while 5 were correlated. A formal meta-analysis on one pair of tasks (A-not-B task and Cylinder task) tested across seven different studies showed no overall correlation between the tasks. Our systematic review and meta-analysis found little indication of consistent relationships between impulsivity levels across tasks for dogs. Therefore, at the moment, we do not have good evidence of impulsivity as a behavioral trait that transfers across contexts, suggesting that perhaps we should focus on the context-specific nature of impulsivity in dogs.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-SA)},
  langid = {american},
  keywords = {Animal Learning and Behavior,canine,Cognitive Psychology,dog,impulsivity,inhibitory control,Judgment and Decision Making,Life Sciences,meta-analysis,Meta-science,Problem Solving,Social and Behavioral Sciences,systematic review},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Barela et al/barela_et_al_2023_impulsivity_as_a_trait_in_domestic_dogs_(canis_familiaris).pdf}
}

@article{Barrera.etal.2019,
  title = {Training improves inhibitory control in water rescue dogs},
  author = {Barrera, Gabriela and Alterisio, Alessandra and Scandurra, Anna and Bentosela, Mariana and D'Aniello, Biagio},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {127--131},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-018-1224-9},
  urldate = {2019-01-18},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control is a collection of several processes that are aimed to refrain from any impulsive response in the subject during inappropriate situations. Evidence suggests that in dogs, the inhibitory control is affected by domestication process, but also experiences during ontogeny could be an important driver in acquiring inhibitory control. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of highly trained dogs (i.e., water rescue dogs) and pet dogs in the A-not-B task. In this procedure, the animals have to inhibit their urge of going to a previous reinforced place. The results showed that the trained dogs committed fewer errors in the task than the pet dogs suggesting a better inhibitory control. This result could indicate that inhibitory control is a flexible ability affected by ontogenetic processes such as the training experience.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {A-not-B task,Inhibitory control,Pet dogs.,Water rescue dogs}
}

@article{Bartos.etal.2022,
  title = {Adjusting for publication bias in {{JASP}} and {{R}}: selection models, {{PET-PEESE}}, and robust {{Bayesian}} meta-analysis},
  shorttitle = {Adjusting for publication bias in {{JASP}} and {{R}}},
  author = {Barto{\v s}, Franti{\v s}ek and Maier, Maximilian and Quintana, Daniel S. and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {25152459221109259},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {2515-2459},
  doi = {10.1177/25152459221109259},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  abstract = {Meta-analyses are essential for cumulative science, but their validity can be compromised by publication bias. To mitigate the impact of publication bias, one may apply publication-bias-adjustment techniques such as precision-effect test and precision-effect estimate with standard errors (PET-PEESE) and selection models. These methods, implemented in JASP and R, allow researchers without programming experience to conduct state-of-the-art publication-bias-adjusted meta-analysis. In this tutorial, we demonstrate how to conduct a publication-bias-adjusted meta-analysis in JASP and R and interpret the results. First, we explain two frequentist bias-correction methods: PET-PEESE and selection models. Second, we introduce robust Bayesian meta-analysis, a Bayesian approach that simultaneously considers both PET-PEESE and selection models. We illustrate the methodology on an example data set, provide an instructional video (https://bit.ly/pubbias) and an R-markdown script (https://osf.io/uhaew/), and discuss the interpretation of the results. Finally, we include concrete guidance on reporting the meta-analytic results in an academic article.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {model averaging,PET-PEESE,publication bias,robust Bayesian meta-analysis,selection models},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Bartoš et al/bartoš_et_al_2022_adjusting_for_publication_bias_in_jasp_and_r.pdf}
}

@article{Batt.etal.2008,
  title = {Factors associated with success in guide dog training},
  author = {Batt, Lara S. and Batt, Marjolyn S. and Baguley, John A. and McGreevy, Paul D.},
  year = {2008},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {143--151},
  issn = {1558-7878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jveb.2008.04.003},
  urldate = {2022-03-25},
  abstract = {Tests of motor laterality and behavioral reactivity, as well as salivary cortisol concentrations, were examined in this pilot study to identify dogs best suited to guide dog work. Over a 14-month period, lateralization tests were conducted and cortisol concentrations were determined on 3 separate occasions, and temperament testing was performed on 2. Potential guide dogs (N = 43) involved in this study were 5 golden retrievers (4 males, 1 female) and thirty-eight Labrador retrievers (8 black males, fifteen yellow males, 5 black females, and ten yellow females). Results from these tests were then compared with the ultimate success of the dogs in the Guide Dogs NSW/ACT training program. This comparison produced evidence that motor lateralization (particularly the rate at which both paws were used during the Kong Test and the lateralization index during the Tape Test), reactions to an unfamiliar dog, the latency for dogs to drop and rest during an uninterrupted period, and the dog's color and breed were predictive of ultimate success. This study also identified 14 months of age as a more accurate time to assess dogs for these traits than either 6 months of age or at the age at which they completed their training (ranging from 14 to 20 months of age).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cortisol,dog,guide dog,motor lateralization,temperament},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Batt et al/batt_et_al_2008_factors_associated_with_success_in_guide_dog_training.pdf}
}

@incollection{Bensky.etal.2013,
  title = {The world from a dog's point of view: a review and synthesis of dog cognition research},
  shorttitle = {Chapter {{Five}} - {{The World}} from a {{Dog}}'s {{Point}} of {{View}}},
  booktitle = {Advances in the {{Study}} of {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Bensky, Miles K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Sinn, David L.},
  editor = {Brockmann, H. Jane and Roper, Timothy J. and Naguib, Marc and Mitani, John C. and Simmons, Leigh W. and Barrett, Louise},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  volume = {45},
  pages = {209--406},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-407186-5.00005-7},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  abstract = {Driven by both applied and theoretical goals, scientific interest in canine cognition has experienced a rapid surge in popularity, especially over the last 15 years. Here we provide the most comprehensive review to date of dog cognition research, capturing all the articles (285) we could find on the subject going back to 1911. We begin by summarizing the general research trends, first documenting the rapid recent growth in dog cognition research (particularly in the domain of social cognition), and then identifying a number of trends in terms of the cognition topics and dog populations studied. Next, we summarize and synthesize the substantive conclusions emerging from research on nonsocial (discrimination learning, object permanence, object learning, categorization, object manipulation, quantitative understanding, spatial cognition, and memory) and social (responses to human cues, perspective taking, dog-human communication, and social learning) cognition. In light of the burgeoning research on individual differences in cognition and on the biological organization of cognitive domains, we highlight the potential impact of these topics on the dog cognition field. Finally, based on our syntheses, we outline some ideas for future research, including recommendations that studies focus on: (1) incorporating multiple sensory modalities (most notably olfaction); (2) using more diverse populations of subjects; (3) replicating studies where current knowledge is based on small study sets or on small samples; (4) identifying fundamental developmental patterns of cognitive development; (5) identifying individual differences in cognitive ability; and (6) identifying potential cognitive constraints (e.g. cognitive abilities that are nonindependent due to pleiotropic biological organization).},
  keywords = {Canine,Cognition,Dog,Individual differences,Intelligence,Social}
}

@article{Bertoldo.etal.2022,
  title = {Designing studies and evaluating research results: {{Type M}} and type {{S}} errors for pearson correlation coefficient},
  shorttitle = {Designing studies and evaluating research results},
  author = {Bertoldo, Giulia and Callegher, Claudio Zandonella and Alto{\`e}, Gianmarco},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Meta-Psychology},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {2003-2714},
  doi = {10.15626/MP.2020.2573},
  urldate = {2023-01-01},
  abstract = {It is widely appreciated that many studies in psychological science suffer from low statistical power. One of the consequences of analyzing underpowered studies with thresholds of statistical significance is a high risk of finding exaggerated effect size estimates, in the right or the wrong direction. These inferential risks can be directly quantified in terms of Type M (magnitude) error and Type S (sign) error, which directly communicate the consequences of design choices on effect size estimation. Given a study design, Type M error is the factor by which a statistically significant effect is on average exaggerated. Type S error is the probability to find a statistically significant result in the opposite direction to the plausible one. Ideally, these errors should be considered during a prospective design analysis in the design phase of a study to determine the appropriate sample size. However, they can also be considered when evaluating studies' results in a retrospective design analysis. In the present contribution, we aim to facilitate the considerations of these errors in the research practice in psychology. For this reason, we illustrate how to consider Type M and Type S errors in a design analysis using one of the most common effect size measures in psychology: Pearson correlation coefficient. We provide various examples and make the R functions freely available to enable researchers to perform design analysis for their research projects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Correlation coefficient,Design analysis,Effect size,Type M error,Type S error},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Bertoldo et al/bertoldo_et_al_2022_designing_studies_and_evaluating_research_results.pdf}
}

@article{Blanchard.Hayden.2015,
  title = {Monkeys are more patient in a foraging task than in a standard intertemporal choice task},
  author = {Blanchard, Tommy C. and Hayden, Benjamin Y.},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0117057},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0117057},
  urldate = {2015-02-17},
  abstract = {Studies of animal impulsivity generally find steep subjective devaluation, or discounting, of delayed rewards \textendash{} often on the order of a 50\% reduction in value in a few seconds. Because such steep discounting is highly disfavored in evolutionary models of time preference, we hypothesize that discounting tasks provide a poor measure of animals' true time preferences. One prediction of this hypothesis is that estimates of time preferences based on these tasks will lack external validity, i.e. fail to predict time preferences in other contexts. We examined choices made by four rhesus monkeys in a computerized patch-leaving foraging task interleaved with a standard intertemporal choice task. Monkeys were significantly more patient in the foraging task than in the intertemporal choice task. Patch-leaving behavior was well fit by parameter-free optimal foraging equations but poorly fit by the hyperbolic discount parameter obtained from the intertemporal choice task. Day-to-day variation in time preferences across the two tasks was uncorrelated with each other. These data are consistent with the conjecture that seemingly impulsive behavior in animals is an artifact of their difficulty understanding the structure of intertemporal choice tasks, and support the idea that animals are more efficient rate maximizers in the multi-second range than intertemporal choice tasks would suggest.}
}

@article{Bradshaw.Goodwin.1999,
  title = {Determination of behavioural traits of pure-bred dogs using factor analysis and cluster analysis; a comparison of studies in the {{USA}} and {{UK}}},
  author = {Bradshaw, J. W. S and Goodwin, D},
  year = {1999},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Research in Veterinary Science},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--76},
  issn = {0034-5288},
  doi = {10.1053/rvsc.1998.0246},
  urldate = {2022-03-03},
  abstract = {The questionnaire survey of Hart and Hart (1985,Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association186, 1811\textendash 1815) ranked the 56 most popular breeds of dog in theUSAon 13 behavioural traits and is compared here with results of a similar survey conducted on the 49 most popular breeds in theUK. Of the 36 breeds in common between the studies, 24 were similar for the traits aggressivity, reactivity and ease of housetraining between the two countries. However, the characteristics of nine breeds (Airedale Terrier, Old English Sheepdog, Welsh Corgi, Irish Setter, Standard Poodle, Beagle, Samoyed, Boxer, Dalmatian) differed markedly between the two countries, and a further three (Chihuahua, Scottish Terrier, Standard Dachshund) showed smaller, but probably meaningful, shifts. These differences should be recognised when giving advice to prospective owners, and when treating unwanted behaviour in these breeds.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Bradshaw et al/bradshaw_et_al_1999_determination_of_behavioural_traits_of_pure-bred_dogs_using_factor_analysis_and.pdf}
}

@article{Brady.etal.2018,
  title = {A spatial discounting test to assess impulsivity in dogs},
  author = {Brady, Karen and Hewison, Lynn and Wright, Hannah and Zulch, Helen and Cracknell, Nina and Mills, Daniel},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
  volume = {202},
  pages = {77--84},
  issn = {0168-1591},
  doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.003},
  urldate = {2018-05-04},
  abstract = {In domestic dog's trait impulsivity can be measured psychometrically using the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (DIAS) and experimentally using a temporal discounting paradigm which requires substantial training. A Spatial Discounting Task (SDT) was developed as an alternative experimental method to assess impulsivity, and evaluated performance in adult (2\textendash 10 years) and younger (2\textendash 9 months) dogs. The test was modified for field use with fewer controls (Simplified Spatial Discounting Task (SDTs)). Convergent validity with the SDT and DIAS Overall Questionnaire Scores (OQS) and stability over time (4\textendash 6 weeks) in the two age groups was determined. 96\% of dogs recruited reached criterion for testing. A significant positive relationship was found between Maximum Distance Travelled (MDT) in the SDT and OQS in adult dogs (r\,=\,0.46, p\,=\,0.028), with good test-retest reliability evident for both (p\,{$<$}\,0.001). In young dogs, there was good test-retest reliability for OQS (p\,=\,0.023), but no significant relationship was found between OQS and MDT, test-retest reliability for MDT in young dogs was poor. In the SDTs, 100\% of dogs recruited met criterion for testing and there was a significant relationship between MDT and OQS (r\,=\,0.61, p\,=\,0.027). The SDT appears to be a useful method for measuring impulsivity in adult dogs with wide applicability.},
  keywords = {Delayed reward,Impulsivity,Spatial discounting,Temperament},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/FUTPJ72Q/brady_et_al_2018_a_spatial_discounting_test_to_assess_impulsivity_in_dogs.pdf}
}

@article{Bray.etal.2014,
  title = {Context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs},
  author = {Bray, Emily E. and MacLean, Evan L. and Hare, Brian A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--31},
  issn = {1435-9448, 1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-013-0633-z},
  urldate = {2014-02-04},
  abstract = {Across three experiments, we explored whether a dog's capacity for inhibitory control is stable or variable across decision-making contexts. In the social task, dogs were first exposed to the reputations of a stingy experimenter that never shared food and a generous experimenter who always shared food. In subsequent test trials, dogs were required to avoid approaching the stingy experimenter when this individual offered (but withheld) a higher-value reward than the generous experimenter did. In the A-not-B task, dogs were required to inhibit searching for food in a previously rewarded location after witnessing the food being moved from this location to a novel hiding place. In the cylinder task, dogs were required to resist approaching visible food directly (because it was behind a transparent barrier), in favor of a detour reaching response. Overall, dogs exhibited inhibitory control in all three tasks. However, individual scores were not correlated between tasks, suggesting that context has a large effect on dogs' behavior. This result mirrors studies of humans, which have highlighted intra-individual variation in inhibitory control as a function of the decision-making context. Lastly, we observed a correlation between a subject's age and performance on the cylinder task, corroborating previous observations of age-related decline in dogs' executive function.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioural Sciences,Canine,Cognition,Domestic dogs,evolutionary biology,Human Physiology,Inhibitory control,Zoology}
}

@article{Bray.etal.2015,
  title = {Increasing arousal enhances inhibitory control in calm but not excitable dogs},
  author = {Bray, Emily E. and MacLean, Evan L. and Hare, Brian A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1317--1329},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-015-0901-1},
  urldate = {2019-08-23},
  abstract = {The emotional-reactivity hypothesis proposes that problem-solving abilities can be constrained by temperament, within and across species. One way to test this hypothesis is with the predictions of the Yerkes\textendash Dodson law. The law posits that arousal level, a component of temperament, affects problem solving in an inverted U-shaped relationship: Optimal performance is reached at intermediate levels of arousal and impeded by high and low levels. Thus, a powerful test of the emotional-reactivity hypothesis is to compare cognitive performance in dog populations that have been bred and trained based in part on their arousal levels. We therefore compared a group of pet dogs to a group of assistance dogs bred and trained for low arousal (N = 106) on a task of inhibitory control involving a detour response. Consistent with the Yerkes\textendash Dodson law, assistance dogs, which began the test with lower levels of baseline arousal, showed improvements when arousal was artificially increased. In contrast, pet dogs, which began the test with higher levels of baseline arousal, were negatively affected when their arousal was increased. Furthermore, the dogs' baseline levels of arousal, as measured in their rate of tail wagging, differed by population in the expected directions. Low-arousal assistance dogs showed the most inhibition in a detour task when humans eagerly encouraged them, while more highly aroused pet dogs performed worst on the same task with strong encouragement. Our findings support the hypothesis that selection on temperament can have important implications for cognitive performance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arousal,Assistance dogs,Canine,Cognition,Inhibitory control},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Bray et al/bray_et_al_2015_increasing_arousal_enhances_inhibitory_control_in_calm_but_not_excitable_dogs.pdf}
}

@article{Brucks.etal.2017a,
  title = {Measures of dogs' inhibitory control abilities do not correlate across tasks},
  author = {Brucks, D{\'e}sir{\'e}e and {Marshall-Pescini}, Sarah and Wallis, Lisa Jessica and Huber, Ludwig and Range, Friederike},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {849},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00849},
  urldate = {2017-10-17},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control, the ability to overcome prepotent but ineffective behaviors, has been studied extensively across species, revealing the involvement of this ability in many different aspects of life. While various different paradigms have been created in order to measure inhibitory control, only a limited number of studies have investigated whether such measurements indeed evaluate the same underlying mechanism, especially in non-human animals. In humans, inhibitory control is a complex construct composed of distinct behavioral processes rather than of a single unified measure. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the validity of inhibitory control paradigms in dogs. Sixty-seven dogs were tested in a battery consisting of frequently used inhibitory control tests. Additionally, dog owners were asked to complete an impulsivity questionnaire about their dog. No correlation of dogs' performance across tasks was found. In order to understand whether there are some underlying behavioral aspects explaining dogs' performance across tests, we performed principle component analyses. Results revealed that three components (persistency, compulsivity and decision speed) explained the variation across tasks. The questionnaire and dogs' individual characteristics (i.e. age and sex) provided only limited information for the derived components. Overall, results suggest that no unique measurement for inhibitory control exists in dogs, but tests rather measure different aspects of this ability. Considering the context-specificity of inhibitory control in dogs and most probably also in other non-human animals, extreme caution is needed when making conclusions about inhibitory control abilities based on a single test.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delay of Gratification,Dogs,Inhibitory Control,Persistency,Test battery}
}

@article{Brucks.etal.2017b,
  title = {Reward type and behavioural patterns predict dogs' success in a delay of gratification paradigm},
  author = {Brucks, D{\'e}sir{\'e}e and Soliani, Matteo and Range, Friederike and {Marshall-Pescini}, Sarah},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {42459},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep42459},
  urldate = {2017-03-10},
  abstract = {Inhibiting an immediate behaviour in favour of an alternative but more advantageous behaviour has been linked to individual success in life, especially in humans.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brucks.etal.2019,
  title = {Dogs and wolves do not differ in their inhibitory control abilities in a non-social test battery},
  author = {Brucks, D{\'e}sir{\'e}e and {Marshall-Pescini}, Sarah and Range, Friederike},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-018-1216-9},
  urldate = {2019-01-18},
  abstract = {Being able to inhibit certain behaviours is of clear advantage in various situations. In particular, it has been suggested that inhibitory control plays a role in problem-solving and cooperation. Interspecific differences in the capacity for inhibitory control have been attributed to social and ecological factors, while one additional factor, namely domestication, has received only little attention so far. Dogs are an interesting species to test the effects of socio-ecological factors and also the influence of domestication on inhibitory control abilities. While dogs might have been selected for enhanced inhibition skills during domestication, the predictions derived from their socio-ecological background are reversed. Wolves are cooperative hunters and breeders, while dogs predominately scavenge and raise their young alone, accordingly, it would be predicted that dogs show impaired inhibitory control abilities since they no longer rely on these coordinated actions. To test these hypotheses, we assessed inhibitory control abilities in dogs and wolves raised and kept under similar conditions. Moreover, considering the problem of context-specificity in inhibitory control measures, we employed a multiple-test-approach. In line with previous studies, we found that the single inhibition tests did not correlate with each other. Using an exploratory approach, we found three components that explained the variation of behaviours across tests: motivation, flexibility, and perseveration. Interestingly, these inhibition components did not differ between dogs and wolves, which contradicts the predictions based on their socio-ecological backgrounds but also suggests that at least in tasks with minimal human influence, domestication did not affect dogs' inhibitory control abilities, thus raising questions in regard to the selection processes that might have affected inhibitory control abilities during the course of domestication.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dogs,Domestication,Inhibitory control,Test battery,Wolves}
}

@article{Bunford.etal.2019,
  title = {Associations among behavioral inhibition and owner-rated attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and personality in the domestic dog ({{Canis}} familiaris)},
  author = {Bunford, N{\'o}ra and Csibra, Barbara and Pet{\'a}k, Csenge and Ferdinandy, Bence and Mikl{\'o}si, {\'A}d{\'a}m and G{\'a}csi, M{\'a}rta},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  volume = {133},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--243},
  issn = {1939-2087(Electronic),0735-7036(Print)},
  doi = {10.1037/com0000151},
  abstract = {In humans, behavioral disinhibition is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Limitations to rodent models of ADHD-like behaviors/symptoms may be augmented by complementary ones, such as the domestic dog. We examined associations between family dogs' (N = 29; of 14 breeds and 12 mongrels) performance on a self-developed touchscreen behavioral Go/No-Go paradigm and their owner-rated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, accounting for relevant covariates. A greater proportion of commission errors was associated with greater hyperactivity/impulsivity. Regardless of accuracy, relative to dogs with no previous training, those with basic training had shorter response latencies. Also, regardless of accuracy, greater confidence and extraversion were associated with shorter latencies, and greater openness was associated with longer latencies. Shorter latency to commission errors was associated with greater inattention. Findings support the dog as a model of the association between behavioral disinhibition and ADHD-like behaviors/symptoms and are early evidence of convergent validity between the behavioral paradigm and the rating scale measure in dogs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Animal Ethology,Animal Models,Animal Personality,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity,Behavioral Disinhibition,Behavioral Inhibition,Dogs,Errors,Hyperkinesis,Impulsiveness,Interspecies Interaction},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Bunford et al/bunford_et_al_2019_associations_among_behavioral_inhibition_and_owner-rated_attention,.pdf}
}

@article{Carter.etal.2019,
  title = {Correcting for bias in psychology: {{A}} comparison of meta-analytic methods},
  shorttitle = {Correcting for bias in psychology},
  author = {Carter, Evan C. and Sch{\"o}nbrodt, Felix D. and Gervais, Will M. and Hilgard, Joseph},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {115--144},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {2515-2459},
  doi = {10.1177/2515245919847196},
  urldate = {2022-06-06},
  abstract = {Publication bias and questionable research practices in primary research can lead to badly overestimated effects in meta-analysis. Methodologists have proposed a variety of statistical approaches to correct for such overestimation. However, it is not clear which methods work best for data typically seen in psychology. Here, we present a comprehensive simulation study in which we examined how some of the most promising meta-analytic methods perform on data that might realistically be produced by research in psychology. We simulated several levels of questionable research practices, publication bias, and heterogeneity, and used study sample sizes empirically derived from the literature. Our results clearly indicated that no single meta-analytic method consistently outperformed all the others. Therefore, we recommend that meta-analysts in psychology focus on sensitivity analyses\textemdash that is, report on a variety of methods, consider the conditions under which these methods fail (as indicated by simulation studies such as ours), and then report how conclusions might change depending on which conditions are most plausible. Moreover, given the dependence of meta-analytic methods on untestable assumptions, we strongly recommend that researchers in psychology continue their efforts to improve the primary literature and conduct large-scale, preregistered replications. We provide detailed results and simulation code at https://osf.io/rf3ys and interactive figures at http://www.shinyapps.org/apps/metaExplorer/.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bias correction,meta-analysis,open data,open materials,p-hacking,publication bias,questionable research practices},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Carter et al/carter_et_al_2019_correcting_for_bias_in_psychology2.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/WPFKUBYA/Carter et al. - 2019 - Correcting for Bias in Psychology A Comparison of.pdf}
}

@article{Cavalli.etal.2018,
  title = {Are animal-assisted activity dogs different from pet dogs? {{A}} comparison of their sociocognitive abilities},
  shorttitle = {Are animal-assisted activity dogs different from pet dogs?},
  author = {Cavalli, Camila Mar{\'i}a and Carballo, Fabricio and Dzik, Marina Victoria and Underwood, Susana and Bentosela, Mariana},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {76--81},
  issn = {1558-7878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jveb.2017.12.001},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  abstract = {Animal-assisted activities (AAAs) refer to a variety of interactions between animals and humans, intended to improve people's well-being providing recreational or educational opportunities. Domestic dogs are one of the most commonly used animals for these kinds of interventions, given their trainability and the positive effects of dog-human interactions. Nevertheless, the selection of participating animals is mainly unsystematic, and training is not required for dogs to take part in AAAs. Previous studies suggest that high sociability as well as reduced fear and aggression are desirable traits in AAA dogs. Yet, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies assessing the specific characteristics of dogs participating in AAAs. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of AAA and pet dogs (PDs) that live in the same household but do not participate in AAAs. We assessed 17 dogs (9 participating in AAAs in hospital settings and 8 pets living in the same household\textendash control group) with a test battery comprising 3 behavioral tasks (sociability test, gazing test, and A-not-B task), and owner-rated questionnaires (Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale [DIAS] and 4 subscales: trainability, fear to strangers, nonsocial fear, and attachment/attention seeking of the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire [C-BARQ]). Results of the gazing test indicate that, when dogs were not reinforced for looking at the human face, AAA dogs gazed longer at an unknown experimenter than PDs. Therefore, they showed an increased tendency to gaze at humans and persist on this communicative attempt when this response was not successful. Additionally, according to the DIAS score, AAA dogs would be less impulsive than the control group. No significant differences were found on the A-not-B task, the sociability test, or the C-BARQ. In conclusion, since these AAA dogs had not undergone specific training, the effects observed in the present work may be attributed, at least partially, to the learning experiences they had during AAA work. Overall, it would be important to take into account these characteristics for both the selection and training of these animals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {animal-assisted activities,domestic dogs,gazing test,inhibitory control}
}

@article{Cook.etal.2016a,
  title = {Neurobehavioral evidence for individual differences in canine cognitive control: an awake {{fMRI}} study},
  shorttitle = {Neurobehavioral evidence for individual differences in canine cognitive control},
  author = {Cook, Peter F. and Spivak, Mark and Berns, Gregory},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {19},
  number = {5},
  pages = {867--878},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-0983-4},
  urldate = {2019-01-02},
  abstract = {Based on behavioral evidence, the domestic dog has emerged as a promising comparative model of human self-control. However, while research on human inhibition has probed heterogeneity and neuropathology through an integration of neural and behavioral evidence, there are no parallel data exploring the brain mechanisms involved in canine inhibition. Here, using a combination of cognitive testing and awake neuroimaging in domestic dogs, we provide evidence precisely localizing frontal brain regions underpinning response inhibition in this species and demonstrate the dynamic relationship between these regions and behavioral measures of control. Thirteen dogs took part in an in-scanner go/no-go task and an out-of-scanner A-not-B test. A frontal brain region was identified showing elevated neural activity for all subjects during successful inhibition in the scanner, and dogs showing greater mean brain activation in this region produced fewer false alarms. Better performance in the go/no-go task was also correlated with fewer errors in the out-of-scanner A-not-B test, suggesting that dogs show consistent neurobehavioral individual differences in cognitive control, as is seen in humans. These findings help establish parity between human and canine mechanisms of self-control and pave the way for future comparative studies examining their function and dysfunction.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Comparative cognition,Dog cognition,fMRI,Individual differences,Motor inhibition,Neuroimaging,Prefrontal cortex,Self-control}
}

@book{Cooper.2017,
  title = {Research {{Synthesis}} and {{Meta-Analysis}}: {{A Step-by-Step Approach}}},
  shorttitle = {Research {{Synthesis}} and {{Meta-Analysis}}},
  author = {Cooper, Harris},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications, Inc}},
  address = {{2455 Teller Road,~Thousand Oaks~California~91320}},
  doi = {10.4135/9781071878644},
  urldate = {2022-05-02},
  isbn = {978-1-4833-3115-7 978-1-07-187864-4}
}

@article{Dick.etal.2010,
  title = {Understanding the construct of impulsivity and its relationship to alcohol use disorders},
  shorttitle = {{{REVIEW}}},
  author = {Dick, Danielle M. and Smith, Gregory and Olausson, Peter and Mitchell, Suzanne H. and Leeman, Robert F. and O'Malley, Stephanie S. and Sher, Kenneth},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Addiction Biology},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {217--226},
  issn = {1369-1600},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00190.x},
  urldate = {2022-12-19},
  abstract = {There are well-established links between impulsivity and alcohol use in humans and other model organisms; however, the etiological nature of these associations remains unclear. This is likely due, in part, to the heterogeneous nature of the construct of impulsivity. Many different measures of impulsivity have been employed in human studies, using both questionnaire and laboratory-based tasks. Animal studies also use multiple tasks to assess the construct of impulsivity. In both human and animal studies, different measures of impulsivity often show little correlation and are differentially related to outcome, suggesting that the impulsivity construct may actually consist of a number of more homogeneous (and potentially more meaningful) subfacets. Here, we provide an overview of the different measures of impulsivity used across human and animal studies, evidence that the construct of impulsivity may be better studied in the context of more meaningful subfacets, and recommendations for how research in this direction may provide for better consilience between human and animal studies of the connection between impulsivity and alcohol use.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral disinhibition,behavioral undercontrol,delay aversion,impulsivity,response inhibition,sensation-seeking},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Dick et al/dick_et_al_2010_review.pdf}
}

@article{Diesel.etal.2010,
  title = {Survey of veterinary practice policies and opinions on neutering dogs},
  author = {Diesel, G. and Brodbelt, D. and Laurence, C.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Veterinary Record},
  volume = {166},
  number = {15},
  pages = {455--458},
  issn = {2042-7670},
  doi = {10.1136/vr.b4798},
  urldate = {2022-03-03},
  abstract = {A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 to obtain information on the advice veterinary practices currently give to their clients and the opinions of veterinary surgeons regarding neutering of dogs. An additional survey of dog owners was conducted to obtain information on the neuter status of the general dog population in Great Britain. A significantly higher proportion of practices had a policy for the age of neutering bitches than for dogs. The average recommended age for neutering bitches was 6.5 months (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 3.1 to 9.7 months) and for dogs it was 7.5 months (95 per cent CI 1.4 to 13.6 months). There was very little agreement between veterinary practices as to whether bitches should be allowed to have their first season before neutering, with 164 of 973 respondents (16.9 per cent) always recommending this, 198 (20.3 per cent) recommending it most of the time, 203 (20.9 per cent) sometimes, 203 (20.9 per cent) rarely and 201 (20.6 per cent) never recommending it. The owner study showed that 54 per cent of dogs (233 of 431) were neutered, with the North region having the lowest proportion of neutered dogs (11 of 25; 44.0 per cent).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Diesel et al/diesel_et_al_2010_survey_of_veterinary_practice_policies_and_opinions_on_neutering_dogs.pdf}
}

@article{Evenden.1999a,
  title = {Varieties of impulsivity},
  author = {Evenden, J L},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Psychopharmacology},
  volume = {146},
  number = {4},
  pages = {348--361},
  doi = {10.1007/PL00005481},
  abstract = {The concept of impulsivity covers a wide range of "actions that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation and that often result in undesirable outcomes". As such it plays an important role in normal behaviour, as well as, in a pathological form, in many kinds of mental illness such as mania, personality disorders, substance abuse disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although evidence from psychological studies of human personality suggests that impulsivity may be made up of several independent factors, this has: not made a major impact on biological studies of impulsivity. This may be because there is little unanimity as to which these factors are. The present review summarises evidence for varieties of impulsivity from several different areas of research: human psychology, psychiatry and animal behaviour. Recently, a series of psychopharmacological studies has been carried out by the present author and colleagues using methods proposed to measure selectively different aspects of impulsivity. The results of these studies suggest that several neurochemical mechanisms can influence impulsivity, and that impulsive behaviour has no unique neurobiological basis. Consideration of impulsivity as the result of several different, independent factors which inter act to modulate behaviour may provide better insight into the pathology than current hypotheses based on serotonergic underactivity.},
  keywords = {ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathways; consecutive number schedule; reaction-time performance; interval bisection task; self-control paradigm; timing behavior; d-amphetamine; rats; lesions; attention,{impulsivity, personality, serotonin, behaviour}}
}

@article{Fadel.etal.2016,
  title = {Differences in trait impulsivity indicate diversification of dog breeds into working and show lines},
  author = {Fadel, Fernanda Ruiz and Driscoll, Patricia and Pilot, Malgorzata and Wright, Hannah and Zulch, Helen and Mills, Daniel},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22162},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep22162},
  urldate = {2020-07-30},
  abstract = {Impulsiveness describes the inability to inhibit behaviour in the presence of salient cues. Trait-level impulsivity exists on a continuum and individual differences can be adaptive in different contexts. While breed related differences in behavioural tendency in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) are well established, the phenomenon within lines of a breed which have been selected more recently is not well studied, although it may challenge the popular notion of breed-typical behaviour. We describe differences in impulsivity between and within two dog breeds with working and show lines selected for different levels of impulsivity: Border Collies (herding work) and Labrador Retrievers (gun work). Recent show line selection might have lessened differences in impulsivity between breeds. We tested this hypothesis on a dataset of 1161 individuals assessed using a validated psychometric tool (Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale - DIAS). Collies were more impulsive on average, consistent with the original purpose of breed selection. Regarding line, working Collies differed from working Labradors, but show lines from the two breeds were not significantly different. Altered or relaxed artificial selection for behavioural traits when appearance rather than behaviour become the primary focus for breeders may reduce average differences in impulsivity between breeds in show lines.},
  copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fagnani.etal.2016,
  title = {Tolerance to delayed reward tasks in social and non-social contexts},
  author = {Fagnani, J. and Barrera, G. and Carballo, F. and Bentosela, M.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Behavioural Processes},
  volume = {130},
  pages = {19--30},
  issn = {0376-6357},
  doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2016.06.011},
  urldate = {2020-07-30},
  abstract = {Domestic dogs have demonstrated striking social skills towards humans, however, there are few studies investigating impulsivity with delay-choice tasks in communicative contexts. In Study 1 we introduced a novel social delay-choice task in which subjects had to choose between one human cueing an immediate, low quality reward and another human signaling a delayed, high quality reward. In Study 2 we evaluated the tolerance to increasing delays using social and non-social cues. We also explored if more self-controlled dogs show any distinct behaviours during delays. Finally, we correlated all results with the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (Wright et al., 2011). In Study 1 dogs reached an average maximum delay of 11.55s. In Study 2 that average was 52.14s with social cues and 40.2s with non-social, but differences were not significant. Tolerance to delays showed high interindividual variation. Dogs remained mostly standing and near the delayed experimenter in the social tasks although we could not to find any distinct coping strategies. No significant correlations were found between the delay reached and behaviours, neither with the scale. These results show the relevance of the parameters and methods used to investigate tolerance to delay of reinforcements. More investigations are required, especially an assessment of the same subjects performing the same tasks using different contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delay of reinforcement,Domestic dog,Impulsivity,Interspecific communication},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Fagnani et al/fagnani_et_al_2016_tolerance_to_delayed_reward_tasks_in_social_and_non-social_contexts.pdf}
}

@article{Fagnani.etal.2016a,
  title = {Is previous experience important for inhibitory control? {{A}} comparison between shelter and pet dogs in {{A-not-B}} and cylinder tasks},
  shorttitle = {Is previous experience important for inhibitory control?},
  author = {Fagnani, J. and Barrera, G. and Carballo, F. and Bentosela, M.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {19},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1165--1172},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-1024-z},
  urldate = {2019-08-23},
  abstract = {This study compares the performance of two groups of dogs with different levels of social interaction with humans, shelter and pet dogs, in two inhibitory control tasks. (1) In the A-not-B task, dogs were required to resist searching for food in a previously rewarded location, and (2) in the cylinder task, dogs were required to resist approaching visible food directly in favor of a detour reaching response. Our first aim was to evaluate the importance of learning and ontogeny in performing inhibitory tasks. Also, we assessed whether there is a correlation between the two tasks by comparing performance in the same subjects. Results showed significant differences between shelter and pet dogs in the A-not-B task, with poorer performance in shelter dogs. However, no differences were found in the cylinder task. The poorer performance of shelter dogs might be related to their infrequent interaction with humans, which reduces the chances to learn to inhibit certain behaviors. This result would highlight the importance of ontogeny in developing that ability. On the other hand, no correlations were found between the two tasks, which contributes information to the debate about the context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {A-not-B task,Cylinder task,Inhibitory control,Learning,Shelter dogs}
}

@article{Fratkin.etal.2013,
  title = {Personality consistency in dogs: {{A}} meta-analysis},
  shorttitle = {Personality consistency in dogs},
  author = {Fratkin, Jamie L. and Sinn, David L. and Patall, Erika A. and Gosling, Samuel D.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e54907},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0054907},
  urldate = {2022-12-02},
  abstract = {Personality, or consistent individual differences in behavior, is well established in studies of dogs. Such consistency implies predictability of behavior, but some recent research suggests that predictability cannot be assumed. In addition, anecdotally, many dog experts believe that `puppy tests' measuring behavior during the first year of a dog's life are not accurate indicators of subsequent adult behavior. Personality consistency in dogs is an important aspect of human-dog relationships (e.g., when selecting dogs suitable for substance-detection work or placement in a family). Here we perform the first comprehensive meta-analysis of studies reporting estimates of temporal consistency of dog personality. A thorough literature search identified 31 studies suitable for inclusion in our meta-analysis. Overall, we found evidence to suggest substantial consistency (r = 0.43). Furthermore, personality consistency was higher in older dogs, when behavioral assessment intervals were shorter, and when the measurement tool was exactly the same in both assessments. In puppies, aggression and submissiveness were the most consistent dimensions, while responsiveness to training, fearfulness, and sociability were the least consistent dimensions. In adult dogs, there were no dimension-based differences in consistency. There was no difference in personality consistency in dogs tested first as puppies and later as adults (e.g., `puppy tests') versus dogs tested first as puppies and later again as puppies. Finally, there were no differences in consistency between working versus non-working dogs, between behavioral codings versus behavioral ratings, and between aggregate versus single measures. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aggression,Animal behavior,Dogs,Metaanalysis,Personality,Personality tests,Personality traits,Pets and companion animals},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Fratkin et al/fratkin_et_al_2013_personality_consistency_in_dogs.pdf}
}

@article{Gelman.Carlin.2014,
  title = {Beyond power calculations: {{Assessing}} type {{S}} (sign) and type {{M}} (magnitude) errors},
  shorttitle = {Beyond power calculations},
  author = {Gelman, Andrew and Carlin, John},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {6},
  pages = {641--651},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {1745-6916},
  doi = {10.1177/1745691614551642},
  urldate = {2022-03-07},
  abstract = {Statistical power analysis provides the conventional approach to assess error rates when designing a research study. However, power analysis is flawed in that a narrow emphasis on statistical significance is placed as the primary focus of study design. In noisy, small-sample settings, statistically significant results can often be misleading. To help researchers address this problem in the context of their own studies, we recommend design calculations in which (a) the probability of an estimate being in the wrong direction (Type S [sign] error) and (b) the factor by which the magnitude of an effect might be overestimated (Type M [magnitude] error or exaggeration ratio) are estimated. We illustrate with examples from recent published research and discuss the largest challenge in a design calculation: coming up with reasonable estimates of plausible effect sizes based on external information.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {design calculation,exaggeration ratio,power analysis,replication crisis,statistical significance,Type M error,Type S error},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Gelman et al/gelman_et_al_2014_beyond_power_calculations.pdf}
}

@article{Gnanadesikan.etal.2020,
  title = {Estimating the heritability of cognitive traits across dog breeds reveals highly heritable inhibitory control and communication factors},
  author = {Gnanadesikan, Gitanjali E. and Hare, Brian and {Snyder-Mackler}, Noah and MacLean, Evan L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {23},
  number = {5},
  pages = {953--964},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-020-01400-4},
  urldate = {2020-08-16},
  abstract = {Trait heritability is necessary for evolution by both natural and artificial selection, yet we know little about the heritability of cognitive traits. Domestic dogs are a valuable study system for questions regarding the evolution of phenotypic diversity due to their extraordinary intraspecific variation. While previous studies have investigated morphological and behavioral variation across dog breeds, few studies have systematically assessed breed differences in cognition. We integrated data from Dognition.com\textemdash a citizen science project on dog cognition\textemdash with breed-averaged genetic data from published sources to estimate the among-breed heritability of cognitive traits using mixed models. The resulting dataset included 11 cognitive measures for 1508 adult dogs across 36 breeds. A factor analysis yielded four factors interpreted as reflecting inhibitory control, communication, memory, and physical reasoning. Narrow-sense among-breed heritability estimates\textemdash reflecting the proportion of cognitive variance attributable to additive genetic variation\textemdash revealed that scores on the inhibitory control and communication factors were highly heritable (inhibitory control: h2\,=\,0.70; communication: h2\,=\,0.39), while memory and physical reasoning were less heritable (memory: h2\,=\,0.17; physical reasoning: h2\,=\,0.21). Although the heritability of inhibitory control is partially explained by body weight, controlling for breed-average weight still yields a high heritability estimate (h2\,=\,0.50), while other factors are minimally affected. Our results indicate that cognitive phenotypes in dogs covary with breed relatedness and suggest that cognitive traits have strong potential to undergo selection. The highest heritabilities were observed for inhibitory control and communication, both of which are hypothesized to have been altered by domestication.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Guyatt.etal.2008,
  title = {{{GRADE}}: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations},
  shorttitle = {{{GRADE}}},
  author = {Guyatt, Gordon H. and Oxman, Andrew D. and Vist, Gunn E. and Kunz, Regina and {Falck-Ytter}, Yngve and {Alonso-Coello}, Pablo and Sch{\"u}nemann, Holger J.},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {336},
  number = {7650},
  pages = {924--926},
  publisher = {{British Medical Journal Publishing Group}},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1756-1833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD},
  urldate = {2022-06-06},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Guidelines are inconsistent in how they rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. This article explores the advantages of the GRADE system, which is increasingly being adopted by organisations worldwide {$<$}/p{$>$}},
  chapter = {Analysis},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2008},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {18436948},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/JAW4M2ME/Guyatt et al. - 2008 - GRADE an emerging consensus on rating quality of .pdf}
}

@article{Haddaway.etal.2022,
  title = {{{PRISMA2020}}: {{An R}} package and {{Shiny}} app for producing {{PRISMA}} 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and {{Open Synthesis}}},
  shorttitle = {{{PRISMA2020}}},
  author = {Haddaway, Neal R. and Page, Matthew J. and Pritchard, Chris C. and McGuinness, Luke A.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Campbell Systematic Reviews},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e1230},
  issn = {1891-1803},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1230},
  urldate = {2022-12-15},
  abstract = {Background Reporting standards, such as PRISMA aim to ensure that the methods and results of systematic reviews are described in sufficient detail to allow full transparency. Flow diagrams in evidence syntheses allow the reader to rapidly understand the core procedures used in a review and examine the attrition of irrelevant records throughout the review process. Recent research suggests that use of flow diagrams in systematic reviews is poor and of low quality and called for standardised templates to facilitate better reporting in flow diagrams. The increasing options for interactivity provided by the Internet gives us an opportunity to support easy-to-use evidence synthesis tools, and here we report on the development of a tool for the production of PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review flow diagrams. Methods and Findings We developed a free-to-use, Open Source R package and web-based Shiny app to allow users to design PRISMA flow diagrams for their own systematic reviews. Our tool allows users to produce standardised visualisations that transparently document the methods and results of a systematic review process in a variety of formats. In addition, we provide the opportunity to produce interactive, web-based flow diagrams (exported as HTML files), that allow readers to click on boxes of the diagram and navigate to further details on methods, results or data files. We provide an interactive example here; https://prisma-flowdiagram.github.io/. Conclusions We have developed a user-friendly tool for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams for users with coding experience and, importantly, for users without prior experience in coding by making use of Shiny (https://estech.shinyapps.io/prisma\_flowdiagram/). This free-to-use tool will make it easier to produce clear and PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review flow diagrams. Significantly, users can also produce interactive flow diagrams for the first time, allowing readers of their reviews to smoothly and swiftly explore and navigate to further details of the methods and results of a review. We believe this tool will increase use of PRISMA flow diagrams, improve the compliance and quality of flow diagrams, and facilitate strong science communication of the methods and results of systematic reviews by making use of interactivity. We encourage the systematic review community to make use of the tool, and provide feedback to streamline and improve their usability and efficiency.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2022 The Authors. Campbell Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of The Campbell Collaboration.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Haddaway et al/haddaway_et_al_2022_prisma2020.pdf}
}

@article{Hare.etal.1998,
  title = {Communication of food location between human and dog ({{Canis}} familiaris)},
  author = {Hare, Brian and Call, Josep and Tomasello, Michael},
  year = {1998},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Evolution of Communication},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {137--159},
  publisher = {{John Benjamins}},
  issn = {1387-5337, 1569-9757},
  doi = {10.1075/eoc.2.1.06har},
  urldate = {2022-05-09},
  abstract = {Two domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) participated in a series of studies in which they communicated with a human about the location of hidden food. In the first study both dogs were able to follow human pointing reliably to one of several locations where food was hidden, both in front of them and behind them. They also showed some skills at following human gaze direction in this same task, when both head and eyes indicated the same location. They did not follow eye direction when it conflicted with head direction. A second study clearly ruled out a low-level visual tracking explanation for at least one of the subjects. In a third study one of the two dogs was able to lead a naive human to one of three locations containing food consistently, mainly by barking and orienting its body to the food. The subject did not behave differently, however, when the human turned his back or covered his eyes; he continued to orient to the food and bark under all conditions. In a fourth study in which more clearly visual signals were involved, both subjects strongly preferred to drop a retrieved object at the front of, rather than at the back of, the human \textemdash{} even when the human turned his back so that subjects had to bring the object around his body upon return. The knowledge of human pointing and gaze direction displayed by these two domestic dogs is in many ways comparable to that displayed in experimental studies by nonhuman primates.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Hare et al/hare_et_al_1998_communication_of_food_location_between_human_and_dog_(canis_familiaris).pdf}
}

@book{Harrer.etal.2021,
  title = {Doing {{Meta-Analysis}} in {{R}}: {{A Hands-On Guide}}},
  author = {Harrer, Mathias and Cuijpers, Pim and Furukawa, Toshi A. and Ebert, David D.},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {{Chapman \& Hall/CRC Press}},
  address = {{Boca Raton, FL}},
  urldate = {2021-12-20},
  abstract = {This is a guide on how to conduct Meta-Analyses in R.},
  isbn = {978-0-367-61007-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hejjas.etal.2007,
  title = {Association of polymorphisms in the dopamine {{D4}} receptor gene and the activity-impulsivity endophenotype in dogs},
  author = {Hejjas, K. and Vas, J. and Topal, J. and Szantai, E. and Ronai, Z. and Szekely, A. and Kubinyi, E. and Horvath, Z. and {Sasvari-Szekely}, M. and Miklosi, A.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Animal Genetics},
  volume = {38},
  number = {6},
  pages = {629--633},
  issn = {1365-2052},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01657.x},
  urldate = {2022-03-01},
  abstract = {A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in exon 3 of the human dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Rodents possess no analogous repeat sequence, whereas a similar tandem repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene was identified in dogs, horses and chimpanzees. Here, we present a genetic association study of the DRD4 VNTR and the activity-impulsivity dimension of the recently validated dog-ADHD Rating Scale. To avoid false positives arising from population stratification, a single breed of dogs (German shepherd) was studied. Two DRD4 alleles (referred to as 2 and 3a) were detected in this breed, and genotype frequencies were in Hardy\textendash Weinberg equilibrium. For modelling distinct environmental conditions, `pet' and `police' German shepherds were characterized. Police German shepherds possessing at least one 3a allele showed significantly higher scores in the activity-impulsivity dimension of the dog-ADHD Rating Scale than dogs without this allele (P = 0.0180). This difference was not significant in pet German shepherds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between a candidate gene and a behaviour trait in dogs, and it reinforces the functional role of DRD4 exon 3 polymorphism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {activity-impulsivity,dog,dopamine D4 receptor gene,genetic association,polymorphism},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Hejjas et al/hejjas_et_al_2007_association_of_polymorphisms_in_the_dopamine_d4_receptor_gene_and_the.pdf}
}

@article{Higgins.etal.2011,
  title = {The {{Cochrane Collaboration}}'s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials},
  author = {Higgins, Julian P. T. and Altman, Douglas G. and G{\o}tzsche, Peter C. and J{\"u}ni, Peter and Moher, David and Oxman, Andrew D. and Savovi{\'c}, Jelena and Schulz, Kenneth F. and Weeks, Laura and Sterne, Jonathan A. C.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {343},
  pages = {d5928},
  publisher = {{British Medical Journal Publishing Group}},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.d5928},
  urldate = {2022-06-06},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Flaws in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of randomised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more accurate{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  chapter = {Research Methods \&amp; Reporting},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} Higgins et al 2011. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/  and  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {22008217},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/XNJ6KHF8/Higgins et al. - 2011 - The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing ri.pdf}
}

@article{Hsu.Serpell.2003,
  title = {Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs},
  author = {Hsu, Yuying and Serpell, James A.},
  year = {2003},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
  volume = {223},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1293--1300},
  issn = {0003-1488},
  doi = {10.2460/javma.2003.223.1293},
  urldate = {2020-01-09},
  abstract = {Objective\textemdash To develop and validate a questionnaire to assess behavior and temperament traits of pet dogs.  Design\textemdash Cross-sectional survey of dog owners.  Animals\textemdash 1,851 dogs belonging to clients of a veterinary teaching hospital or members of national breed clubs and 203 dogs examined by canine behavior practitioners because of behavior problems.  Procedure\textemdash Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 152 items eliciting information on how dogs responded to specific events and situations in their usual environment. Data from completed questionnaires were subjected to factor analysis, and the resulting factors were tested for reliability and validity.  Results\textemdash Factor analysis yielded 11 factors from 68 of the original questionnaire items that together accounted for 57\% of the common variance in questionnaire item scores. Reliability was acceptable for all but 1 of these factors. Behavior problems in 200 of the 203 dogs with behavior problems could be assigned to 7 diagnostic categories that matched 7 of the factors identified during factor analysis of questionnaire responses. Dogs assigned to particular diagnostic categories had significantly higher scores for corresponding questionnaire factors than did those assigned to unrelated diagnostic categories, indicating that the factors were valid .Validity of the remaining 4 factors could not be examined because of a lack of information on dogs with behavior problems related to these factors.  Conclusions and Clinical Relevance\textemdash Findings suggest that the resulting 68-item questionnaire is a reliable and valid method of assessing behavior and temperament traits in dogs. The questionnaire may be useful in screening dogs for behavior problems and in evaluating the clinical effects of various treatments for behavior problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223: 1293\textendash 1300)},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Hsu et al/hsu_et_al_2003_development_and_validation_of_a_questionnaire_for_measuring_behavior_and.pdf}
}

@article{Junttila.etal.2021,
  title = {Effect of sex and reproductive status on inhibitory control and social cognition in the domestic dog ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ familiaris}})},
  author = {Junttila, Saara and Huohvanainen, Salla and Tiira, Katriina},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Animals},
  volume = {11},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2448},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  issn = {2076-2615},
  doi = {10.3390/ani11082448},
  urldate = {2022-05-03},
  abstract = {Sex differences in a variety of cognitive traits have long been reported in various species, including dogs. However, only a few canine studies have taken the possible effect of reproductive hormones into account. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and reproductive status of pet dogs (N = 1032) on two cognitive traits: inhibitory control and social cognition. Inhibitory control was assessed using the cylinder test, and the dogs' tendency to initiate social contact with a human during a problem-solving situation was assessed using the unsolvable task. Female dogs had a significantly higher success rate in the cylinder test compared to males, and they spent significantly more time in human-directed behavior during the unsolvable task. In contrast, males spent significantly more time in independent behavior during the unsolvable task. Reproductive status had no significant effect on the results of the cylinder test or the unsolvable task. Our results showed that female dogs asked for more help/used a more cooperative strategy during a problem-solving situation and had greater inhibitory control compared to males. According to our results, it seems likely that these sex differences were not influenced to a large extent by reproductive hormones.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {animal behavior,canine,cognition,cylinder test,dog,impulsivity,inhibitory control,neutering,psychology,sex differences,social cognition,unsolvable task}
}

@article{Junttila.etal.2022,
  title = {Breed differences in social cognition, inhibitory control, and spatial problem-solving ability in the domestic dog ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ familiaris}})},
  author = {Junttila, Saara and Valros, Anna and M{\"a}ki, Katariina and V{\"a}{\"a}t{\"a}j{\"a}, Heli and Reunanen, Elisa and Tiira, Katriina},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22529},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-26991-5},
  urldate = {2022-12-29},
  abstract = {The extraordinary genetic and behavioural diversity of dog breeds provides a unique opportunity for investigating the heritability of cognitive traits, such as problem-solving ability, social cognition, inhibitory control, and memory. Previous studies have mainly investigated cognitive differences between breed groups, and information on individual dog breeds is scarce. As a result, findings are often contradictory and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to provide more clarity on between-breed differences of cognitive traits in dogs. We examined the performance of 13 dog breeds (N\,=\,1002 dogs) in a standardized test battery. Significant breed differences were found for understanding of human communicative gestures, following a human's misleading gesture, spatial problem-solving ability in a V-detour task, inhibitory control in a cylinder test, and persistence and human-directed behaviour during an unsolvable task. Breeds also differed significantly in their behaviour towards an unfamiliar person, activity level, and exploration of a novel environment. No significant differences were identified in tasks measuring memory or logical reasoning. Breed differences thus emerged mainly in tasks measuring social cognition, problem-solving, and inhibitory control. Our results suggest that these traits may have come under diversifying artificial selection in different breeds. These results provide a deeper understanding on breed-specific traits in dogs.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animal behaviour,Learning and memory,Social behaviour},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Junttila et al/junttila_et_al_2022_breed_differences_in_social_cognition,_inhibitory_control,_and_spatial.pdf}
}

@article{Kelly.etal.2019,
  title = {Motoric self-regulation by sled dogs and pet dogs and the acute effect of carbohydrate source in sled dogs},
  author = {Kelly, Debbie M. and Adolphe, Jennifer L. and Vernouillet, Aliz{\'e}e and McCausland, J. Andrew and Rankovic, Alexandra and Verbrugghe, Adronie},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {931--946},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-019-01285-y},
  urldate = {2019-07-11},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control is a term used to envelop a collection of processes that allow an organism to refrain from engaging in an inappropriate prepotent or responsive behavior. Studies have examined the propensity of inhibitory control by nonhuman animals, from the cognitively complex processes involved in self-control to potentially less cognitively taxing processes such as motoric self-regulation. Focusing on canines, research has suggested that the domestication process as well as experiences during ontogeny contribute to inhibitory control. Diet may also play an important role in an individual's ability to self-regulate. This study examined this possibility by investigating motoric self-regulation in sled dogs, using three well-established tasks (i.e., A-not-B Bucket, Cylinder, and A-not-B Barrier tasks), performed after consumption of one of three dietary treatments with different glycemic index values. We also compared the performance of sled dogs during these tasks with results previously obtained from pet dogs. Overall, the results show many similarities in the performance of sled dogs and pet dogs on the motoric self-regulation tasks, with the notable exception that sled dogs may have a stronger spatial perseveration during the A-not-B Bucket task. Previous research findings reporting a lack of correlation among these tasks are also supported. Finally, during the early postprandial phase (period after consumption), dietary treatments with different glycemic index values did not influence self-regulatory performance for sled dogs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbohydrate,Glycemic index,Inhibitory control,Motoric self-regulation,Sled dogs},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Kelly et al/kelly_et_al_2019_motoric_self-regulation_by_sled_dogs_and_pet_dogs_and_the_acute_effect_of.pdf}
}

@article{Knudson.Lindsey.2014,
  title = {Type {{I}} and type {{II}} errors in correlations of various sample sizes},
  author = {Knudson, Duane V. and Lindsey, Crawford},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Comprehensive Psychology},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {03.CP.3.1},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {2165-2228},
  doi = {10.2466/03.CP.3.1},
  urldate = {2022-12-21},
  abstract = {This study documented the effect of sample sizes commonly seen in exercise science research on type I and type II errors in statistical tests of numerous correlations. Data on tennis string testing were used to examine zero-order and partial correlations between six variables for the population (N = 198) and three randomly drawn sub-samples of 99, 50, and 25. Sample size and statistical analysis procedure affected the rates of statistical errors. Reducing sample size increased type II errors 7\% to 21\% using correlation analysis. Partial correlation analysis of smaller samples increased type II errors 29\% to 85\%. Correlation studies of small sample sizes are likely vulnerable to type I or type II statistical errors and should be interpreted with caution.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Knudson et al/knudson_et_al_2014_type_i_and_type_ii_errors_in_correlations_of_various_sample_sizes.pdf}
}

@article{Kruger.etal.2023,
  title = {What do evolutionary researchers believe about human psychology and behavior?},
  author = {Kruger, Daniel J. and Fisher, Maryanne L. and Salmon, Catherine},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--18},
  issn = {1090-5138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.11.002},
  urldate = {2022-12-23},
  abstract = {We investigated the prevalence of beliefs in several key and contested aspects of human psychology and behavior in a broad sample of evolutionary-informed scholars (N~=~581). Nearly all participants believed that developmental environments substantially shape human adult psychology and behavior, that there are differences in human psychology and behavior based on sex differences from sexual selection, and that there are individual differences in human psychology and behavior resulting from different genotypes. About three-quarters of participants believed that there are population differences from dissimilar ancestral ecologies/environments and within-person differences across the menstrual cycle. Three-fifths believed that the human mind consists of domain-specific, context-sensitive modules. About half of participants believed that behavioral and cognitive aspects of human life history vary along a unified fast-slow continuum. Two-fifths of participants believed that group-level selection has substantially contributed to human evolution. Results indicate that there are both shared core beliefs as well as phenomena that are accepted by varying proportions of scholars. Such patterns represent the views of contemporary scholars and the current state of the field. The degree of acceptance for some phenomena may change over time as evolutionary science advances through the accumulation of empirical evidence.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Beliefs,Evolutionary psychology,Group selection,Life history,Menstrual cycle},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Kruger et al/kruger_et_al_2023_what_do_evolutionary_researchers_believe_about_human_psychology_and_behavior.pdf}
}

@article{Kubinyi.etal.2012,
  title = {Polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase ({{TH}}) gene is associated with activity-impulsivity in {{German Shepherd Dogs}}},
  author = {Kubinyi, Enik{\H o} and Vas, Judit and Hejjas, Krisztina and Ronai, Zsolt and Br{\'u}der, Ildik{\'o} and Turcs{\'a}n, Borb{\'a}la and {Sasvari-Szekely}, Maria and Mikl{\'o}si, {\'A}d{\'a}m},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e30271},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030271},
  urldate = {2022-03-08},
  abstract = {We investigated the association between repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and two personality traits, activity-impulsivity and inattention, in German Shepherd Dogs. The behaviour of 104 dogs was characterized by two instruments: (1) the previously validated Dog-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (Dog-ADHD RS) filled in by the dog owners and (2) the newly developed Activity-impulsivity Behavioural Scale (AIBS) containing four subtests, scored by the experimenters. Internal consistency, inter-observer reliability, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were demonstrated for AIBS. Dogs possessing at least one short allele were proved to be more active-impulsive by both instruments, compared to dogs carrying two copies of the long allele (activity-impulsivity scale of Dog-ADHD RS: p = 0.007; AIBS: p = 0.023). The results have some potential to support human studies; however, further research should reveal the molecular function of the TH gene variants, and look for the effect in more breeds.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alleles,Animal behavior,Animal sexual behavior,Dogs,Introns,Pets and companion animals,Tyrosine,Variant genotypes},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Kubinyi et al/kubinyi_et_al_2012_polymorphism_in_the_tyrosine_hydroxylase_(th)_gene_is_associated_with.pdf}
}

@article{Lazarowski.etal.2020a,
  title = {The development of problem-solving abilities in a population of candidate detection dogs ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ familiaris}})},
  author = {Lazarowski, Lucia and Krichbaum, Sarah and Waggoner, L. Paul and Katz, Jeffrey S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {755--768},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-020-01387-y},
  urldate = {2020-04-24},
  abstract = {Both ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors have shaped dogs' cognitive capabilities, resulting in a heightened social sensitivity at the apparent cost of non-social problem-solving abilities. Research has suggested that training history and life experience can influence problem-solving abilities in dogs. However, the ontogenetic development of problem-solving abilities in dogs has not been explored. We tested a population of candidate detection dogs of various ages across the first year of development on four well-established problem-solving tasks targeting different cognitive domains (i.e., cylinder, A-not-B barrier, delayed search, and spatial transposition tasks). We examined developmental effects by comparing cognitive task performance across three age groups. Age-related improvements for all four cognitive measures indicate developmental increases in processes related to inhibitory control, attention, and spatial cognition between 3 and 12~months of age. Additionally, we found some relationships between cognitive measures and detection dog performance measures, though effects were not as robust. We discuss the results in the context of canine cognitive development and corresponding effects of phylogeny and ontogeny, as well as potential applications to working dog training and selection.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Logan.etal.2022,
  title = {Are the more flexible great-tailed grackles also better at inhibition?},
  author = {Logan, C J and McCune, K B and MacPherson, M and {Johnson-Ulrich}, Z and Rowney, C and Seitz, B and Blaisdell, A P and Deffner, D and Wascher, C A F},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Animal Behavior and Cognition},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14--36},
  doi = {10.26451/abc.09.01.03.2022},
  abstract = {Behavioral flexibility should, theoretically, be positively related to behavioral inhibition because one should need to inhibit a previously learned behavior to change their behavior when the task changes (flexibility). However, several investigations show no or mixed support of this hypothesis, which challenges the assumption that inhibition is involved in making flexible decisions. We tested the hypothesis that flexibility (reversal learning and solution switching on a multi-access box by Logan et al., 2022) is associated with inhibition (go/no go on a touchscreen and detour) by measuring all variables in the same individuals. Because touchscreen experiments had never been conducted in this species, we validated that they are functional for wild-caught grackles who learned to use it and completed go/no go on it. Performance on go/no go and detour tasks did not correlate, indicating they did not measure the same trait. Individuals who were faster to reverse took more time to attempt a new option on the multi-access box and were either faster or slower at go/no go depending on whether one individual, Taquito (accidentally tested beyond 200 trial cap), was included in the GLM. While the relationship between trials to reverse and trials to pass go/no go was strongly influenced by Taquito, the more comprehensive Bayesian flexibility model supported the positive relationship irrespective of whether Taquito was included. Performance on detour did not correlate with either flexibility measure, suggesting that they may measure separate traits. We conclude that flexibility is associated with certain types of inhibition, but not others, in great-tailed grackles.}
}

@article{MacKillop.etal.2016,
  title = {The latent structure of impulsivity: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits},
  shorttitle = {The latent structure of impulsivity},
  author = {MacKillop, James and Weafer, Jessica and C. Gray, Joshua and Oshri, Assaf and Palmer, Abraham and {de Wit}, Harriet},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychopharmacology},
  volume = {233},
  number = {18},
  pages = {3361--3370},
  issn = {1432-2072},
  doi = {10.1007/s00213-016-4372-0},
  urldate = {2022-12-19},
  abstract = {Impulsivity has been strongly linked to addictive behaviors, but can be operationalized in a number of ways that vary considerably in overlap, suggesting multidimensionality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Addiction,Behavioral inhibition,Confirmatory factor analysis,Delay discounting,Impulsive personality,Impulsivity},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/MacKillop et al/mackillop_et_al_2016_the_latent_structure_of_impulsivity.pdf}
}

@article{Maejima.etal.2007,
  title = {Traits and genotypes may predict the successful training of drug detection dogs},
  author = {Maejima, Masami and {Inoue-Murayama}, Miho and Tonosaki, Keiichi and Matsuura, Naoto and Kato, Shota and Saito, Yasuhiro and Weiss, Alexander and Murayama, Yuichi and Ito, Shin'ichi},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
  volume = {107},
  number = {3},
  pages = {287--298},
  issn = {0168-1591},
  doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2006.10.005},
  urldate = {2022-12-10},
  abstract = {In Japan, approximately 30\% of dogs that enter training programs to become drug detection dogs successfully complete training. To clarify factors related to the aptitude of drug detection dogs and develop an assessment tool, we evaluated genotypes and behavioural traits of 197 candidate dogs. The behavioural traits were evaluated within 2 weeks from the start of training and included general activity, obedience training, concentration, affection demand, aggression toward dogs, anxiety, and interest in target. Principal components analysis of these ratings yielded two components: Desire for Work and Distractibility. Desire for Work was significantly related to successful completion of training (P{$<$}0.001). Since 93.3\% of dogs that passed training and 53.3\% of the dogs that failed training had Desire for Work scores of 45 or higher, we will be able to reject about half of inappropriate dogs before 3 months of training by adopting this cut-off point. We also surveyed eight polymorphic regions of four genes that have been related to human personality dimensions. Genotypes were not related to whether dogs passed, but there was a weak relationship between Distractibility and a 5HTT haplotype (P{$<$}0.05).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioural traits,Drug detection dog,Genotype,Training},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/FNEQ8VKF/Maejima et al. - 2007 - Traits and genotypes may predict the successful tr.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/VDK52XHH/S0168159106003418.html}
}

@article{Maier.etal.2023,
  title = {Robust {{Bayesian}} meta-analysis: {{Addressing}} publication bias with model-averaging},
  shorttitle = {Robust {{Bayesian}} meta-analysis},
  author = {Maier, Maximilian and Barto{\v s}, Franti{\v s}ek and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Psychological Methods},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {107--122},
  publisher = {{American Psychological Association}},
  issn = {1082-989X},
  doi = {10.1037/met0000405},
  urldate = {2022-06-07},
  abstract = {Meta-analysis is an important quantitative tool for cumulative science, but its application is frustrated by publication bias. In order to test and adjust for publication bias, we extend model-averaged Bayesian meta-analysis with selection models. The resulting robust Bayesian meta-analysis (RoBMA) methodology does not require all-or-none decisions about the presence of publication bias, can quantify evidence in favor of the absence of publication bias, and performs well under high heterogeneity. By model-averaging over a set of 12 models, RoBMA is relatively robust to model misspecification and simulations show that it outperforms existing methods. We demonstrate that RoBMA finds evidence for the absence of publication bias in Registered Replication Reports and reliably avoids false positives. We provide an implementation in R so that researchers can easily use the new methodology in practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Adjustment,Bayesian Analysis,Errors,evidence,heterogeneity,Meta Analysis,Models,Sciences,selection models,Simulation,Statistical Probability},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Maier et al/maier_et_al_2022_robust_bayesian_meta-analysis.pdf}
}

@article{Malle.Neubauer.1991,
  title = {Impulsivity, reflection, and questionnaire response latencies: {{No}} evidence for a broad impulsivity trait},
  shorttitle = {Impulsivity, reflection, and questionnaire response latencies},
  author = {Malle, Bertram F. and Neubauer, Aljoscha C.},
  year = {1991},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {8},
  pages = {865--871},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  doi = {10.1016/0191-8869(91)90153-3},
  urldate = {2022-12-19},
  abstract = {Impulsivity is generally held to be an important dimension of personality. It has been conceptualized in many different ways: as a cognitive style termed impulsivity/reflection, as a subtrait of extraversion or psychoticism, and as a trait of its own. The present study focused on the relation between some of these different impulsivity aspects and response latencies to questionnaires. The Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), a self-report impulsivity questionnaire, and the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS) were administered to 65 Austrian undergraduate students. By means of a computerized presentation, questionnaire response latencies were recorded. Virtually no relationship was found between MFFT, self-report impulsivity, and response latencies. In addition to previous studies, the present results, therefore, cast doubt on a broad impulsivity concept. Secondary findings of this study are pertinent to the relation between impulsivity and anxiety, to the orthogonality of impulsivity and self-consciousness, and to sex differences in impulsivity.},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{ManyDogsProject.etal.2022,
  title = {{{ManyDogs Project}}: {{A}} big team science approach to investigating canine behavior and cognition},
  shorttitle = {{{ManyDogs}} project},
  author = {{ManyDogs Project} and Alberghina, Daniela and Bray, Emily and Buchsbaum, Daphna and Byosiere, Sarah-Elizabeth and Espinosa, Julia and Gnanadesikan, Gitanjali and Guran, C.-N. Alexandrina and Hare, Elizabeth and Horschler, Daniel and Huber, Ludwig and Kuhlmeier, Valerie A. and MacLean, Evan and Pelgrim, Madeline H. and Perez, Bryan and {Ravid-Schurr}, Dana and Rothkoff, Liza and Sexton, Courtney and Silver, Zachary and Stevens, Jeffrey R.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  publisher = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/j82uc},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  abstract = {Although dogs have a special place in human history as the first domesticated species and play important roles in many cultures around the world, their role in scientific studies has been relatively recent. With a few notable exceptions (e.g., Darwin, Pavlov, Scott \& Fuller), domestic dogs were not commonly the subject of rigorous scientific investigation of behavior until the late 1990s. While the number of canine science studies has increased dramatically over the last 20 years, most research groups are limited in the inferences they can draw due to the relatively small sample sizes used along with the exceptional diversity observed in dogs (e.g., breed, geographic location, experience). To this end, we introduce the ManyDogs Project, an international consortium of researchers interested in taking a big team science approach to understanding canine behavioral science. We begin by discussing why studying dogs provides valuable insights into behavior and cognition, evolutionary processes, human health, and applications for animal welfare. We then highlight other big team science projects that have previously been conducted in canine science and emphasize the benefits of our approach. Finally, we introduce the ManyDogs Project and our mission: 1) replicating important findings, 2) investigating moderators that need a large sample size such as breed differences, 3) reaching methodological consensus, 4) investigating cross-cultural differences, and finally 5) setting a standard for replication studies in general. In doing so, we hope to address previous limitations in individual lab studies and previous big team science frameworks to deepen our understanding of canine behavior and cognition.},
  langid = {american},
  keywords = {animal behavior,Animal Learning and Behavior,big team science,canine cognition,canine science,collaboration,comparative cognition,Dogs,domestic dogs,ManyDogs,Open Science,Replication,reproducibility,Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/ManyDogsProject et al/manydogsproject_et_al_2022_manydogs_project.pdf}
}

@article{Marshall-Pescini.etal.2015,
  title = {The effect of domestication on inhibitory control: wolves and dogs compared},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{Domestication}} on {{Inhibitory Control}}},
  author = {{Marshall-Pescini}, Sarah and Vir{\'a}nyi, Zs{\'o}fia and Range, Friederike},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0118469},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118469},
  urldate = {2017-06-06},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control i.e. blocking an impulsive or prepotent response in favour of a more appropriate alternative, has been suggested to play an important role in cooperative behaviour. Interestingly, while dogs and wolves show a similar social organization, they differ in their intraspecific cooperation tendencies in that wolves rely more heavily on group coordination in regard to hunting and pup-rearing compared to dogs. Hence, based on the `canine cooperation' hypothesis wolves should show better inhibitory control than dogs. On the other hand, through the domestication process, dogs may have been selected for cooperative tendencies towards humans and/or a less reactive temperament, which may in turn have affected their inhibitory control abilities. Hence, based on the latter hypothesis, we would expect dogs to show a higher performance in tasks requiring inhibitory control. To test the predictive value of these alternative hypotheses, in the current study two tasks; the `cylinder task' and the `detour task', which are designed to assess inhibitory control, were used to evaluate the performance of identically raised pack dogs and wolves. Results from the cylinder task showed a significantly poorer performance in wolves than identically-raised pack dogs (and showed that pack-dogs performed similarly to pet dogs with different training experiences), however contrary results emerged in the detour task, with wolves showing a shorter latency to success and less perseverative behaviour at the fence. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies using these paradigms and in terms of the validity of these two methods in assessing inhibitory control.},
  keywords = {a,b,c,D,e,f,g,h,i,l,m,n,o,P,r,s,t,u,v,W,y}
}

@article{Mongillo.etal.2019,
  title = {Development of a spatial discount task to measure impulsive choices in dogs},
  author = {Mongillo, Paolo and Scandurra, Anna and Eatherington, Carla Jade and D'Aniello, Biagio and Marinelli, Lieta},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Animals},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  pages = {469},
  doi = {10.3390/ani9070469},
  urldate = {2019-07-29},
  abstract = {Impulsive choices reflect an individual\&rsquo;s tendency to prefer a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed one. Here, we have developed a behavioural test which can be easily applied to assess impulsive choices in dogs. Dogs were trained to associate one of two equidistant locations with a larger food amount when a smaller amount was presented in the other location, then the smaller amount was placed systematically closer to the dog. Choices of the smaller amount, as a function of distance, were considered a measure of the dog\&rsquo;s tendency to make impulsive choices. All dogs (N = 48) passed the learning phase and completed the entire assessment in under 1 h. Choice of the smaller food amount increased as this was placed closer to the dog. Choices were independent from food motivation, past training, and speed of learning the training phase; supporting the specificity of the procedure. Females showed a higher probability of making impulsive choices, in agreement with analogue sex differences found in human and rodent studies, and supporting the external validity of our assessment. Overall, the findings support the practical applicability and represent a first indication of the validity of this method, making it suitable for investigations into impulsivity in dogs.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {behavioral test,dog,impulsivity,learning,sex differences,validation},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Mongillo et al/mongillo_et_al_2019_development_of_a_spatial_discount_task_to_measure_impulsive_choices_in_dogs2.pdf}
}

@article{Moreau.Gamble.2022,
  title = {Conducting a meta-analysis in the age of open science: {{Tools}}, tips, and practical recommendations.},
  shorttitle = {Conducting a meta-analysis in the age of open science},
  author = {Moreau, David and Gamble, Beau},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Psychological Methods},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {426--432},
  issn = {1939-1463, 1082-989X},
  doi = {10.1037/met0000351},
  urldate = {2022-05-11},
  abstract = {Psychology researchers are rapidly adopting open science practices, yet clear guidelines on how to apply these practices to meta-analysis remain lacking. In this tutorial, we describe why open science is important in the context of meta-analysis in psychology, and suggest how to adopt the 3 main components of open science: preregistration, open materials, and open data. We first describe how to make the preregistration as thorough as possible\textemdash and how to handle deviations from the plan. We then focus on creating easy-to-read materials (e.g., search syntax, R scripts) to facilitate reproducibility and bolster the impact of a meta-analysis. Finally, we suggest how to organize data (e.g., literature search results, data extracted from studies) that are easy to share, interpret, and update as new studies emerge. For each step of the meta-analysis, we provide example templates, accompanied by brief video tutorials, and show how to integrate these practices into the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/q8stz/).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Muller.etal.2016,
  title = {Inhibitory control, but not prolonged object-related experience appears to affect physical problem-solving performance of pet dogs},
  author = {M{\"u}ller, Corsin A. and Riemer, Stefanie and Vir{\'a}nyi, Zs{\'o}fia and Huber, Ludwig and Range, Friederike},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0147753},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147753},
  urldate = {2018-02-23},
  abstract = {Human infants develop an understanding of their physical environment through playful interactions with objects. Similar processes may influence also the performance of non-human animals in physical problem-solving tasks, but to date there is little empirical data to evaluate this hypothesis. In addition or alternatively to prior experiences, inhibitory control has been suggested as a factor underlying the considerable individual differences in performance reported for many species. Here we report a study in which we manipulated the extent of object-related experience for a cohort of dogs (Canis familiaris) of the breed Border Collie over a period of 18 months, and assessed their level of inhibitory control, prior to testing them in a series of four physical problem-solving tasks. We found no evidence that differences in object-related experience explain variability in performance in these tasks. It thus appears that dogs do not transfer knowledge about physical rules from one physical problem-solving task to another, but rather approach each task as a novel problem. Our results, however, suggest that individual performance in these tasks is influenced in a complex way by the subject's level of inhibitory control. Depending on the task, inhibitory control had a positive or a negative effect on performance and different aspects of inhibitory control turned out to be the best predictors of individual performance in the different tasks. Therefore, studying the interplay between inhibitory control and problem-solving performance will make an important contribution to our understanding of individual and species differences in physical problem-solving performance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animal cognition,Animal performance,Binomials,Dogs,Domestic animals,Learning,Pets and companion animals,Primates}
}

@article{Nudelman.Otto.2020,
  title = {The development of a new generic risk-of-bias measure for systematic reviews of surveys},
  author = {Nudelman, Gabriel and Otto, Kathleen},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Methodology},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {278--298},
  issn = {1614-2241},
  doi = {10.5964/meth.4329},
  urldate = {2022-12-20},
  abstract = {It is important to evaluate risk of bias of the primary studies included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Since tools pertinent to surveys are scarce, the goal of the current research was to develop a measure to address this need. In Study 1, an initial list of 10 relevant topics was compiled from previous measures. In Study 2, the list was refined into an eight-item risk-of-bias measure via discussion and a pilot study. In Study 3, experienced researchers used the measure to asses 70 studies, demonstrating high interrater agreement (weighted Kappa = .82). Inexperienced raters also utilized the measure to code 26 different studies included in a prior meta-analysis, which resulted in adequate interrater agreement (weighted Kappa = .64) and excellent convergent validity (r = .66). Thus, the new measure, designed to be accessible and flexible, can increase standardization of risk-of-bias evaluations and contribute to the interpretation of systematic reviews and meta-analytic findings.},
  copyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Gabriel Nudelman, Kathleen Otto},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {correlational studies,meta-analysis,risk of bias,survey quality,systematic review},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Nudelman et al/nudelman_et_al_2020_the_development_of_a_new_generic_risk-of-bias_measure_for_systematic_reviews_of.pdf}
}

@article{Olsen.2018,
  title = {A case for methodological overhaul and increased study of executive function in the domestic dog ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ lupus familiaris}})},
  author = {Olsen, Mariana R.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {175--195},
  issn = {1435-9448, 1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-018-1162-6},
  urldate = {2018-02-23},
  abstract = {Executive function (EF) allows for self-regulation of behavior including maintaining focus in the face of distraction, inhibiting behavior that is suboptimal or inappropriate in a given context, and updating the contents of working memory. While EF has been studied extensively in humans, it has only recently become a topic of research in the domestic dog. In this paper, I argue for increased study of dog EF by explaining how it might influence the owner\textendash dog bond, human safety, and dog welfare, as well as reviewing the current literature dedicated to EF in dogs. In ``EF and its Application to ``Man's Best Friend'' section, I briefly describe EF and how it is relevant to dog behavior. In ``Previous investigations into EF in dogs'' section, I provide a review of the literature pertaining to EF in dogs, specifically tasks used to assess abilities like inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory capacity. In ``Insights and limitations of previous studies'' section, I consider limitations of existing studies that must be addressed in future research. Finally, in ``Future directions'' section, I propose future directions for meaningful research on EF in dogs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Olsen/olsen_2018_a_case_for_methodological_overhaul_and_increased_study_of_executive_function_in2.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{Olsen.2019,
  title = {Does {{Increased Task Difficulty Reveal Individual Differences}} in {{Executive Function}} in the {{Domestic Dog}}?},
  author = {Olsen, Mariana Rachel},
  year = {2019},
  address = {{United States -- Montana}},
  urldate = {2022-08-09},
  abstract = {Pet dogs are carnivores that inhabit a largely human-dominated context, in which certain normal canid behaviors (e.g., resource-guarding, barking, mounting) are considered undesirable and even dangerous. Safety and welfare implications of human-dog interaction have recently led researchers to take an interest in canine executive function. Two tasks have become particularly popular in this area of study: the cylinder task and the A-not-B task. Because canine cognition tasks are not typically subjected to the same scrutiny as those used in human research, it is unclear whether these tasks indeed measure what researchers expect them to. Even though they ostensibly measure canine inhibitory control, task performance seldom correlates between the two, and researchers have suggested that they might be too easy to reflect effortful processes. Further complicating the matter are lack of reliability estimates and frequent use of under-powered samples. In this study, I evaluated the reliability and construct validity of the cylinder task and A-not-B task. Across two experiments, I tested modified forms of the cylinder task to make it more difficult and thus more reflective of individual differences in executive function. In Experiment 1, subjects completed the cylinder task under normal conditions and following self-control exertion. In Experiment 2, subjects performed the cylinder task either with or without practice retrieving a treat from an opaque apparatus. Subjects in both experiments performed the A-not-B task with removal of ostensive human cuing. Performance on behavioral tasks was compared to owner-reported measures of impulsivity, inattention, behavioral regulation, responsiveness, and aggression. In Experiment 1, performance was negatively affected by self-control exertion, but only to the degree that dogs exhibited self-control. This suggests that the cylinder task reflects an effortful, limited-capacity process. In Experiment 2, subjects performed worse when practice was omitted, suggesting that cylinder task performance partially reflects the ability to transfer the strategy learned during practice to the test trials. Across both studies, performance during the cylinder task and A-not-B task was uncorrelated. Further, the cylinder task showed high reliability whereas the A-not-B did not. Implications of these results and suggestions for future directions are discussed.},
  copyright = {Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works.},
  isbn = {9780438784628},
  langid = {english},
  school = {Montana State University},
  keywords = {Canine,Cognition,Inhibition,Psychology}
}

@article{Parrish.etal.2018,
  title = {Investigating the depletion effect: {{Self-control}} does not waiver in capuchin monkeys},
  author = {Parrish, {\relax AE} and James, {\relax BT} and Rossettie, {\relax MS} and Smith, T and {Otalora-Garcia}, A and Beran, {\relax MJ}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Animal Behavior and Cognition},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {118--138},
  doi = {10.26451/abc.05.01.09.2018},
  abstract = {The ego-depletion hypothesis states that self-control diminishes over time and with exertion. However, there is mixed evidence among human adult and comparative studies as to whether such depletion occurs. It is an important issue, given that evidence for or against this hypothesis could have implications for remediation efforts with individuals who show high impulsivity and low self-control. In a study of potential depletion effects on self-control, capuchin monkeys were presented with two consecutive self-control tasks back-to-back within sessions. Monkeys first completed the accumulation task, in which they were presented with food items one-by-one until the subject retrieved and ate the accumulating items, at which point no more food would be delivered. This required continual inhibition of food retrieval in the face of an increasingly desirable reward. Then, monkeys completed a food exchange task with exchange combinations that either decreased or increased in food quality. Self-control was required in foregoing eating an immediately available food for a potentially better reward later in the trial. Individual differences in accumulation performance were observed, but no depletion effects were seen in the monkeys' exchange performance. Next, monkeys were presented with task order counterbalanced across individuals. No order effects were observed in the monkeys' performance on either self-control task. Monkeys' exchange performance was not significantly correlated with accumulation performance in either experiment. These results indicate no depletion effects and that these tasks may not be related in terms of underlying mechanisms that support self-control performance, even though at face value both require inhibition of eating available food.}
}

@article{Peterson.etal.2015,
  title = {Measurement of impulsive choice in rats: same- and alternate-form test\textendash retest reliability and temporal tracking},
  shorttitle = {Measurement of impulsive choice in rats},
  author = {Peterson, Jennifer R. and Hill, Catherine C. and Kirkpatrick, Kimberly},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior},
  volume = {103},
  number = {1},
  pages = {166--179},
  issn = {1938-3711},
  doi = {10.1002/jeab.124},
  urldate = {2015-01-28},
  abstract = {Impulsive choice is typically measured by presenting smaller\textendash sooner (SS) versus larger\textendash later (LL) rewards, with biases towards the SS indicating impulsivity. The current study tested rats on different impulsive choice procedures with LL delay manipulations to assess same-form and alternate-form test\textendash retest reliability. In the systematic-GE procedure (Green \& Estle, 2003), the LL delay increased after several sessions of training; in the systematic-ER procedure (Evenden \& Ryan, 1996), the delay increased within each session; and in the adjusting-M procedure (Mazur, 1987), the delay changed after each block of trials within a session based on each rat's choices in the previous block. In addition to measuring choice behavior, we also assessed temporal tracking of the LL delays using the median times of responding during LL trials. The two systematic procedures yielded similar results in both choice and temporal tracking measures following extensive training, whereas the adjusting procedure resulted in relatively more impulsive choices and poorer temporal tracking. Overall, the three procedures produced acceptable same form test\textendash retest reliability over time, but the adjusting procedure did not show significant alternate form test\textendash retest reliability with the other two procedures. The results suggest that systematic procedures may supply better measurements of impulsive choice in rats.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delay discounting,impulsive choice,individual differences,Rats,temporal tracking}
}

@article{Rayment.etal.2020,
  title = {Relationships between serum serotonin, plasma cortisol, and behavioral factors in a mixed-breed, -sex, and -age group of pet dogs},
  author = {Rayment, Diana J. and Peters, Richard A. and Marston, Linda C. and De Groef, Bert},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {96--102},
  issn = {1558-7878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.007},
  urldate = {2020-07-31},
  abstract = {Previously identified correlations between circulating cortisol and serotonin levels with aggressive, fearful, or impulsive behavior in dogs have led to the suggestion that these measures be assessed as screening tools to aid in the identification of individual dogs with aggressive or fearful tendencies in applied settings, such as shelters or breeding programs. Previous studies investigating relationships between peripheral serotonin or cortisol and behavioral measures have several limitations, including single-breed sample groups, small sample sizes, and inconsistent methods used to collect behavioral data. This study used previously validated questionnaires to investigate relationships between owner-reported histories of dogs' behavior and peripheral cortisol and serotonin measures collected on presentation to a novel environment, in a mixed-breed and mixed-age sample of dogs. No notable relationships were found between these measures in this group, indicating that circulating cortisol and serotonin are poor candidates for use in applied behavioral assessments for mixed-breed pet dogs of varying ages. Differences between results reported here and previous literature are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aggression,cortisol,dog,fear behaviors,impulsivity,serotonin}
}

@incollection{Read.2004,
  title = {Intertemporal choice},
  booktitle = {Blackwell {{Handbook}} of {{Judgment}} and {{Decision Making}}},
  author = {Read, D},
  editor = {Koehler, D and Harvey, N},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {424--443},
  publisher = {{Blackwell}},
  address = {{Oxford, UK}},
  doi = {10.1002/9780470752937.ch21}
}

@article{Reynolds.etal.2006,
  title = {Dimensions of impulsive behavior: personality and behavioral measures},
  shorttitle = {Dimensions of impulsive behavior},
  author = {Reynolds, B and Ortengren, Amanda and Richards, Jerry B. and {de Wit}, Harriet},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {305--315},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.024},
  urldate = {2012-08-13},
  abstract = {Impulsivity as a behavioral construct encompasses a wide range of what are often considered maladaptive behaviors. Impulsivity has been assessed using a variety of measures, including both self-report personality questionnaires and behavioral tasks, and each of these measures has been further subdivided into separate components which are thought to represent different underlying processes. However, few studies have employed both personality measures and behavioral tasks, and so the relations among these measures are not well understood. In one analysis we examined correlations between three widely used personality measures (i.e., BIS-11, I7, and MPQ) and four laboratory-task measures of impulsive behavior (behavioral inhibition (2), delay discounting, and risk taking) in 70 healthy adult volunteers. The correlations among the various self-report measures were high, but self-reports were not correlated with behavioral-task measures. In a second analysis we performed a principal-components analysis using data from the four behavioral tasks for 99 participants. Two components emerged, labeled ``impulsive disinhibition'' (Stop Task and Go/No-Go task) and ``impulsive decision-making'' (Delay-Discounting task and Balloon Analog Risk Task). Taken collectively, these analyses support other recent findings indicating that self-report and behavioral tasks probably measure different constructs, and suggest that even among the behavioral measures, different tasks measure different, perhaps unrelated, components of impulsive behavior.},
  keywords = {Correlation,Delay discounting,Human,impulsivity,Laboratory measures,Principal component,Self-report measures},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/J9DTGMM6/S0191886905002588.html}
}

@article{Riemer.etal.2014,
  title = {Impulsive for life? {{The}} nature of long-term impulsivity in domestic dogs},
  shorttitle = {Impulsive for life?},
  author = {Riemer, Stefanie and Mills, Daniel S. and Wright, Hannah},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {Animal Cognition},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {815--819},
  issn = {1435-9456},
  doi = {10.1007/s10071-013-0701-4},
  urldate = {2018-09-27},
  abstract = {Individual differences in impulsivity occur at a cognitive and/or behavioural level and are associated with differing life outcomes. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the long-term stability of these characteristics in non-human animals. This study reports on the stability of convergent measures of impulsivity in domestic dogs assessed more than 6 years apart. Measures were (1) owner assessment by means of a questionnaire, the validated `Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale' (DIAS) and (2) dogs' performance in a delayed reward choice test. Dogs had 15-min free access to two food dispensers, one dispensing a piece of food immediately, the other dispensing three pieces after a delay, which increased by 1 s every other time the dogs sampled it. Maximum delay reached in this task reflects decision-making, or cognitive impulsivity, whereas the rate of extra presses on the delayed reward device during the delay can be considered as a measure of motor or behavioural impulsivity. DIAS scores were strongly and significantly correlated across years. The maximum delay reached in the behaviour test was also highly stable, whereas paw-pressing rate was uncorrelated between the years. These results demonstrate that cognitive but not motor impulsivity is highly consistent over time in dogs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delayed reward choice,Dogs Canis familiaris,Impulsivity,Personality,Stability,Test\textendash retest reliability}
}

@incollection{Robbins.Dalley.2017,
  title = {Dissecting impulsivity: brain mechanisms and neuropsychiatric implications},
  shorttitle = {Dissecting {{Impulsivity}}},
  booktitle = {Impulsivity: {{How Time}} and {{Risk Influence Decision Making}}},
  author = {Robbins, Trevor W. and Dalley, Jeffrey W.},
  editor = {Stevens, Jeffrey R.},
  year = {2017},
  series = {Nebraska {{Symposium}} on {{Motivation}}},
  number = {64},
  pages = {201--226},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_7},
  urldate = {2017-04-04},
  abstract = {The construct of impulsivity is considered within a neuropsychological and neuroscientific theoretical framework that considers possible subdivisions based on discounting of reward, premature responding, and motor inhibition in experimental animals and humans. One neural system including the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens mediates `waiting' impulsivity, including premature responding in the rodent 5-choice serial reaction time task, with dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic modulatory influences. A second system including the dorsal striatum and associated circuitry including the inferior frontal cortex mediates inhibitory control and is modulated by dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Translational applications of these findings are identified with respect to human substance use disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Theoretical implications for concepts of cognitive control are also considered, including `reflection impulsivity' and the notion of pre-commitment that enables resistance to temptations, possibly involving hierarchical mechanisms of decision-making cognition.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright 2017 Springer International Publishing AG},
  isbn = {978-3-319-51720-9 978-3-319-51721-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Addiction,ADHD,Behavioral/Experimental Economics,Cognitive psychology,Dopamine,Inhibitory response control,Noradrenaline,nucleus accumbens,Personality and Social Psychology,prefrontal cortex,Serotonin,Stop-signal reaction time,Temporal discounting}
}

@article{Salman.etal.2000,
  title = {Behavioral reasons for relinquishment of dogs and cats to 12 shelters},
  author = {Salman, Mo D. and Hutchison, Jennifer and {Ruch-Gallie}, Rebecca and Kogan, Lori and New, John C. and Kass, Phillip H. and Scarlett, Janet M.},
  year = {2000},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {93--106},
  issn = {1088-8705, 1532-7604},
  doi = {10.1207/S15327604JAWS0302_2},
  urldate = {2022-12-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/7TVW92KV/Salman et al. - 2000 - Behavioral Reasons for Relinquishment of Dogs and .pdf}
}

@article{Scherer.etal.2018,
  title = {Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts},
  author = {Scherer, Roberta W. and Meerpohl, Joerg J. and Pfeifer, Nadine and Schmucker, Christine and Schwarzer, Guido and von Elm, Erik},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
  number = {11},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  issn = {1465-1858},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.MR000005.pub4},
  urldate = {2023-01-01},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Scherer et al/scherer_et_al_2018_full_publication_of_results_initially_presented_in_abstracts.pdf}
}

@article{Schonbrodt.Perugini.2013,
  title = {At what sample size do correlations stabilize?},
  author = {Sch{\"o}nbrodt, Felix D. and Perugini, Marco},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {47},
  number = {5},
  pages = {609--612},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.009},
  urldate = {2022-03-07},
  abstract = {Sample correlations converge to the population value with increasing sample size, but the estimates are often inaccurate in small samples. In this report we use Monte-Carlo simulations to determine the critical sample size from which on the magnitude of a correlation can be expected to be stable. The necessary sample size to achieve stable estimates for correlations depends on the effect size, the width of the corridor of stability (i.e., a corridor around the true value where deviations are tolerated), and the requested confidence that the trajectory does not leave this corridor any more. Results indicate that in typical scenarios the sample size should approach 250 for stable estimates.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accuracy,Correlation,Sample size,Simulation}
}

@article{Serpell.2004,
  title = {Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare},
  author = {Serpell, J. A.},
  year = {2004},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Animal Welfare},
  volume = {13},
  number = {S1},
  pages = {145--151},
  urldate = {2019-12-16},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on human attitudes to animals, and postulates the existence of two primary motivational determinants of attitudes labelled 'affect' and 'utility'. It also proposes that the relative strengths of these key attitude dimensions are affected by various modifying variables including the specific attributes of the animal, the individual characteristics and experience of the person evaluating the animal, and a range of cultural factors. The role of science as a cultural modifier of human attitudes to animals is also discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ANIMAL WELFARE,ATTITUDE PSYCHOLOGY,ATTITUDE SURVEYS,ATTITUDES TO ANIMALS,ETHICS,SCIENTIFIC VALUES},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Serpell/serpell_2004_factors_influencing_human_attitudes_to_animals_and_their_welfare.pdf;/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Serpell/serpell_2004_factors_influencing_human_attitudes_to_animals_and_their_welfare2.pdf}
}

@article{Shamseer.etal.2015,
  title = {Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols ({{PRISMA-P}}) 2015: elaboration and explanation},
  shorttitle = {Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols ({{PRISMA-P}}) 2015},
  author = {Shamseer, L. and Moher, D. and Clarke, M. and Ghersi, D. and Liberati, A. and Petticrew, M. and Shekelle, P. and Stewart, L. A. and {the PRISMA-P Group}},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {349},
  number = {jan02 1},
  pages = {g7647-g7647},
  issn = {1756-1833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.g7647},
  urldate = {2022-06-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/VH5249ZY/Shamseer et al. - 2015 - Preferred reporting items for systematic review an.pdf}
}

@article{Siddaway.etal.2019,
  title = {How to do a systematic review: {{A}} best practice guide for conducting and reporting narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses},
  shorttitle = {How to do a systematic review},
  author = {Siddaway, Andy P. and Wood, Alex M. and Hedges, Larry V.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {747--770},
  issn = {1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803},
  abstract = {Systematic reviews are characterized by a methodical and replicable methodology and presentation. They involve a comprehensive search to locate all relevant published and unpublished work on a subject; a systematic integration of search results; and a critique of the extent, nature, and quality of evidence in relation to a particular research question. The best reviews synthesize studies to draw broad theoretical conclusions about what a literature means, linking theory to evidence and evidence to theory. This guide describes how to plan, conduct, organize, and present a systematic review of quantitative (meta-analysis) or qualitative (narrative review, meta-synthesis) information. We outline core standards and principles and describe commonly encountered problems. Although this guide targets psychological scientists, its high level of abstraction makes it potentially relevant to any subject area or discipline. We argue that systematic reviews are a key methodology for clarifying whether and how research findings replicate and for explaining possible inconsistencies, and we call for researchers to conduct systematic reviews to help elucidate whether there is a replication crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30089228},
  keywords = {evidence,guide,Guidelines as Topic,Humans,meta-analysis,Meta-Analysis as Topic,meta-synthesis,narrative,Publication Bias,systematic review,Systematic Reviews as Topic,theory}
}

@article{Smith.etal.2007,
  title = {On the validity and utility of discriminating among impulsivity-like traits},
  author = {Smith, Gregory T. and Fischer, Sarah and Cyders, Melissa A. and Annus, Agnes M. and Spillane, Nichea S. and McCarthy, Denis M.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Assessment},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {155--170},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {1073-1911},
  doi = {10.1177/1073191106295527},
  urldate = {2022-12-19},
  abstract = {The ability to make precise distinctions among related personality constructs helps clarify theory and increases the utility of clinical assessment. In three studies, the authors evaluated the validity of distinctions among four impulsivity-like traits: sensation seeking, lack of planning, lack of persistence, and urgency (acting rashly when distressed). Factor analyses indicated that lack of planning and lack of persistence are two distinct facets of one broader trait, whereas urgency and sensation seeking are both very modestly related to each other and to the planning/persistence measures. The authors developed interview assessments of each, and multitrait, multimethod matrix results indicated clear convergent and discriminant validity among the constructs. The distinctions among them were useful: The traits accounted for different aspects of risky behaviors. Sensation seeking appeared to relate to the frequency of engaging in risky behaviors, and urgency appeared to relate to problem levels of involvement in those behaviors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Smith et al/smith_et_al_2007_on_the_validity_and_utility_of_discriminating_among_impulsivity-like_traits.pdf}
}

@incollection{Stevens.2010a,
  title = {Intertemporal choice},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Animal Behavior}}},
  author = {Stevens, Jeffrey R},
  editor = {Breed, M D and Moore, J},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {203--208},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  address = {{Oxford}},
  abstract = {Intertemporal choices involve decisions between outcomes that are available at different times in the future.  Organisms face these types of choices quite frequently, from natural history tradeoffs to foraging decisions, mate choice, parental investment, and cooperative dilemmas.  The ever-present nature of intertemporal choices makes them of interest to a broad range of disciplines.  The economic perspective generates models of optimal temporal tradeoffs.  The psychological perspective explores the cognitive mechanisms used in intertemporal choice.  The evolutionary perspective investigates the adaptive value of trading off present and future benefits.  Together, these approaches can provide a more complete understanding of the balance between patience and impulsivity.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Desktop/active_sync/zotero-library/Stevens/stevens_2010_intertemporal_choice.pdf;/home/jstevens/Desktop/active_sync/zotero-library/Stevens/stevens_2010_intertemporal_choice2.pdf}
}

@incollection{Stevens.2017c,
  title = {The many faces of impulsivity},
  booktitle = {Impulsivity: {{How Time}} and {{Risk Influence Decision Making}}},
  author = {Stevens, Jeffrey R},
  editor = {Stevens, Jeffrey R.},
  year = {2017},
  series = {Nebraska {{Symposium}} on {{Motivation}}},
  pages = {1--6},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_1},
  urldate = {2020-07-30},
  abstract = {Impulsivity is a multifaceted concept that captures an inability to wait, a preference for risky outcomes, a tendency to act without forethought, an insensitivity to consequences, and/or an inability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors. Because it touches on so many different aspects of behavior, impulsivity connects to a number of other concepts including patience, self-control, delay of gratification, intertemporal choice, discounting, risky choice, risk taking, inhibitory control, and sensation seeking. Therefore, researchers have created a taxonomy that carves up the concept into different types of impulsivity. A primary distinction divides impulsivity into impulsive choice (or decision making) and impulsive action (or disinhibition) based on both behavioral correlates across tasks and neural mechanisms. Due to the many different varieties of impulsivity, this concept is of relevance to a large number of fields, including psychology, economics, biology, neuroscience, anthropology, nutrition, finance, and environmental sciences. The current volume reflects the scope of impulsivity by including contributors from a wide range of fields who work across levels of analysis, species, and timescales to understand the many faces of impulsivity.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  isbn = {978-3-319-51721-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Impulsive Choice,Large Reward,Neural Circuitry,Risk Preference,Risky Choice},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Stevens/stevens_2017_the_many_faces_of_impulsivity2.pdf}
}

@article{Stevens.etal.2022a,
  title = {Do owners know how impulsive their dogs are?},
  author = {Stevens, Jeffrey R and Mathias, M and Herridge, Megan and {Hughes-Duvall}, Kylie and Wolff, London M. and Yohe, McKenna},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Animal Behavior and Cognition},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {261--286},
  doi = {10.26451/abc.09.03.02.2022},
  urldate = {2022-08-08},
  abstract = {Impulsivity is an important behavioral trait in dogs that affects many aspects of their relationship with humans. But how well do owners know their dog's levels of impulsivity? Two studies have investigated how owner perceptions of their dog's impulsivity correlate with the distance traveled in a spatial impulsivity task requiring choices between smaller, closer vs. larger, more distant food treats (Brady et al., 2018; Mongillo et al., 2019). However, these studies have demonstrated mixed results. The current project aimed to replicate these studies by correlating owner responses to the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Survey (DIAS) and the dog's maximum distance traveled in a spatial impulsivity task. We found that neither the DIAS overall score nor its three subcomponent scores correlated with dogs' distance traveled. This result replicates Mongillo et al.'s lack of a relationship but does not replicate Brady et al.'s effect, questioning the generalizability of owner reports of dog impulsivity. The lack of replication could result from differences in methodology and sample populations, but it raises intriguing questions about possible differences in dog characteristics and owner knowledge of their dogs across cultures.},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Stevens et al/stevens_et_al_2022_do_owners_know_how_impulsive_their_dogs_are2.pdf}
}

@article{Taylor.Mills.2006,
  title = {The development and assessment of temperament tests for adult companion dogs},
  author = {Taylor, Katy D. and Mills, Daniel S.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {94--108},
  issn = {1558-7878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jveb.2006.09.002},
  urldate = {2022-12-02},
  abstract = {Temperament tests have been created by a range of organizations and individuals in order to assess useful, predictable behavioral tendencies in working dogs and, increasingly, in companion dogs. For the latter group, such tests may help to select suitable pets from rescue centers or to identify those already in the population that are, or are likely to be, unsuitable as pets (e.g., those with behavior problems involving aggression). Unfortunately, many of these tests seem to have been developed without a systematic scientific approach. Perhaps as a result there are few reports of these tests in the scientific literature and even fewer that fully report their reliability and specific aspects of validity. This pattern is unfortunate, because the outcome of tests for companion dogs may have the potential to affect their welfare and survival. This paper attempts to encourage a more scientific approach to the development, conduct, and evaluation of temperament tests for adult companion dogs. Five key measures of the quality of a temperament test (purpose, standardization, reliability, validity, and practicality) are identified and explained in detail. Methods for the assessment of these qualities are given together with discussion of their limitations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dog,personality,reliability,temperament,validity},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Taylor et al/taylor_et_al_2006_the_development_and_assessment_of_temperament_tests_for_adult_companion_dogs.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/P8G3E2UD/Taylor and Mills - 2006 - The development and assessment of temperament test.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/8J724XIN/S1558787806001134.html}
}

@article{Tiira.etal.2020,
  title = {Inhibitory control \textendash{} important trait for explosive detection performance in police dogs?},
  author = {Tiira, Katriina and Tikkanen, Antti and Vainio, Outi},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
  volume = {224},
  pages = {104942},
  issn = {0168-1591},
  doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104942},
  urldate = {2020-02-07},
  abstract = {Working dogs are used for a range of important operational tasks. Identifying potentially successful working dogs as early as possible is important as rejection rates are high and training is costly. Earlier research has mainly concentrated on personality traits such as boldness, and there is only little knowledge on the possible association between cognitive traits and the actual working dog performance. This study investigated whether motor inhibition, persistence, problem-solving strategies, and spatial problem-solving are associated with explosive detection success in specially trained police dogs. Dogs (N\,=\,24) were tested with a cognitive test battery, and subsequently they participated in an explosive detection test. The explosive searching situation and the location of the test was such that it would reflect as much as possible a real-life situation. Canine handlers also filled in a questionnaire regarding their dog's working behaviour. We found that those dogs that were more successful in explosive detection task had better motor inhibition in a cylinder task compared to dogs with lower success in an explosive search task. Furthermore, we found that dogs that made more errors in the cylinder task were generally more likely to give up searching sooner, as reported by their handlers, and also abandon sooner the problem-solving task in behavioural test. This study suggests that inhibitory control, specifically motor inhibition, may be an important aspect to consider when selecting suitable dogs for explosive detection tasks. Cylinder task is an easy and quick way to assess inhibitory control, although a larger dataset is needed to verify its association with working performance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cognition,dog,explosive detection,inhibitory control,motor inhibition,working dog},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Tiira et al/tiira_et_al_2020_inhibitory_control_–_important_trait_for_explosive_detection_performance_in2.pdf}
}

@article{Trevejo.etal.2011,
  title = {Epidemiology of surgical castration of dogs and cats in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Trevejo, Rosalie and Yang, Mingyin and Lund, Elizabeth M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
  volume = {238},
  number = {7},
  pages = {898--904},
  publisher = {{American Veterinary Medical Association}},
  doi = {10.2460/javma.238.7.898},
  urldate = {2022-03-03},
  abstract = {Abstract Objective\textemdash To estimate the prevalence of surgical castration among dogs and cats evaluated at private US veterinary hospitals and to determine the influence of sex, age, breed, geographic location, and prepaid wellness plan enrollment on the likelihood of castration. Design\textemdash Retrospective period prevalence study. Animals\textemdash 320,172 cats and 1,339,860 dogs examined at 651 hospitals during 2007 Procedures\textemdash Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare prevalence among subpopulations for each species. Results\textemdash The overall prevalence of castration was 82\% in cats and 64\% in dogs. Prevalence increased significantly with age in both species. Among cats, males were slightly more likely to be castrated than females (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.03) and mixed breeds slightly less likely than purebreds (PR = 0.99). Among dogs, males were less likely to be castrated than females (PR = 0.93) and mixed breeds more likely than purebreds (PR = 1.19). Prevalence was lowest in dogs in the Southeastern United States (61\%). Dogs and cats on a wellness plan were more likely to be castrated than those not on a plan (PR = 1.33 and 1.18, respectively). Among commonly reported dog breeds, pit bull-type dogs (27\%) and Chihuahuas (46\%) were least likely to be castrated. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance\textemdash Many young adult (1- to {$<$} 4-year-old) dogs (32\%) were uncastrated, signaling a need to promote earlier castration. Outreach efforts should be directed toward owners of pets least likely to be castrated, such as male dogs, dogs of specific breeds (ie, pit bull-type and Chihuahua), and dogs in the Southeastern United States. Additional research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of wellness programs on an owner's decision to have his or her pet castrated.},
  chapter = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Trevejo et al/trevejo_et_al_2011_epidemiology_of_surgical_castration_of_dogs_and_cats_in_the_united_states.pdf}
}

@article{Turner.etal.2013,
  title = {The impact of study size on meta-analyses: {{Examination}} of underpowered studies in {{Cochrane Reviews}}},
  shorttitle = {The impact of study size on meta-analyses},
  author = {Turner, Rebecca M. and Bird, Sheila M. and Higgins, Julian P. T.},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e59202},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0059202},
  urldate = {2023-03-14},
  abstract = {Background Most meta-analyses include data from one or more small studies that, individually, do not have power to detect an intervention effect. The relative influence of adequately powered and underpowered studies in published meta-analyses has not previously been explored. We examine the distribution of power available in studies within meta-analyses published in Cochrane reviews, and investigate the impact of underpowered studies on meta-analysis results. Methods and Findings For 14,886 meta-analyses of binary outcomes from 1,991 Cochrane reviews, we calculated power per study within each meta-analysis. We defined adequate power as {$\geq$}50\% power to detect a 30\% relative risk reduction. In a subset of 1,107 meta-analyses including 5 or more studies with at least two adequately powered and at least one underpowered, results were compared with and without underpowered studies. In 10,492 (70\%) of 14,886 meta-analyses, all included studies were underpowered; only 2,588 (17\%) included at least two adequately powered studies. 34\% of the meta-analyses themselves were adequately powered. The median of summary relative risks was 0.75 across all meta-analyses (inter-quartile range 0.55 to 0.89). In the subset examined, odds ratios in underpowered studies were 15\% lower (95\% CI 11\% to 18\%, P{$<$}0.0001) than in adequately powered studies, in meta-analyses of controlled pharmacological trials; and 12\% lower (95\% CI 7\% to 17\%, P{$<$}0.0001) in meta-analyses of controlled non-pharmacological trials. The standard error of the intervention effect increased by a median of 11\% (inter-quartile range -1\% to 35\%) when underpowered studies were omitted; and between-study heterogeneity tended to decrease. Conclusions When at least two adequately powered studies are available in meta-analyses reported by Cochrane reviews, underpowered studies often contribute little information, and could be left out if a rapid review of the evidence is required. However, underpowered studies made up the entirety of the evidence in most Cochrane reviews.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer risk factors,Cardiology,Gastroenterology and hepatology,Medical risk factors,Mental health and psychiatry,Metaanalysis,Obstetrics and gynecology,Oncology},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Turner et al/turner_et_al_2013_the_impact_of_study_size_on_meta-analyses.pdf}
}

@article{Valentine.etal.2010,
  title = {How many studies do you need? {{A}} primer on statistical power for meta-analysis},
  shorttitle = {How many studies do you need?},
  author = {Valentine, Jeffrey C. and Pigott, Therese D. and Rothstein, Hannah R.},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--247},
  publisher = {{American Educational Research Association}},
  issn = {1076-9986},
  doi = {10.3102/1076998609346961},
  urldate = {2023-03-14},
  abstract = {In this article, the authors outline methods for using fixed and random effects power analysis in the context of meta-analysis. Like statistical power analysis for primary studies, power analysis for meta-analysis can be done either prospectively or retrospectively and requires assumptions about parameters that are unknown. The authors provide some suggestions for thinking about these parameters, in particular for the random effects variance component. The authors also show how the typically uninformative retrospective power analysis can be made more informative. The authors then discuss the value of confidence intervals, show how they could be used in addition to or instead of retrospective power analysis, and also demonstrate that confidence intervals can convey information more effectively in some situations than power analyses alone. Finally, the authors take up the question ?How many studies do you need to do a meta-analysis?? and show that, given the need for a conclusion, the answer is ?two studies,? because all other synthesis techniques are less transparent and/or are less likely to be valid. For systematic reviewers who choose not to conduct a quantitative synthesis, the authors provide suggestions for both highlighting the current limitations in the research base and for displaying the characteristics and results of studies that were found to meet inclusion criteria.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Valentine et al/valentine_et_al_2010_how_many_studies_do_you_need2.pdf}
}

@article{vanHorik.etal.2018,
  title = {Do detour tasks provide accurate assays of inhibitory control?},
  author = {{van Horik}, Jayden O. and Langley, Ellis J. G. and Whiteside, Mark A. and Laker, Philippa R. and Beardsworth, Christine E. and Madden, Joah R.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {285},
  number = {1875},
  pages = {20180150},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0150},
  urldate = {2022-03-07},
  abstract = {Transparent Cylinder and Barrier tasks are used to purportedly assess inhibitory control in a variety of animals. However, we suspect that performances on these detour tasks are influenced by non-cognitive traits, which may result in inaccurate assays of inhibitory control. We therefore reared pheasants under standardized conditions and presented each bird with two sets of similar tasks commonly used to measure inhibitory control. We recorded the number of times subjects incorrectly attempted to access a reward through transparent barriers, and their latencies to solve each task. Such measures are commonly used to infer the differential expression of inhibitory control. We found little evidence that their performances were consistent across the two different Putative Inhibitory Control Tasks (PICTs). Improvements in performance across trials showed that pheasants learned the affordances of each specific task. Critically, prior experience of transparent tasks, either Barrier or Cylinder, also improved subsequent inhibitory control performance on a novel task, suggesting that they also learned the general properties of transparent obstacles. Individual measures of persistence, assayed in a third task, were positively related to their frequency of incorrect attempts to solve the transparent inhibitory control tasks. Neophobia, Sex and Body Condition had no influence on individual performance. Contrary to previous studies of primates, pheasants with poor performance on PICTs had a wider dietary breadth assayed using a free-choice task. Our results demonstrate that in systems or taxa where prior experience and differences in development cannot be accounted for, individual differences in performance on commonly used detour-dependent PICTS may reveal more about an individual's prior experience of transparent objects, or their motivation to acquire food, than providing a reliable measure of their inhibitory control.},
  keywords = {Barrier task,cognition,Cylinder task,executive control,executive function}
}

@article{Vernouillet.etal.2018,
  title = {Individual performance across motoric self-regulation tasks are not correlated for pet dogs},
  author = {Vernouillet, Aliz{\'e}e A. A. and Stiles, Laura R. and Andrew McCausland, J. and Kelly, Debbie M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Learning \& Behavior},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {522--536},
  issn = {1543-4508},
  doi = {10.3758/s13420-018-0354-x},
  urldate = {2018-12-07},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control, the ability to restrain a prepotent but ineffective response in a given context, is thought to be indicative of a species' cognitive abilities. This ability ranges from ``basic'' motoric self-regulation to more complex abilities such as self-control. During the current study, we investigated the motoric self-regulatory abilities of 30 pet dogs using four well-established cognitive tasks \textendash{} the A-not-B Bucket task, the Cylinder task, the Detour task, and the A-not-B Barrier task \textendash{} administered in a consistent context. One main goal of the study was to determine whether the individual-level performance would correlate across tasks, supporting that these tasks measure similar components of motoric self-regulation. Dogs in our study were quite successful during tasks requiring them to detour around transparent barriers (i.e., the Cylinder and Detour tasks), but were less successful with tasks requiring the production of a new response (i.e., A-not-B Bucket and A-not-B Barrier tasks). However, individual dog performance did not correlate across tasks, suggesting these well-established tasks likely measure different inhibitory control abilities, or are strongly influenced by differential task demands. Our results also suggest other aspects such as perseveration or properties of the apparatus may need to be carefully examined in order to better understand canine motoric self-regulation or inhibitory control more generally.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {A-not-B tasks,Cylinder task,Detour task,Inhibitory control,Motor self-regulation,Pet dogs}
}

@article{Wan.etal.2009,
  title = {A cross-cultural comparison of reports by {{German Shepherd}} owners in {{Hungary}} and the {{United States}} of {{America}}},
  author = {Wan, Michele and Kubinyi, Enik{\H o} and Mikl{\'o}si, {\'A}d{\'a}m and Champagne, Frances},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
  volume = {121},
  number = {3},
  pages = {206--213},
  issn = {0168-1591},
  doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2009.09.015},
  urldate = {2022-03-03},
  abstract = {Cross-cultural comparisons of dog behavior and dog-keeping practices are limited. The current study compared the questionnaire responses of German Shepherd owners in Hungary and the United States of America (USA). Owners provided information about their dog-keeping practices, as well as reports of their own German Shepherds' behavior and temperament. Cross-cultural differences and similarities were revealed using multivariate regression. Owners from the USA were more likely to keep their dogs indoors during the day (OR=29.6, P=0.006) and at night (OR=772, P=0.012), to report that their dogs were kept as pets (OR=2648, P=0.003), and to engage their dogs in a greater number of training varieties (e.g. conformation training, agility training) (b=1.97, P=0.001). However, country was not significantly associated with the duration of daily dog\textendash owner interaction, dog's age at acquisition, and the number of previous dogs owned. Owners from the USA rated their dogs more highly than owners from Hungary on the confidence (b=0.814, P=0.006) and aggressiveness scales (b=0.974, P=0.002) of the Budapest Canine Personality Survey. In contrast, scores on the liveliness and attachment scales of the Budapest Canine Personality Survey, as well as scores on the Dog-ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Rating Scale, were not predicted by country. Findings for the emotional predisposition questionnaire were similarly mixed. In order to confirm such findings, future cross-cultural studies on dogs should combine the use of surveys with observational methods. Cross-cultural differences like those observed should be considered when interpreting the results of studies on dog cognition and behavior. Researchers may wish to replicate cognitive and behavioral research with dogs from a range of environments around the world before firmly concluding that the findings apply to all dogs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavior,Cross-cultural,Dog,German Shepherd,Questionnaire,Temperament},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Wan et al/wan_et_al_2009_a_cross-cultural_comparison_of_reports_by_german_shepherd_owners_in_hungary_and.pdf}
}

@article{Warden.Warner.1928,
  title = {The sensory capacities and intelligence of dogs, with a report on the ability of the noted dog "{{Fellow}}" to respond to verbal stimuli},
  author = {Warden, C. J. and Warner, L. H.},
  year = {1928},
  journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2808184},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--28},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0033-5770},
  urldate = {2022-05-09},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/WVFBLFGB/Warden and Warner - 1928 - The Sensory Capacities and Intelligence of Dogs, w.pdf}
}

@article{Wingrove.Bond.1997,
  title = {Impulsivity: {{A}} state as well as trait variable. {{Does}} mood awareness explain low correlations between trait and behavioural measures of impulsivity?},
  shorttitle = {Impulsivity},
  author = {Wingrove, Janet and Bond, Alyson J.},
  year = {1997},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {333--339},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  doi = {10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00222-X},
  urldate = {2022-12-19},
  abstract = {This report concerns a small scale study using a set of visual analogue scales designed to assess state impulsivity (the STIMP), a well established measure of trait impulsivity (the I7) and two behavioural tasks that have frequently been used as measures of impulsivity: circle tracing and time perception. As in previous research, trait impulsivity showed little if any correlation with performance on the behavioural tasks. However, self-ratings of impulsive mood state were associated with slower circle tracing. This suggests that people who become aware that they are likely to behave impulsively compensate by slowing down their responses. This could explain in part the low correlations found between trait and behavioural measures of impulsivity in this and previous studies. It is argued that this compensation may only be possible in situations of low temptation. Further research is needed to explore the role of mood, mood awareness and strategies of self-regulation in impulse control.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Wingrove et al/wingrove_et_al_1997_impulsivity.pdf}
}

@article{Winstanley.etal.2006,
  title = {Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to {{ADHD}}: translation between clinical and preclinical studies},
  shorttitle = {Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to {{ADHD}}},
  author = {Winstanley, Catharine A. and Eagle, Dawn M. and Robbins, Trevor W.},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Clinical Psychology Review},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {379--395},
  issn = {0272-7358},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.001},
  urldate = {2016-10-21},
  abstract = {Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term impulsivity describes, it has been suggested that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating impulsivity into these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of impulsivity in both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and evaluates some of the current behavioral models of impulsivity developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stop-signal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms. Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and neurochemical basis of impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry.},
  keywords = {ADHD,Dopamine,frontal cortex,Frontal cortex,impulsivity,Impulsivity,Inhibition,Serotonin},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/LKQ6HQAG/Winstanley et al. - 2006 - Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to AD.pdf;/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/USBDHVNS/S027273580600002X.html}
}

@article{Wright.etal.2011b,
  title = {Development and validation of a psychometric tool for assessing impulsivity in the domestic dog ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ familiaris}})},
  author = {Wright, Hannah F. and Mills, Daniel S. and Pollux, Petra M. J.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {210--225},
  issn = {2168-3344, 0889-3667},
  doi = {10.46867/IJCP.2011.24.02.03},
  urldate = {2022-12-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/MYZCNPP2/Wright et al. - 2011 - Development and Validation of a Psychometric Tool .pdf}
}

@article{Wright.etal.2012a,
  title = {Behavioural and physiological correlates of impulsivity in the domestic dog ({{{\emph{Canis}}}}{\emph{ familiaris}})},
  author = {Wright, H F and Mills, Daniel S. and Pollux, Petra M.J.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Physiology \& Behavior},
  volume = {105},
  number = {3},
  pages = {676--682},
  issn = {0031-9384},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.019},
  urldate = {2012-08-29},
  abstract = {Impulsivity is a trait related to inhibitory control which is expressed in a range of behaviours. Impulsive individuals show a decreased ability to tolerate delay of reinforcement, and more impulsive behaviour has been linked to decreased levels of serotonin and dopamine in a number of species. In domestic dogs, impulsivity is implicated in problem behaviours that result from a lack of self control, but currently there are no published studies that assess behavioural and physiological measures of impulsivity in relation to this trait. Impulsivity scores were calculated for 41 dogs using an owner-report assessment, the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (DIAS). Twenty-three of these subjects completed an operant choice task based on a delayed reward paradigm, to assess their tolerance to delay of reinforcement. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Fluorometric Detection was used to detect levels of the metabolites of serotonin (5-HIAA) and dopamine (HVA) in the urine of 17 of the subjects. Higher impulsivity scores were found to be significantly correlated with more impulsive behaviour (reduced tolerance to delay of reinforcement) in the behaviour tests and lower levels of urinary 5-HIAA and 5-HIAA/HVA ratio. The results demonstrate convergent validity between impulsivity (as assessed by the DIAS) and behavioural and physiological parameters.},
  keywords = {Dog,Dopamine,impulsivity,Personality,Serotonin,Temperament},
  file = {/home/jstevens/Zotero/storage/THRPPKPQ/wright_et_al_2012_behavioural_and_physiological_correlates_of_impulsivity_in_the_domestic_dog.pdf}
}