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<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>Home - nearley.js - JS Parsing Toolkit</title>
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<a href="https://github.com/kach/nearley" class="github-corner"><svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg></a><style>.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}@keyframes octocat-wave{0%,100%{transform:rotate(0)}20%,60%{transform:rotate(-25deg)}40%,80%{transform:rotate(10deg)}}@media (max-width:500px){.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:none}.github-corner .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}}</style>
<nav id="nav">
<h1><a href="/">nearley<span style="color: #559;">.js</span><span id="version">2.20.1</span></a></h1>
<ul>
<li class="page">
<a href="#" class="page-title-active">Home</a>
<ul>
<li class="page-heading"><a href="#nearley-101">nearley 101</a>
<li class="page-heading"><a href="#features">Features</a>
<li class="page-heading"><a href="#projects-using-nearley">Projects using nearley</a>
<li class="page-heading"><a href="#give-to-nearley">Give to nearley</a>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/getting-started">Getting started</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/grammar">Writing a parser</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/parser">Using a parser</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/tokenizers">Tokenizers</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/tooling">Tooling</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/how-to-grammar-good">How to grammar good</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/using-in-frontend">Compiling in browsers</a>
<li class="page"><a href="/docs/glossary">Glossary</a>
</ul>
</nav>
<div id="main" class="center">
<h2>Home</h2>
<p><strong>Parsers</strong> turn strings of characters into meaningful data structures (like a
JSON object!). <strong>nearley</strong> is a <strong>fast</strong>, <strong>feature-rich</strong>, and <strong>modern</strong>
parser toolkit for JavaScript. nearley is an <a href="https://github.com/npm/npm-collection-staff-picks">npm Staff
Pick</a>.</p>
<h3 id="nearley-101">nearley 101</h3>
<ol>
<li>Install: <code>$ npm install -g nearley</code> (or try nearley live in your browser
<a href="https://omrelli.ug/nearley-playground/">here</a>!)</li>
<li>Write your grammar:<pre><code class="language-ne"># Match a CSS color
# http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#colorunits
@builtin "whitespace.ne" # `_` means arbitrary amount of whitespace
@builtin "number.ne" # `int`, `decimal`, and `percentage` number primitives
csscolor -> "#" hexdigit hexdigit hexdigit hexdigit hexdigit hexdigit
| "#" hexdigit hexdigit hexdigit
| "rgb" _ "(" _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ ")"
| "hsl" _ "(" _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ ")"
| "rgba" _ "(" _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ decimal _ ")"
| "hsla" _ "(" _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ colnum _ "," _ decimal _ ")"
hexdigit -> [a-fA-F0-9]
colnum -> int | percentage</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Compile your grammar:<pre><code class="language-bash">$ nearleyc csscolor.ne -o csscolor.js</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Test your grammar:<pre><code class="language-bash">$ nearley-test -i "#00ff00" csscolor.js
Parse results:
[ [ '#', [ '0' ], [ '0' ], [ 'f' ], [ 'f' ], [ '0' ], [ '0' ] ] ]</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Turn your grammar into a generator:<pre><code class="language-bash">$ nearley-unparse -n 3 csscolor.js</code></pre>
<pre><code>#Ab21F2
rgb ( -29.889%,7,8172)
#a40</code></pre></li>
<li>You try it! Type a CSS color here:<input type="text" id="parse-input" placeholder="rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.5)" />
<pre><code id="parse-output">…and the parsed output will appear here!</code></pre></li>
<li>Create beautiful railroad diagrams to document your grammar formally.<pre><code class="language-bash">$ nearley-railroad csscolor.ne -o csscolor.html</code></pre>
See a demo <a href="/www/railroad-demo">here</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="features">Features</h3>
<ul>
<li>nearley is the first JS parser to use the <strong>Earley</strong> algorithm (insert your
own ‘early bird’ pun here). It also implements Joop Leo’s optimizations for
right-recursion, making it effectively <strong>linear-time</strong> for LL(k) grammars.</li>
<li>nearley lives happily in <strong>node</strong>, but doesn’t mind the <strong>browser</strong>.</li>
<li>nearley outputs <strong>small</strong> files. And its <strong>expressive</strong> DSL comes with
plenty of <strong>syntactic sugar</strong> to keep your source files short. And sweet.</li>
<li>nearley’s grammar language is powerful and expressive: you can use
<strong>macros</strong>, import from a large <strong>builtin library</strong> of pre-defined
parser-pieces, use a <strong>tokenizer</strong> for extra performance, and more!</li>
<li>nearley is built on an idiomatic <strong>streaming API</strong>. You even have access to
partial parses to build <strong>predictive</strong> user interfaces.</li>
<li>nearley processes <strong>left recursion</strong> without choking. In fact, nearley will
parse anything you throw at it without complaining or going into a <del>sulk</del>
infinite loop.</li>
<li>nearley handles <strong>ambiguous grammars</strong> gracefully. Ambiguous grammars can
be parsed in multiple ways: instead of getting confused, nearley gives you
all the parsings (in a deterministic order!).</li>
<li>nearley allows for debugging with generous <strong>error detection</strong>. When it
catches a parse-time error, nearley tells you exactly what went wrong and
where.</li>
<li>nearley is powerful enough to be <strong>bootstrapped</strong>. That means nearley uses
nearley to compile parts of nearley. <em>nearleyception!</em></li>
<li>nearley parsers can be inverted to form <strong>generators</strong> which output random
strings that match a grammar. Useful for writing <strong>test cases</strong>,
<strong>fuzzers</strong>, and <strong>Mad-Libs</strong>.</li>
<li>You can export nearley parsers as <strong>railroad diagrams</strong>, which provide
easy-to-understand documentation of your grammar.</li>
<li>nearley comes with fantastic tooling. You can find editor plug-ins for
<strong>vim</strong>, <strong>Sublime Text</strong>, <strong>Atom</strong>, and <strong>VS Code</strong>; there are also
plug-ins for <strong>Webpack</strong> and <strong>gulp</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="projects-using-nearley">Projects using nearley</h3>
<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence, NLP, Linguistics</strong>:
<a href="https://github.com/ChalmersGU-AI-course/shrdlite-course-project">Shrdlite</a> is
a programming project in Artificial Intelligence, a course given at the
University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology. It uses nearley
for reading instructions in natural language (i.e. English).
<a href="https://github.com/fauxneticien/lexicon-grammars">lexicon-grammars</a> was used
to parse lexicons for a project at Australian National University.</p>
<p><strong>Standard formats</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/raymond-h/node-dmi">node-dmi</a> is a
module that reads iconstate metadata from BYOND DMI files,
<a href="https://github.com/inukshuk/edtf.js">edtf.js</a> is a parser for Extended Date
Time Format, <a href="https://github.com/farskipper/node-krl-parser">node-krl-parser</a>
is a KRL parser for node,
<a href="https://github.com/digitalheir/bibliography-js">bibliography</a> is a
BibTeX-to-HTML converter,
<a href="https://github.com/fiduswriter/biblatex-csl-converter">biblatex-csl-converter</a>
converts between bibtex/CSL/JSON, <a href="https://github.com/gajus/scalpel">scalpel</a>
parses CSS selectors (powering <a href="https://github.com/airbnb/enzyme">enzyme</a>,
Airbnb’s React testing tool),
<a href="https://github.com/waratuman/rfc5545-rrule">rfc5545-rrule</a> helps parse
iCalendar data, <a href="https://github.com/mangudai/mangudai">mangudai</a> parses RMS
scripts for Age of Empires II, <a href="https://github.com/r24y/tf-hcl">tf-hcl</a> parses
and generates HCL config files,
<a href="https://github.com/balbuf/css-selector-inspector">css-selector-inspector</a>
parses and tokenizes CSS3 selectors,
<a href="https://github.com/mahirshah/css-property-parser">css-property-parser</a>
validates and expands CSS shorthands,
<a href="https://github.com/hhornbacher/node-scad-parser">node-scad-parser</a> parses
OpenSCAD 3D models, <a href="https://github.com/justinkenel/js-sql-parse">js-sql-parse</a>
parses SQL statements, <a href="https://github.com/oguimbal/pg-mem">pg-mem</a> is an in-memory Postgres database emulator, <a href="https://github.com/appology/resp-parser">resp-parser</a> is
a parser for the RESP protocol, <a href="https://github.com/AntonShan/Celio">celio</a>
parses Celestia star catalogs, <a href="http://haraka.github.io/users/">Haraka</a> is an
SMTP server that powers Craigslist (and others).</p>
<p><strong>Templating and files</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/bobbybee/uPresent">uPresent</a> is a
markdown-based presentation authoring system,
<a href="https://github.com/rtsao/saison">saison</a> is a minimal templating language,
<a href="https://github.com/imsky/packdown">Packdown</a> is a tool to generate
human-readable archives of multiple files.</p>
<p><strong>Programming languages</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/bobbybee/carbon">Carbon</a> is a C
subset that compiles to JavaScript, optimized for game development,
<a href="https://github.com/tleb/ezlang">ezlang</a> is a simple language,
<a href="https://github.com/liam4/tlnccuwagnf">tlnccuwagnf</a> is a fun general-purpose
language, <a href="https://github.com/nanalan/g">nanalang</a> is a silly esoteric
language, <a href="https://github.com/nanalan/english">english</a> is a less esoteric
programming language, <a href="https://github.com/farskipper/ecmaless">ecmaless</a> is an
easily-extensible language, <a href="https://github.com/xodio/hm-parser">hm-parser</a>
parses Haskell-like Hindley-Milner type signatures,
<a href="https://github.com/kozily/web">kozily</a> implements the Oz language,
<a href="https://stefan1niculae.github.io/abstract-machine/">abstract-machine</a> inspects
execution models, <a href="https://github.com/Malpaux/fbp-types">fbp-types</a> provides
typechecking primitives for flow-based systems,
<a href="https://github.com/sizigi/lp5562">lp5562</a> is an assembler for the TI LP5562
LED driver, <a href="https://github.com/vsl-lang/VSL">VSL</a> is a Versatile Scripting
Language, <a href="https://github.com/juanlaube/while-typescript">while-typescript</a> is
an implementation of the WHILE language,
<a href="https://github.com/lo-language/velo">lo</a> is a language for secure distributed
systems, <a href="https://github.com/calculemuscode/jaco">jaco</a> is an implementation of
CMU’s C0 teaching language, <a href="https://github.com/ballercat/walt">walt</a> is a
subset of JavaScript that targets WebAssembly,
<a href="https://github.com/nbuilding/N-lang">N-lang</a> is a general-purpose language
designed by a group of high school students.</p>
<p><strong>Mathematics</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/andrejewski/solvent">Solvent</a> is a
powerful desktop calculator,
<a href="https://github.com/andrejewski/truth-table">Truth-table</a> is a tool to
visualize propositional logic in truth tables, <a href="http://emunotes.com">Emunotes</a>
is a personal Wiki with inline graphing and computation,
<a href="https://kgram.github.io/react-equation/">react-equation</a> parses and renders
equations in React, <a href="https://github.com/cemulate/the-mlab">the mLab</a> generates
category theory papers.</p>
<p><strong>Domain-specific languages</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/jcorbin/hexant">Hexant</a> is a
cellular automata simulator with a DSL for custom automata,
<a href="https://github.com/justjake/dicetower">Dicetower</a> is an advanced dice plugin
for hubot, <a href="https://github.com/seiyria/deck.zone">deck.zone</a> is a language to
create board games, <a href="https://github.com/danigb/in-seconds">in-seconds</a> is a
time calculator for music applications,
<a href="https://github.com/bumbu/website-spec">website-spec</a> is a tool for functional
web testing, <a href="https://github.com/gajus/pianola">pianola</a> allows declarative
function composition, <a href="https://idyll-lang.github.io/idyll/">idyll</a> is a markup
language for data-driven documents,
<a href="https://github.com/affinipay/virtsecgroup">virtsecgroup</a> provides virtual AWS
security groups, <a href="https://github.com/Pwootage/deadfad">deadfad</a> is a hex editor
that lets you specify structs,
<a href="https://github.com/juliankrispel/bishbosh">bishbosh</a> helps you create
command-line interfaces, <a href="https://github.com/sgmap/syso">syso</a> codifies aspects
of French legal contracts,
<a href="https://github.com/independentgeorge/siteswap.js">siteswap</a> parses Siteswap
notation for juggling patterns, <a href="https://github.com/amireh/jsgrep">jsgrep</a>
provides syntactic grep for JavaScript,
<a href="https://github.com/monostable/electro-grammar">electro-grammar</a> parses
descriptions of electronic components like resistors and capacitors,
<a href="https://github.com/accordproject">cicero</a> helps create smart legal contracts,
<a href="https://geteventbot.com">Eventbot</a> is a calendar plugin for Slack used by
thousands of teams, <a href="https://github.com/byteball/ocore">Obyte</a> is a
cryptocurrency platform, <a href="https://github.com/linkedin/opticss">OptiCSS</a> is a
CSS optimizer built by LinkedIn,
<a href="https://github.com/cutelabnyc/nested-tuplets">Nestup</a> is a language for
specifying nested rhythmic tuplets,
<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@adobe/htlengine">htlengine</a> parses Adobe’s HTL
template language,
<a href="https://github.com/awslabs/fhir-works-on-aws-search-es#readme">fhir-works</a>
is an AWS-provided tool to parse FHIRPath search parameters (FHIR is an
interface for healthcare data), <a href="http://www.penrose.ink">Penrose</a> is a language
for expressing mathematical diagrams,
<a href="https://github.com/mimic-sussex/sema">sema</a> is a DSL for live-coding music
performances, <a href="https://github.com/bandaloo/tinsl">tinsl</a> is a DSL for creating
multi-pass rendering pipelines for real-time post-processing effects using
GLSL-like syntax.</p>
<p><strong>Other</strong>:
<a href="https://github.com/PatrickMurphy/ProceduralPsychEpisode">ProceduralPsychEpisode</a>
generates “random episodes of the hilarious but formulaic show,”
<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/parse-vbb-station-name">parse-vbb-station-name</a>
parses names of public transit stops in Berlin.</p>
<p><strong>Parsing libraries</strong>: <a href="http://nearley.js.org">nearley</a> is a parser toolkit for
JavaScript. It has a nearley-based DSL to specify parsers.</p>
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<h3 id="give-to-nearley">Give to nearley</h3>
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