README.md

TypeScript-Workshop

You have a basic knowledge of ES6 and want to learn you a TypeScript for great good! Well, you've come to the right place!

This workshop is meant to help you, a seasoned JS-developer, to get up to speed with TypeScript in no time!

This is an early version and there is quite some potential to improve the coding-parts in particular.

Setup

yarn
yarn start

You also might want to install a TypeScript-plugin for your editor before starting!

Getting started

To following Sections are supposed to be read/worked in order.

Types

An example of expressing that color should always be a string:

let color: string = "blue";

All the types:

• boolean

• string

• number - keep in mind that everything in JavaScript is a float.

• Arrays

  • number[]
  • Array<number>

• Tuples Basically fixed size arrays.

  • [string, number | boolean]

• Enum Maps readable identifiers to numbers. Starts to count at 0.

  • enum Color {Red, Green, Blue}
  • enum Color {Red = 1, Green, Blue} - starts the enumeration at 1
  • enum Color {Red = 1, Green = 2, Blue = 4} - you can set all the values by hand

• any - thing can be of any kind. this is equivalent to completely skipping type-checks. avoid this!

• void - void is a little like the opposite of any: the absence of having a type. you may commonly see this as the return type of functions that do not return a value.

• null, undefined - By default null and undefined are subtypes of all other types. That means you can assign null and undefined to something like number. However, when using the --strictNullChecks flag, null and undefined are only assignable to void and their respective types. This helps avoid many common errors. In cases where you want to pass in either a string or null or undefined, you can use a union type (you'll read about them later): string | null | undefined.

• never - represents the type of values that never occur. For instance, never is the return type for a function expression or an arrow function expression that always throws an exception or one that never returns:

  function error(message: string): never {
    throw new Error(message);
    // We `never` get here :)
  }
  
  // Inferred return type is never
  function fail() {
    return error("Something failed");
  }
  
  function infiniteLoop(): never {
    while (true) {}
    // We `never` get here. And yes, the compiler is clever enough to know!
  }

If you should ever need more info, click here.

Coding Time!

Our customer just reported a critical issue!

The App at http://localhost:3333 falsely greets with Hello, [object Object]! Fortunately Alice recently introduced TypeScript to the project. Unfortunately she was in a hurry and used any-annotations everywhere to make the compiler happy!

Narrow down the types in app/app.ts and afterwards let the compiler guide you to finding the bug! This has to happen ASAP (as always)!

Type Assertions

Type assertions are a way to tell the compiler "trust me, I know what I’m doing". There are 2 ways to do this:

let strLength: number = (<string>someValue).length;
let strLength: number = (someValue as string).length;

Interfaces

• For Objects

interface Point {
  readonly x: number;
  readonly y: number;
  description: string;
}

• For Functions

interface SearchFunc {
  (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
}

let mySearch: SearchFunc;
mySearch = function(source: string, subString: string) {
  let result = source.search(subString);
  return result > -1;
}

• Indexable Types

interface StringArray {
  [index: number]: string;
}
let myArray: StringArray = ["Bob", "Fred"];
let myStr: string = myArray[0];

This example is not complete and you don't need to know this by heart just yet. If you remember that there's some magic needed to make myVar[0] work, you're good. In case you remembered and came to look for more information, please go somewhere else!.

• Class Interfaces

interface ClockInterface {
  private currentTime: Date;
  setTime(d: Date);
  new (hour: number, minute: number);
}

class Clock implements ClockInterface {
  private currentTime;
  setTime(d) {
    this.currentTime = d;
  }
  constructor(h, m) { } // note how the params don't need to match the names from the interface
}

Coding Time!

Add a JJ. A JJ is functionally equivalent to a Greeter except it always greets with Yo, digga!. Let your JJ inherit from Greeter!

Remember! Work those bullets one after another!

• If your JJ now needs a string for instantiation, teach it to work without that!
• If your JJ now contains a constructor, please remove it. You might need to tell the Greeter to just greet you by default.
• If somebody could obtain your default value using something like (new Greeter())['greeting'] make sure to protect your private parts!
• Note that constructor(private greeting : string) { will automatically create a private instance-variable called greeting. Can you golf your code with this?
• The customer decided that the greeting-prefix ("Hallo,") should be customizable! Extract an Greeting-Interface and adapt you code.

Reuse

class Shape {
  private position: any;
}

interface DrawableShape extends Shape {
  draw(): void;
}

class DrawableCircle implements DrawableShape {
  radius: number;
}

Yip, that's right! Classes can also extend interfaces and the other way around.

When an interface type extends a class type it inherits the members of the class but not their implementations. Interfaces inherit even the private and protected members of a base class.

Classes

• accessors

let passcode = "secret passcode";

class Employee {
  private _fullName: string;

  get fullName(): string {
    return this._fullName;
  }

  set fullName(newName: string) {
    if (passcode && passcode == "secret passcode") {
      this._fullName = newName;
    } else {
      console.log("Error: Unauthorized update of employee!");
    }
  }
}

let employee = new Employee();
employee.fullName = "Bob Smith";
if (employee.fullName) {
    console.log(employee.fullName);
}

• Static Properties

class JJ {
  static greeting: string;
}

• Abstract Classes

They may not be instantiated directly, but can contain implementation (which interfaces can not).

abstract class Animal {
  abstract makeSound(): void;
  move(): void {
    console.log("roaming the earth...");
  }
}

Functions

• inline-types have other syntax than their interface-pendant

let myAdd: (baseValue:number, increment:number) => number = (x, y) => x + y;;

• Rest Params

function buildName(firstName: string, ...restOfName: string[]) {

Generics

class GenericNumber<T> {
  zeroValue: T;
  add: (x: T, y: T) => T;
}

let myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = (x, y) => x + y;

Advanced Typings

• Intersection Types

Person & Serializable & Loggable is a Person and Serializable and Loggable.

• Union Types

Person | JJ is either a Person or a JJ.

interface Bird {
  fly();
  layEggs();
}

interface Fish {
  swim();
  layEggs();
}

function getSmallPet(): Fish | Bird {}

Implement Stuff!

You can safely assume that Bob is working for Customer.

Implement:

• Eve can eatCookie, callCustomer, rantAboutBob , manageDev
• Alice can reviewCode, callCustomer, rantAboutBob, code
• Bob can reviewCode, eatCookie, callCustomer, rantAboutBob, code
• Carol can reviewCode, callCustomer, rantAboutBob, code
• A function that lets someone review some code and then code (to fix that idiot's stuff of course!).
• A function that lets someone eat a cookie before calling the customer and rant about Bob.
• A function that lets someone eat a cookie.

Experiment:

• Feed different people to the functions look at the compiler messages.
• Have at least one intersection type
• Have at least one union type

For the Interested Reader

Of course you followed along really vigilant and rightfully ask: "what if i destructure something and alias it so something named like a type?". I knew you were the type of person that wants to make compilers mad... So let's see:

let o = {a: "someString", b: "someNumber"}

// v1 (bad)
let { a: string, b: number } = o;
console.log(a)      // => compiler error: "Cannot find name 'a'"
console.log(string) // => "someString". WAIT? WHAT?

// v2 (good)
let { a: string, b: number }: { a: string, b: number } = o;
console.log(a)      // => "someString". YAY!
console.log(string) // =>  compiler error: "Cannot find name 'string"

As all valid Javascript is supposed to be valid TypeScript we CAN name variables string or number. While thinking through the example above you hopefully saw that this is a rather bad idea when using TypeScript.

Here's an equivalent for arrays:

function f([first, second]: [number, number]) {}

Going Further

• Compile a .ts-file by hand. Hint: you'll need a TypeScript-project - which means a tsconfig.json.
• Learn about the configuration options in tsconfig.json.
• Learn about the Compiler Options.
• Learn about "Declaration Files".
• Search the interwebs for tslint for even more order.

Feedback

• Rank the workshop from 1 (really bad) to 10 (really good).
• Think of at least 3 predicates that came on your mind while thinking of a rating.
• Write down each of the predicates and rank them separately. This might be something like:
  • The workshop started on time - 2
  • I don't like those powerpoint-slides - 0
  • The cat picture made my day - 10
  • I learned a little - 6
• Submit this along with any additional Feedback you might have.