From 05f59f55297e38734f3255abbb86cce0158b9f2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Corey White Date: Tue, 3 Sep 2024 23:49:45 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Update lecture slides --- .../lectures/lecture_3a.qmd | 517 ++++++++------- .../part_a_uas_flight_planning.qmd | 6 +- .../lectures/lecture_3a.html | 610 +++++++----------- .../part_a_uas_flight_planning.html | 7 +- docs/search.json | 230 ++++++- 5 files changed, 739 insertions(+), 631 deletions(-) diff --git a/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.qmd b/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.qmd index fc7c1dc..be1bec7 100644 --- a/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.qmd +++ b/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.qmd @@ -7,276 +7,249 @@ format: theme: [simple, ../../../../theme.scss] --- - - -
-

Objectives

- -
- -
-

UAS Photogrammetric process

- -

Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember

- -
- -
-

Flight planning
- a multistep process

- -

Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember

- -
- -
-

Project definition

- - -
- -
-

Project definition

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- -
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Project definition

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Flight planning

- - -
+## Objectives + +::: {.incremental} + +- Phases of flight planning +- Safety procedures and checklists +- Ground Control Points and its distirbution and accuracy +- Flight planning software + +::: + +--- + +## UAS Photogrammetric process + +![](../images/photogrammetric_process.webp) + +Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember: + +- **What** is the aim or the project? +- **What** will be the data used for? + +--- + +## Project Definition + +![](../images/flowchart_project.webp) + +- Defining the scope of the project +- Choosing UAS and sensor +- Assessing the cost, labor, and time consumption +- Collecting information about terrain + +--- + +## Project Definition + +![](../images/flowchart_project.webp) + +- Define the area and resolution based on: + - UAS and sensor capabilities + - Spatial extent of the mapping area + - Terrain constraints + - Project requirements + +--- + +## Project Definition + +![](../images/flowchart_project.webp) + +- Evaluate the legal constraints, obtain permission +- Defining the coordinate system: + - Dependent on the desired coordinate system of the final data + - Consistent with the coordinate system of GCP survey + +--- + +## Flight planning + +![](../images/flowchart_planning.webp) + +- Mission area assessment +- Planning geometric parameters +- Choosing flight planning and flight logging platform +- Preliminary weather assessment (climate, season, forecasts) +- Creating a flight plan (software specific) --- -### Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs) +## Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs) { .smaller } ::: {.columns} -::: {.column width="50%"} -- A minimum number of 5 GCPs is recommended. +::: {.column width="60%"} +- A **minimum number** of **5 GCPs** is recommended. - 5 to 10 GCPs are usually enough, even for large projects. - In cases that the topography of the area is complex, use more GCPs +- The GCPs should be **distributed evenly** in the area +- **Do not place** the GCPs exactly at the **edges** of the area ::: -::: {.column width="50%"} -![](../images/GCP.webp){width=90%} +::: {.column width="40%"} +![](../images/GCP.webp) ::: ::: -- The GCPs should be distributed evenly in the area -- Do not place the GCPs exactly at the edges of the area - --- -
-### Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs) + +## Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs) ::: {.columns} ::: {.column width="50%"} -

Before measuring the GCPs coordinates, the following items must be defined:

- + +Before measuring the GCPs coordinates, the following items must be defined: + +- GCP coordinate system +- GCP accuracy +- Topographic equipment (total station or hand held GPS?) + ::: ::: {.column width="50%"} - +![](../images/GCP_photo.webp) ::: ::: -
+ --- -
-

GCPs Accuracy

+## GCPs Accuracy {.smaller} ::: {.columns} ::: {.column width="50%"} -

Factors for defining GCP acuracy:

- +Factors for defining GCP accuracy: + +- Accuracy needed for the final results +- Ground Sampling Distance* of the images: + - GCP target size: 5-10 x + - GCP accuracy: at least 0.1 GSD ::: ::: {.column width="50%"} - +![](../images/GSD2.webp){width=75%} ::: ::: - -
+ +*Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground* --- -
-

Ground Sampling Distance

+## Ground Sampling Distance {.smaller} ::: {.columns} -::: {.column width="50%"} -

Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground:

- -

GSD depends on

- +::: {.column width="60%"} + +Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground: + +The formula to calculate GSD is: + +$$ +\text{GSD} = \frac{\text{A} \times \text{S}}{\text{F} \times \text{D}} +$$ + +Where: + +- A: Flight Altitude (m) +- S: Sensor(hight, width) (mm) +- F: Focal Length (mm) +- D: Image Dimensions (height, width) (pixels) + +**Bigger GSD** = lower spatial resolution \ +**Smaller GSD** = higher spatial resolution ::: -::: {.column width="50%"} - +::: {.column width="40%"} +![](../images/GSD2.webp) ::: ::: -
--- -## Site evaluation and checklists +## Site evaluation and checklists {.smaller} ![](../images/flowchart_site.webp) - Terrain check – high obstacles in the take-off, mission, landing, and alternative landing locations - Ask the locals about possible air traffic or ground activities -- Weather check +- **Weather check** - Temperature affects battery life - Most of the UAS can’t operate in rain - Use checklists, don't rely on your memory! -- Sample checklists: [paper (for Phantom)](https://phantompilots.com/attachments/drone-checklist-pdf.41608/) and [RMUS app](https://www.rmus.com/pages/rmus-uav-pilot-preflight-compliance-checklist) + - Sample checklists: [paper (for Phantom)](https://phantompilots.com/attachments/drone-checklist-pdf.41608/) and [RMUS app](https://www.rmus.com/pages/rmus-uav-pilot-preflight-compliance-checklist) --- -
-

Site evaluation and checklists

- -
+## Site evaluation and checklists + +![](../images/site.webp) --- -### Site evaluation and checklists {.smaller} +## Site evaluation and checklists {.smaller} -Preflight inspection is required under Part 107.49; -the Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC) is required to develop a **preflight inspection checklist** if the manufacturer has not developed one. +**Preflight inspection is required under Part 107.49;** \ + +**Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC)** is required to develop a **preflight inspection checklist** if the manufacturer has not developed one. ::: {.columns} -::: {.column width="50%"} +::: {.column width="60%"} [NCDOT Unmanned Aircraft Systems Program](https://www.ncdot.gov/divisions/aviation/uas/Pages/default.aspx) - The checklist is usually integrated into the UAS flight software or can be obtained from the UAS vendor - In case that is not available, a standard Flight Checklist should be made and followed by the flight crew -- **Please note: After Dec. 1, 2024, North Carolina will no longer require commercial and government drone operators to obtain an N.C. permit​** + + ::: -::: {.column width="50%"} +::: {.column width="40%"} ![](../images/checklistNC.webp) ::: ::: +> Note: As of Dec. 1, 2024, North Carolina no longer require commercial and government drone operators to obtain an N.C. permit + +--- + +## Flight control {.smaller} + +![](../images/flowchart_control.webp) + +- The UAS RPIC should **launch, operate, and recover** from **preset locations** so that the aircraft will fly according to the mission plan. +- **Visual Line of Sight (VLOS)** - the flight crew should have a clear view of the aircraft at all times, called . +- Observation locations should be selected for the **maximum line of sight** throughout the planned flight operations area (Part 107.31). + +--- + +## Flight control {.smaller} + +![](../images/flowchart_control.webp) + +- **RP (Remote Pilot)**, **PMC (Person Manipulating the Flight Controls)**, and **VO (Visual Observer)** (if used) + - must be able to maintain effective communication with each other at all times (Part 107.33). +- Upon any failure during the flight or any loss of visual contact with the UAS, the RPIC should command the aircraft back to the recovery location or utilize the built-in fail-safe features to recover the aircraft. + --- -
-

Flight control

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Flight control

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Lake Wheeler test site

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Lake Wheeler test site

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Lake Wheeler test site

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Lake Wheeler test site

- -
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Flight planning

-
+ +## Lake Wheeler - Imagery + +![](../images/LW_google.webp){width="80%"} + + +## Lake Wheeler - Aeronautical chart + +![](../images/lake_wheeler1.webp){width="80%"} + + +## Lake Wheeler test site + +![](../images/lake_wheeler2.webp){width="80%"} --- @@ -284,74 +257,122 @@ the Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC) is required to develop a **preflight inspecti - Multiple available platforms - Some are dedicated for specific UAS and sold with the system by the manufacturer - - [Trimble UAS](https://www.trimble.com/survey/unmanned-aircraft-systems) - [Trimble Aerial Imaging](https://apps.trimbleaccess.com/help/en/AerialImaging=2.2.6) - - [senseFly UAS](https://sensefly.com/) - [eMotion 3](https://sensefly.com/software/emotion/) - - [DJI](https://www.dji.com/) - [DJI Ground Station Pro](https://www.dji.com/ground-station-pro) - - [Yuneec](https://us.yuneec.com/) - [UAV Toolbox](https://uavtoolbox.com/) -- Some are more universal and can work with a variety of platforms: - - [UgCS](https://www.ugcs.com/) - - Open Source [Mission Planner](https://ardupilot.org/planner/docs/mission-planner-overview.html) - mostly for DIY drones + +::: { .columns } +::: { .column width="50%"} +**Commerical** + + - [DroneDeploy](https://www.dronedeploy.com/) + - [Pix4Dcapture Pro](https://www.pix4d.com/product/pix4dcapture/) + - [DJI GS PRO](https://www.dji.com/ground-station-pro) + - [UgCS](https://www.sphengineering.com/flight-planning/ugcs) + - [DroneLink](https://www.dronelink.com/) +::: + +::: { .column width="50%"} + +**Open Source** + + - [QGroundControl](http://qgroundcontrol.com/) + - [Mission Planner](https://ardupilot.org/planner/index.html) + +::: +::: --- -
-

How to plan a mapping flight?

-

UAS Photogrammetric process

- +## How to plan a mapping flight? {.smaller} + +UAS Photogrammetric process + +![](../images/photogrammetric_process.webp) ::: {.columns} ::: {.column width="50%"} - +![](../images/aerial_survey.webp) ::: ::: {.column width="50%"} - +![](../images/flight_track.webp) ::: ::: -
- -
-

How to plan a mapping flight?

- -
- -
-

How to plan a mapping flight?

- -
- -
-

How to plan a mapping flight?

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-

How to plan a mapping flight?

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How to plan a mapping flight?

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- -
-

How to plan a mapping flight?

- -
- -
-

What we have learned

- -
+## Location + +- Fly larger extent than you need. +- Think about the area you need for analysis + +## Camera Specs + +General camera setting are usally fine. + +## Optional Settings +- Mechanical Shutter: On +- Focus: inf +- Shutter Priority: 1/800 +- Aspect Ratio: 3/2 +- 150 = agh + +## Camera Angle + +- Straight down (nadir) + - Most mapping +- Pitched (oblique) 70-80 degrees + - Improved 3D + - Buildings + - Rough Terrain + +## Altitude + +Impacts of Flight path +AGL = Above Ground Level + +Altitude (AGL) +70m - 120m + +Terrain Aware Fligh Path + + +## Flight Patterns + +- Normal (Lawnmoweer) +- Crosshatch Pattern + +## Overlap + +- Front and Side + +Min Overlap +60% forward +40% Laterial (Side) + +Homogeneous Terrian > Overlap + +## Drone Speed + +~30 km/hr + +- Lighting +- Camera Shutter +- Altitude +- Motion Blur + +## Lighting + +- Overcast +- Noon +- Avoid Shadows +- Partly Cloudly + + +## Summary + +- Phases of UAS flight planning +- Safety procedures and checklists for safe flight operations +- How does our study site look like +- How to plan a flight diff --git a/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.qmd b/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.qmd index 2e3d34c..c5d5570 100644 --- a/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.qmd +++ b/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.qmd @@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ assignment-due-date: 8/23/2024 ## Lecture -- [Flight planning introduction]() -- [Flight plan analysis in GIS](https://ncsu-geoforall-lab.github.io/uav-lidar-analytics-course/lectures/flight_analysis.html) +- [Flight planning introduction](lectures/lecture_3a.qmd) + ## Supplemental materials diff --git a/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html b/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html index 8a84672..8081583 100644 --- a/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html +++ b/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html @@ -339,475 +339,339 @@

Flight Planning

-
- - -
-

-Objectives -

+
+

Objectives

+
    -
  • -Describe phases of flight planning -
    • -
  • -Understand safety procedures and checklists -
    • -
  • -Understand the role of Ground Control Points and its distirbution and accuracy -
    • -
  • -Utilize flight planning software -
    • +
  • Phases of flight planning
    • +
  • Safety procedures and checklists
    • +
  • Ground Control Points and its distirbution and accuracy
    • +
  • Flight planning software
+
-
-

-UAS Photogrammetric process -

- -

-Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember -

+
+

UAS Photogrammetric process

+ +

Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember:

    -
  • -What is the aim or the project? and -
    • -
  • -What will be the data used for? -
    • +
  • What is the aim or the project?
    • +
  • What will be the data used for?
-
-

-Flight planning
- a multistep process -

- -

-Throughout the whole process, it is important to remember -

-
    -
  • -What is the aim or the project? and -
    • -
  • -What will be the data used for? -
    • +
    +

    Project Definition

    + +
      +
    • Defining the scope of the project
      • +
    • Choosing UAS and sensor
      • +
    • Assessing the cost, labor, and time consumption
      • +
    • Collecting information about terrain
    -
    -

    -Project definition -

    - +
    +

    Project Definition

    + +
      +
    • Define the area and resolution based on:
        -
      • -defining the scope of the project -
        • -
      • -choosing UAS and sensor -
        • -
      • -assesing the cost, labor and time consumption -
        • -
      • -collecting information about terrain -
        • +
      • UAS and sensor capabilities
        • +
      • Spatial extent of the mapping area
        • +
      • Terrain constraints
        • +
      • Project requirements
        • +
    -
    -

    -Project definition -

    - -
      -
    • -defining the area and resolution based on -
      • +
      +

      Project Definition

      + +
        +
      • Evaluate the legal constraints, obtain permission
        • +
      • Defining the coordinate system:
          -
        • -UAS and sensor capabilies -
          • -
        • -size of mapping area -
          • -
        • -terrain constraints -
          • -
        • -project requirements -
          • -
        +
      • Dependent on the desired coordinate system of the final data
        • +
      • Consistent with the coordinate system of GCP survey
        • +
    -
    -

    -Project definition -

    - -
      -
    • -evaluating the legal constrains, obtaining permissions -
      • -
    • -defining the coordinate system -
      • -
        -
      • -dependent on the desired coordinate system of the final data -
        • -
      • -consistent with the coordinate system of GCP survey -
        • -
      -
    -
    -

    -Flight planning -

    - -
      -
    • -mission area assesment -
      • -
    • -planning geometric parameters -
      • -
    • -choosing flight planning and flight logging platform -
      • -
    • -preliminary weather assesment (climate, season, forecasts) -
      • -
    • -creating a flight plan (software specific) -
      • +
      +

      Flight planning

      + +
        +
      • Mission area assessment
        • +
      • Planning geometric parameters
        • +
      • Choosing flight planning and flight logging platform
        • +
      • Preliminary weather assessment (climate, season, forecasts)
        • +
      • Creating a flight plan (software specific)
      -
    -
    - -

    Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)

    +
    +

    Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)

    -
    +
      -
    • A minimum number of 5 GCPs is recommended.
      • +
    • A minimum number of 5 GCPs is recommended.
    • 5 to 10 GCPs are usually enough, even for large projects.
    • In cases that the topography of the area is complex, use more GCPs
      • +
    • The GCPs should be distributed evenly in the area
      • +
    • Do not place the GCPs exactly at the edges of the area
    -
    -

    +
    +

    -
      -
    • The GCPs should be distributed evenly in the area
      • -
    • Do not place the GCPs exactly at the edges of the area
      • -
    -
    - -
    -

    Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)

    +
    +

    Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)

    -

    -Before measuring the GCPs coordinates, the following items must be defined: -

    +

    Before measuring the GCPs coordinates, the following items must be defined:

      -
    • -GCP coordinate system -
      • -
    • -GCP accuracy -
      • -
    • -Topographic equipment (total station or hand held GPS?) -
      • +
    • GCP coordinate system
      • +
    • GCP accuracy
      • +
    • Topographic equipment (total station or hand held GPS?)
    -

    +

    -
    -
    - -
    -

    -GCPs Accuracy -

    +
    +

    GCPs Accuracy

    -

    -Factors for defining GCP acuracy: -

    +

    Factors for defining GCP accuracy:

      -
    • -Accuracy needed for the final results -
      • -
    • -Ground Sampling Distance* of the images: -
      • +
    • Accuracy needed for the final results
      • +
    • Ground Sampling Distance* of the images:
        -
      • -GCP target size: 5-10 x -
        • -
      • -GCP accuracy: at least 0.1 GSD -
        • -
      +
    • GCP target size: 5-10 x
      • +
    • GCP accuracy: at least 0.1 GSD
      • +
-

+

-
    -
  • -
      -
    • distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground -
      • -
    -
- +

Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground

-
- -
-

-Ground Sampling Distance -

+
+

Ground Sampling Distance

-
-

-Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground: -

-
    -
  • -bigger GSD = lower spatial resolution -
    • -
-

-GSD depends on -

+
+

Distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground:

+

The formula to calculate GSD is:

+

\[ +\text{GSD} = \frac{\text{A} \times \text{S}}{\text{F} \times \text{D}} +\]

+

Where:

    -
  • -flight altitude -
    • -
  • -camera focal length -
    • -
  • -camera resolution (pixel size) -
    • +
  • A: Flight Altitude (m)
    • +
  • S: Sensor(hight, width) (mm)
    • +
  • F: Focal Length (mm)
    • +
  • D: Image Dimensions (height, width) (pixels)
-
-

+

Bigger GSD = lower spatial resolution
+Smaller GSD = higher spatial resolution

+
+

-
-
+

Site evaluation and checklists

  • Terrain check – high obstacles in the take-off, mission, landing, and alternative landing locations
  • Ask the locals about possible air traffic or ground activities
    • -
  • Weather check +
  • Weather check
    • Temperature affects battery life
    • Most of the UAS can’t operate in rain
    • -
  • Use checklists, don’t rely on your memory!
    • +
  • Use checklists, don’t rely on your memory! +
-
- -
-

-Site evaluation and checklists -

- -
-
-
+
+

Site evaluation and checklists

-

Site evaluation and checklists

-

Preflight inspection is required under Part 107.49;
-the Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC) is required to develop a preflight inspection checklist if the manufacturer has not developed one.

+
+
+

Site evaluation and checklists

+

Preflight inspection is required under Part 107.49;
+

+

Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC) is required to develop a preflight inspection checklist if the manufacturer has not developed one.

-
+

NCDOT Unmanned Aircraft Systems Program

  • The checklist is usually integrated into the UAS flight software or can be obtained from the UAS vendor
  • In case that is not available, a standard Flight Checklist should be made and followed by the flight crew
    • -
  • Please note: After Dec. 1, 2024, North Carolina will no longer require commercial and government drone operators to obtain an N.C. permit​
-
+

+
+

Note: As of Dec. 1, 2024, North Carolina no longer require commercial and government drone operators to obtain an N.C. permit

+
-
+
+

Flight control

-
-

-Flight control -

- -
    -
  • -The UAS RPIC should launch, operate, and recover from preset locations so that the aircraft will fly according to the mission plan. -
    • -
  • -After the UAS is launched, the flight crew should have a clear view of the aircraft at all times, called Visual Line of Sight (VLOS). Observation locations should be selected for the maximum line of sight throughout the planned flight operations area (Part 107.31). -
    • -
      -
-
-

-Flight control -

- -
    -
  • -To ensure the flight is going according to the flight plan, the RP, PMC and VO (if used) must be able to maintain effective communication with each other at all times (Part 107.33). -
    • -
  • -Upon any failure during the flight or any loss of visual contact with the UAS, the RPIC should command the aircraft back to the recovery location or utilize the built-in fail-safe features to recover the aircraft -
    • -
      -
-
-

-Lake Wheeler test site -

- -
-
-

-Lake Wheeler test site -

- -
-
-

-Lake Wheeler test site -

- -
-
-

-Lake Wheeler test site -

- -
-
-

-Flight planning -

+
    +
  • The UAS RPIC should launch, operate, and recover from preset locations so that the aircraft will fly according to the mission plan.
    • +
  • Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) - the flight crew should have a clear view of the aircraft at all times, called .
    • +
  • Observation locations should be selected for the maximum line of sight throughout the planned flight operations area (Part 107.31).
    • +
+
+

Flight control

+ +
    +
  • RP (Remote Pilot), PMC (Person Manipulating the Flight Controls), and VO (Visual Observer) (if used) +
      +
    • must be able to maintain effective communication with each other at all times (Part 107.33).
      • +
    • +
  • Upon any failure during the flight or any loss of visual contact with the UAS, the RPIC should command the aircraft back to the recovery location or utilize the built-in fail-safe features to recover the aircraft.
    • +
+
+

Lake Wheeler - Imagery

+ +
+
+

Lake Wheeler - Aeronautical chart

+ +
+
+

Lake Wheeler test site

+ +

Flight planning software

  • Multiple available platforms
    • -
  • Some are dedicated for specific UAS and sold with the system by the manufacturer +
  • Some are dedicated for specific UAS and sold with the system by the manufacturer
    • +
+
+
+

Commerical

-
  • Some are more universal and can work with a variety of platforms: +
  • DroneDeploy
    • +
  • Pix4Dcapture Pro
    • +
  • DJI GS PRO
    • +
  • UgCS
    • +
  • DroneLink
    • + +
    +

    Open Source

    +
  • QGroundControl
    • +
  • Mission Planner
    • +
    +
    -
    - -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    -

    -UAS Photogrammetric process -

    -

    +
    +

    How to plan a mapping flight?

    +

    UAS Photogrammetric process

    +

    -

    +

    -

    +

    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Location

    +
      +
    • Fly larger extent than you need.
      • +
    • Think about the area you need for analysis
      • +
    +
    +
    +

    Camera Specs

    +

    General camera setting are usally fine.

    +
    +
    +

    Optional Settings

    +
      +
    • Mechanical Shutter: On
      • +
    • Focus: inf
      • +
    • Shutter Priority: 1/800
      • +
    • Aspect Ratio: 3/2
      • +
    • 150 = agh
      • +
    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Camera Angle

    +
      +
    • Straight down (nadir) +
        +
      • Most mapping
        • +
      • +
    • Pitched (oblique) 70-80 degrees +
        +
      • Improved 3D
        • +
      • Buildings
        • +
      • Rough Terrain
        • +
      • +
    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Altitude

    +

    Impacts of Flight path AGL = Above Ground Level

    +

    Altitude (AGL) 70m - 120m

    +

    Terrain Aware Fligh Path

    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Flight Patterns

    +
      +
    • Normal (Lawnmoweer)
      • +
    • Crosshatch Pattern
      • +
    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Overlap

    +
      +
    • Front and Side
      • +
    +

    Min Overlap 60% forward 40% Laterial (Side)

    +

    Homogeneous Terrian > Overlap

    -
    -

    -How to plan a mapping flight? -

    - +
    +

    Drone Speed

    +

    ~30 km/hr

    +
      +
    • Lighting
      • +
    • Camera Shutter
      • +
    • Altitude
      • +
    • Motion Blur
      • +
    -
    -

    -What we have learned -

    +
    +

    Lighting

      -
    • -Phases of UAS flight planning -
      • -
    • -Safety procedures and checklists for safe flight operations -
      • -
    • -how does our study site look like -
      • -
    • -how to plan a flight -
      • +
    • Overcast
      • +
    • Noon
      • +
    • Avoid Shadows
      • +
    • Partly Cloudly
    +
    +

    Summary

    +
      +
    • Phases of UAS flight planning
      • +
    • Safety procedures and checklists for safe flight operations
      • +
    • How does our study site look like
      • +
    • How to plan a flight
      • +
    diff --git a/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html b/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html index 9cb0f03..a2b6b13 100644 --- a/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html +++ b/docs/course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html @@ -184,10 +184,9 @@

    Outline

    Lecture

    diff --git a/docs/search.json b/docs/search.json index ccc3fcc..3d184cb 100644 --- a/docs/search.json +++ b/docs/search.json @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html#lecture", "title": "UAS Flight Planning", "section": "Lecture", - "text": "Lecture\n\nFlight planning introduction\nFlight plan analysis in GIS\nLecture recordings - parts 1, 2, 3\nRecording of the Intro to flight planning in eMotion software" + "text": "Lecture\n\nFlight planning introduction" }, { "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/part_a_uas_flight_planning.html#supplemental-materials", @@ -1481,14 +1481,14 @@ "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-planning-software", "title": "Flight Planning", "section": "Flight planning software", - "text": "Flight planning software\n\nMultiple available platforms\nSome are dedicated for specific UAS and sold with the system by the manufacturer\n\nTrimble UAS - Trimble Aerial Imaging\nsenseFly UAS - eMotion 3\nDJI - DJI Ground Station Pro\nYuneec - UAV Toolbox\n\nSome are more universal and can work with a variety of platforms:\n\nUgCS\nOpen Source Mission Planner - mostly for DIY drones" + "text": "Flight planning software\n\nMultiple available platforms\nSome are dedicated for specific UAS and sold with the system by the manufacturer\n\n\n\nCommerical\n\nDroneDeploy\nPix4Dcapture Pro\nDJI GS PRO\nUgCS\nDroneLink\n\n\nOpen Source\n\nQGroundControl\nMission Planner" }, { "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists", "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists", "title": "Flight Planning", "section": "Site evaluation and checklists", - "text": "Site evaluation and checklists\n\n\nTerrain check – high obstacles in the take-off, mission, landing, and alternative landing locations\nAsk the locals about possible air traffic or ground activities\nWeather check\n\nTemperature affects battery life\nMost of the UAS can’t operate in rain\n\nUse checklists, don’t rely on your memory!\nSample checklists: paper (for Phantom) and RMUS app" + "text": "Site evaluation and checklists\n\n\nTerrain check – high obstacles in the take-off, mission, landing, and alternative landing locations\nAsk the locals about possible air traffic or ground activities\nWeather check\n\nTemperature affects battery life\nMost of the UAS can’t operate in rain\n\nUse checklists, don’t rely on your memory!\n\nSample checklists: paper (for Phantom) and RMUS app" }, { "objectID": "course/topics/topic_2_sfm/assignments/assignment_2a.html#laboratory-experiment-3d-reconstruction-from-multiple-photos", @@ -2140,5 +2140,229 @@ "title": "B. Imagery processing and structure from motion (SfM)", "section": "Structure from Motion Example", "text": "Structure from Motion Example\n\n\n\n\n\nStructure from Motion Visualization - Correctly Positioned Anchor Points" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#objectives", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#objectives", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Objectives", + "text": "Objectives\n\n\nPhases of flight planning\nSafety procedures and checklists\nGround Control Points and its distirbution and accuracy\nFlight planning software" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#uas-photogrammetric-process", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#uas-photogrammetric-process", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "UAS Photogrammetric process", + "text": "UAS Photogrammetric process\n\nThroughout the whole process, it is important to remember:\n\nWhat is the aim or the project?\nWhat will be the data used for?" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Project Definition", + "text": "Project Definition\n\n\nDefining the scope of the project\nChoosing UAS and sensor\nAssessing the cost, labor, and time consumption\nCollecting information about terrain" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition-2", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition-2", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Project Definition", + "text": "Project Definition\n\n\nEvaluate the legal constraints, obtain permission\nDefining the coordinate system:\n\nDependent on the desired coordinate system of the final data\nConsistent with the coordinate system of GCP survey" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-planning", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-planning", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Flight planning", + "text": "Flight planning\n\n\nMission area assessment\nPlanning geometric parameters\nChoosing flight planning and flight logging platform\nPreliminary weather assessment (climate, season, forecasts)\nCreating a flight plan (software specific)" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition-1", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#project-definition-1", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Project Definition", + "text": "Project Definition\n\n\nDefine the area and resolution based on:\n\nUAS and sensor capabilities\nSpatial extent of the mapping area\nTerrain constraints\nProject requirements" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#placing-ground-control-points-gcps", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#placing-ground-control-points-gcps", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)", + "text": "Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)\n\n\n\nA minimum number of 5 GCPs is recommended.\n5 to 10 GCPs are usually enough, even for large projects.\nIn cases that the topography of the area is complex, use more GCPs\nThe GCPs should be distributed evenly in the area\nDo not place the GCPs exactly at the edges of the area" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#placing-ground-control-points-gcps-1", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#placing-ground-control-points-gcps-1", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)", + "text": "Placing Ground Control Points (GCPs)\n\n\nBefore measuring the GCPs coordinates, the following items must be defined:\n\nGCP coordinate system\nGCP accuracy\nTopographic equipment (total station or hand held GPS?)" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#gcps-accuracy", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#gcps-accuracy", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "GCPs Accuracy", + "text": "GCPs Accuracy\n\n\nFactors for defining GCP accuracy:\n\nAccuracy needed for the final results\nGround Sampling Distance* of the images:\n\nGCP target size: 5-10 x\nGCP accuracy: at least 0.1 GSD\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#ground-sampling-distance", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#ground-sampling-distance", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Ground Sampling Distance", + "text": "Ground Sampling Distance\n\n\nDistance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground:\nThe formula to calculate GSD is:\n\\[\n\\text{GSD} = \\frac{\\text{A} \\times \\text{S}}{\\text{F} \\times \\text{D}}\n\\]\nWhere:\n\nA: Flight Altitude (m)\nS: Sensor(hight, width) (mm)\nF: Focal Length (mm)\nD: Image Dimensions (height, width) (pixels)\n\nBigger GSD = lower spatial resolution\nSmaller GSD = higher spatial resolution" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-control", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-control", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Flight control", + "text": "Flight control\n\n\nThe UAS RPIC should launch, operate, and recover from preset locations so that the aircraft will fly according to the mission plan.\nVisual Line of Sight (VLOS) - the flight crew should have a clear view of the aircraft at all times, called .\nObservation locations should be selected for the maximum line of sight throughout the planned flight operations area (Part 107.31)." + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-control-1", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-control-1", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Flight control", + "text": "Flight control\n\n\nRP (Remote Pilot), PMC (Person Manipulating the Flight Controls), and VO (Visual Observer) (if used)\n\nmust be able to maintain effective communication with each other at all times (Part 107.33).\n\nUpon any failure during the flight or any loss of visual contact with the UAS, the RPIC should command the aircraft back to the recovery location or utilize the built-in fail-safe features to recover the aircraft." + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists-1", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists-1", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Site evaluation and checklists", + "text": "Site evaluation and checklists" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists-2", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#site-evaluation-and-checklists-2", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Site evaluation and checklists", + "text": "Site evaluation and checklists\nPreflight inspection is required under Part 107.49;\n\nRemote Pilot in Command (RPIC) is required to develop a preflight inspection checklist if the manufacturer has not developed one.\n\n\nNCDOT Unmanned Aircraft Systems Program\n\nThe checklist is usually integrated into the UAS flight software or can be obtained from the UAS vendor\nIn case that is not available, a standard Flight Checklist should be made and followed by the flight crew\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote: As of Dec. 1, 2024, North Carolina no longer require commercial and government drone operators to obtain an N.C. permit" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler test site", + "text": "Lake Wheeler test site" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-1", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-1", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler test site", + "text": "Lake Wheeler test site" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-2", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-2", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler test site", + "text": "Lake Wheeler test site" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-3", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler-test-site-3", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler test site", + "text": "Lake Wheeler test site" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler---imagery", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler---imagery", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler - Imagery", + "text": "Lake Wheeler - Imagery" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler---aeronautical-chart", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lake-wheeler---aeronautical-chart", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lake Wheeler - Aeronautical chart", + "text": "Lake Wheeler - Aeronautical chart" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#how-to-plan-a-mapping-flight", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#how-to-plan-a-mapping-flight", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "How to plan a mapping flight?", + "text": "How to plan a mapping flight?\nUAS Photogrammetric process" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#summary", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#summary", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Summary", + "text": "Summary\n\nPhases of UAS flight planning\nSafety procedures and checklists for safe flight operations\nHow does our study site look like\nHow to plan a flight" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#specs", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#specs", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Specs", + "text": "Specs\n\nMechanical Shutter On\nFocus - inf\nShutter Priority 1/800\n3/2 aspect\n150 = agh" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#altitude", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#altitude", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Altitude", + "text": "Altitude\nImpacts of Flight path AGL = Above Ground Level\nAltitude (AGL) 70m - 120m\nTerrain Aware Fligh Path" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#overlap", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#overlap", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Overlap", + "text": "Overlap\n\nFront and Side\n\nMin Overlap 60% forward 40% Laterial (Side)\nHomogeneous Terrian > Overlap" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#location", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#location", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Location", + "text": "Location\n\nFly larger extent than you need.\nThink about the area you need for analysis" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#camera-specs", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#camera-specs", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Camera Specs", + "text": "Camera Specs\nGeneral camera setting are usally fine." + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#camera-angle", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#camera-angle", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Camera Angle", + "text": "Camera Angle\n\nStraight down (nadir)\n\nMost mapping\n\nPitched (oblique) 70-80 degrees\n\nImproved 3D\nBuildings\nRough Terrain" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-patterns", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#flight-patterns", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Flight Patterns", + "text": "Flight Patterns\n\nNormal (Lawnmoweer)\nCrosshatch Pattern" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#drone-speed", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#drone-speed", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Drone Speed", + "text": "Drone Speed\n~30 km/hr\n\nLighting\nCamera Shutter\nAltitude\nMotion Blur" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lighting", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#lighting", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Lighting", + "text": "Lighting\n\nOvercast\nNoon\nAvoid Shadows\nPartly Cloudly" + }, + { + "objectID": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#optional-settings", + "href": "course/topics/topic_3_flight_planning/lectures/lecture_3a.html#optional-settings", + "title": "Flight Planning", + "section": "Optional Settings", + "text": "Optional Settings\n\nMechanical Shutter: On\nFocus: inf\nShutter Priority: 1/800\nAspect Ratio: 3/2\n150 = agh" } ] \ No newline at end of file