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Beyond User Self-Reported Likert Scale Ratings: A Comparison Model for Automatic Dialog Evaluation

License arXiv Python 3.6 Pytorch

This repo provides the PyTorch source code of our paper: Beyond User Self-Reported Likert Scale Ratings: A Comparison Model for Automatic Dialog Evaluation (ACL 2020). [PDF][Video] [Stanford AI Lab Blog] [Slides] [Code]

@inproceedings{liang2021beyond,
  author    = {Weixin Liang and
               James Zou and
               Zhou Yu},
  title     = {Beyond User Self-Reported Likert Scale Ratings: {A} Comparison Model
               for Automatic Dialog Evaluation},
  booktitle = {{ACL}},
  pages     = {1363--1374},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2020}
}

Abstract

Open Domain dialog system evaluation is one of the most important challenges in dialog research. Existing automatic evaluation metrics, such as BLEU are mostly reference-based. They calculate the difference between the generated response and a limited number of available references. Likert-score based self-reported user rating is widely adopted by social conversational systems, such as Amazon Alexa Prize chatbots. However, self-reported user rating suffers from bias and variance among different users. To alleviate this problem, we formulate dialog evaluation as a comparison task. We also propose an automatic evaluation model CMADE (Comparison Model for Automatic Dialog Evaluation) that automatically cleans self-reported user ratings as it trains on them. Specifically, we first use a self-supervised method to learn better dialog feature representation, and then use KNN and Shapley to remove confusing samples. Our experiments show that CMADE achieves 89.2% accuracy in the dialog comparison task. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/Weixin-Liang/dialog_evaluation_CMADE

Overview

Figure: Schematic of the CMADE workflow. CMADE contains a three-stage training pipeline to denoise self-reported ratings to train an automatic dialog comparison model: learning representation viaself-supervised dialog flow anomaly detection, fine-tuning with smoothed self-reported user ratings, denoising with data Shapley & further fine-tuning. The gray and blue rectangles in stage 1 represents system and user utterances. The red rectangle in stage 1 represents the randomly replaced system utterance for dialog flow perturbation. In stage 2 & 3, each ball represents a dialog in the training data. The number on each ball represents the dialog rating.

BERT-based Dialog Comparison Model

Dependencies

Run the following commands to create a conda environment (assuming CUDA10.1):

conda create -n herald python=3.6
conda activate herald
conda install pytorch torchvision torchaudio cudatoolkit=10.2 -c pytorch
conda install matplotlib scipy
conda install -c conda-forge scikit-learn 
conda install -c conda-forge transformers
conda install pandas

Please check requirements.txt or requirements.yml for additional details about the dependencies (Note that you don't need to install all of them).

Training

python bert_dialog_evaluator.py --model_name bert_spc

Our 3-stage pipeline is detailed in the bert_dialog_evaluator.py/pipeline_3_stages function. The code is built upon the github repo ABSA-PyTorch. Many thanks to the authors and developers!

Stage 1: Learning Representation viaself-supervised dialog anomaly detection

checkpoint_path = self.run_stage_1()
logger.info('stage_1 checkpoint_path: {}'.format(checkpoint_path))

Stage 2: Fine-tuning with smoothed self-reported user ratings

train_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=self.trainset, batch_size=self.opt.batch_size, shuffle=True, drop_last=True)
checkpoint_path = self._train_stage_2(criterion, optimizer, train_data_loader)

where we call the knn_smooth_scores function in algorithm_utils.py

neigh = KNeighborsRegressor(n_neighbors=n_neighbors)  
neigh.fit(X, y) 
y_smoothed = neigh.predict(X) # KNN-smoothing

Stage 3: Denoising with data Shapley & further fine-tuning

train_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=self.trainset, batch_size=self.opt.batch_size, shuffle=True)
self.extract_kmeans_newset(train_data_loader, "shapley")
global_shapley_arr = do_knn_shapley() # Calculate Shapley Value

# Remove data points with negative Shapley value 
next_trainset_pool = ABSADataset()
for i in range(global_shapley_arr.shape[0]):
    if global_shapley_arr[i] > 0.: 
        # Only keep data points with positive Shapley value
        next_trainset_pool.data.append(self.trainset.data[i])     

logger.info('After shapley: len(next_trainset_pool.data) {}, global_shapley_arr {}'.format( len(next_trainset_pool.data), global_shapley_arr ))

# Further fine-tuning
train_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=next_trainset_pool, batch_size=self.opt.batch_size, shuffle=True, drop_last=True)
best_model_path = self._train_stage_3(criterion, optimizer, train_data_loader)
logger.info('After shapley best_model_path: {}'.format(best_model_path))
self.model.load_state_dict(torch.load(best_model_path))
pair_acc, pair_f1 = self._pair_annotated_evaluate(isTestFlag=False)   
pair_acc, pair_f1 = self._pair_annotated_evaluate(isTestFlag=True)

Here we first calculate the Shaley value, and then remove data points with negative Shapley value, and then futher fine-tune the model. We call the do_knn_shapley function in algorithm_utils.py to calculate the Shaley value, based on the following theorem.

In particular, the core implementation of the theorem is:

def single_point_shapley(xt_query):
    distance1 = np.sum(np.square(X-xt_query), axis=1)
    alpha = np.argsort(distance1)
    shapley_arr = np.zeros(N)
    for i in range(N-1, -1, -1): 
        if i == N-1: 
            shapley_arr[alpha[i]] = y[alpha[i]]/N
        else:
            shapley_arr[alpha[i]] = shapley_arr[alpha[i+1]] + (y[alpha[i]] - y[alpha[i+1]])/K * min(K,i+1)/(i+1)
            # we use (i+1) here since i starts from zero in our python implementaion. 
    return shapley_arr

global_shapley_arr = np.zeros(N)
for xt1, xt2, cmplabel in zip(X_test_1, X_test_2, y_test_pair):
    s1 = single_point_shapley(xt1)
    s2 = single_point_shapley(xt2)
    if cmplabel==0:
        global_shapley_arr += s1 - s2
    else:
        global_shapley_arr += s2 - s1
global_shapley_arr /= y_test_pair.shape[0]

Related Papers on Data Shapley

HERALD: An Annotation Efficient Method to Train User Engagement Predictors in Dialogs (ACL 2021). Weixin Liang, Kai-Hui Liang and Zhou Yu. [PDF] [Code]

Data Shapley: Equitable Data Valuation for Machine Learning. (ICML 2019). Amirata Ghorbani, James Zou. [PDF] [Video] [Poster] [Slides] [Code]

Contact

Thank you for your interest in our work! Please contact me at wxliang@stanford.edu for any questions, comments, or suggestions!