Publications
2024
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A Comparative Study on the Urban Weather Generator: How useful is it for urban decision-making?Ze Yu Jiang, Sofia Mujica, Maryam Almaian, and Patrick KastnerSep 2024 -
Assessing the Complexity Required for Enhancing Eddy3D: Validation of urbanMicroclimateFoam for Urban Heat Island MitigationSina Rahimi, Umberto Berardi, Brian Stone, and Patrick KastnerIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Jul 2024 -
How much computational complexity is necessary to model relevant aspects in microclimate urban physics?Sina Rahimi, Patrick Kastner, and Umberto BerardiIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Jul 2024 -
A Computational Framework for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential of Buildings Based on LiDAR and Building Footprint DataJul 2024@unpublished{vangelova2024sigradi, - title = {A Computational Framework for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential of Buildings Based on LiDAR and Building Footprint Data}, - author = {Vangelova, Silvia}, - year = {2024}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of SIGRADI 2024}, - institution = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, -} -
LiDAR data for enriching open geospatial building datasets: implications for urban building energy modelingSilvia Vangelova, and Patrick KastnerIn Abstract for the GNI Symposium & Expo on Artificial Intelligence for the Built World, Sep 2024@inproceedings{vangelova2024gni, +Publications
Our publications in reverse-chronological order. As of October 22, 2024, our academic work received 271 citations by the research community. Most up-to-date citation metrics can be found via Google Scholar.
2024
- A Comparative Study on the Urban Weather Generator: How useful is it for urban decision-making?Ze Yu Jiang, Sofia Mujica, Maryam Almaian, and Patrick KastnerSep 2024
- LiDAR data for enriching open geospatial building datasets: implications for urban building energy modelingSilvia Vangelova, and Patrick KastnerSep 2024
@misc{vangelova2024gni, author = {Vangelova, Silvia and Kastner, Patrick}, title = {LiDAR data for enriching open geospatial building datasets: implications for urban building energy modeling}, booktitle = {Abstract for the GNI Symposium \& Expo on Artificial Intelligence for the Built World}, @@ -30,27 +24,33 @@ address = {Technical University of Munich}, month = sep, organization = {GNI Symposium}, -} -
3D Heat Transfer Analysis in Architectural Modeling: A Case Study with OpenFOAMMaryam Almaian, and Patrick KastnerIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Sep 2024@inproceedings{almaian2024heat, +} - Assessing the Complexity Required for Enhancing Eddy3D: Validation of urbanMicroclimateFoam for Urban Heat Island MitigationSina Rahimi, Umberto Berardi, Brian Stone, and Patrick KastnerIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Jul 2024
- How much computational complexity is necessary to model relevant aspects in microclimate urban physics?Sina Rahimi, Patrick Kastner, and Umberto BerardiIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Jul 2024
- A Computational Framework for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential of Buildings Based on LiDAR and Building Footprint DataIn Proceedings of SIGRADI 2024, Jul 2024
The mass adoption of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) emerges as a promising solution for reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, using such systems to achieve net zero operational energy at the urban scale requires evaluating the solar potential of thousands of buildings which poses many challenges concerning data availability, quality, and privacy. To address these issues, we present an automated end-to-end framework for querying, combining, and processing publicly available aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Building Footprint data. Using open-source algorithms for geometry reconstruction and solar radiation analysis, we show how to estimate the maximum annual direct current (DC) electricity yield per building. This framework is designed to enable urban planners, developers, and architects to assess the solar potential of neighborhoods and cities in an accessible way. By enabling effective communication of results, it can help optimize resource allocation and benefit solar adoption initiatives.
@inproceedings{vangelova2024sigradi, + title = {A Computational Framework for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential of Buildings Based on LiDAR and Building Footprint Data}, + author = {Vangelova, Silvia}, + year = {2024}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of SIGRADI 2024}, + institution = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, +} - 3D Heat Transfer Analysis in Architectural Modeling: A Case Study with OpenFOAMMaryam Almaian, and Patrick KastnerIn Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference, Jul 2024
As the global focus on sustainable building practices intensifies, architects face the challenge of designing structures that meet certain aesthetic and functional criteria while minimizing energy consumption. One critical aspect of achieving energy-efficient buildings is the selection of appropriate building materials with optimal thermal properties.The tools and software to simulate 2D heat transfer are available, but often limited in their set of features and cost-prohibitive. The limitations of 2D heat transfer are the inability to simulate and explore complex geometry, corners, and full building envelope analysis. The integration of 3D thermal performance analysis into the architectural design process is an even more complex and underdeveloped area. This thesis aims to address this gap by exploring the use of OpenFOAM to develop a user-friendly tool to simulate building-related heat transfer problems. The outcomes of this thesis aim to empower architects to make informed decisions about material selection, and their impact on energy efficiency, by seamlessly embedding it into the Rhino & Grasshopper CAD environment.
@inproceedings{almaian2024heat, title = {3D Heat Transfer Analysis in Architectural Modeling: A Case Study with OpenFOAM}, author = {Almaian, Maryam and Kastner, Patrick}, year = {2024}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IBPC 2024 Conference}, institution = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, -} -
Towards auto-calibrated UBEM using readily available, underutilized urban data: A case study for Ithaca, NYPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganEnergy and Buildings, Sep 2024The shift toward urban decarbonization, which involves transitioning to heat pumps and integrating photovoltaic (PV) energy generation, poses substantial challenges to electricity grids in cities. Ithaca, NY, with its commitment to the Green New Deal, serves as a case study for cities confronted with these challenges. This paper explores how various building electrification scenarios might affect Ithaca’s net-zero ambitions. We show that our reduced-order Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) approach can accurately predict building energy consumption and rooftop solar PV energy generation for the 6114 buildings in the City of Ithaca. Building on that, we present three increasingly ambitious decarbonization scenarios that offer a holistic perspective on Ithaca’s future electrification potential. In automating the reconstruction of building geometry from readily available LiDAR data, along with automated BEM setup and calibration, our methodology offers a robust toolkit to plan holistic decarbonization efforts. We argue that our approach, which forecasts both UBEM and PV for all residential and commercial buildings within a single framework, provides insights that cannot be reached with siloed methods. In the future, we believe that the abundance of readily available urban data sets will allow us to transition our approach to other jurisdictions across the US.
@article{kastner2024towards, +} - Towards auto-calibrated UBEM using readily available, underutilized urban data: A case study for Ithaca, NYPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganEnergy and Buildings, Jul 2024
The shift toward urban decarbonization, which involves transitioning to heat pumps and integrating photovoltaic (PV) energy generation, poses substantial challenges to electricity grids in cities. Ithaca, NY, with its commitment to the Green New Deal, serves as a case study for cities confronted with these challenges. This paper explores how various building electrification scenarios might affect Ithaca’s net-zero ambitions. We show that our reduced-order Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) approach can accurately predict building energy consumption and rooftop solar PV energy generation for the 6114 buildings in the City of Ithaca. Building on that, we present three increasingly ambitious decarbonization scenarios that offer a holistic perspective on Ithaca’s future electrification potential. In automating the reconstruction of building geometry from readily available LiDAR data, along with automated BEM setup and calibration, our methodology offers a robust toolkit to plan holistic decarbonization efforts. We argue that our approach, which forecasts both UBEM and PV for all residential and commercial buildings within a single framework, provides insights that cannot be reached with siloed methods. In the future, we believe that the abundance of readily available urban data sets will allow us to transition our approach to other jurisdictions across the US.
@article{kastner2024towards, title = {Towards auto-calibrated UBEM using readily available, underutilized urban data: A case study for Ithaca, NY}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, pages = {114286}, year = {2024}, publisher = {Elsevier}, -}
2023
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A GAN-based Surrogate Model for Instantaneous Urban Wind Flow PredictionPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganBuilding and Environment, Sep 2023Urban form impacts the airflow patterns in cities and the resulting urban microclimate. This has significant implications for ventilation, overheating, wind chill, and safety concerns such as down drafts from skyscrapers. While Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are the best practice for analyzing urban airflow patterns in design, they are computationally expensive and require a high level of expertise, making them underutilized in the early design process. This paper presents a surrogate model for CFD using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that can process arbitrary building geometries. The model is trained using an automated end-to-end pipeline based on Eddy3D and implemented within the Rhino and Grasshopper environment as an Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX)-based CFD-GAN predictor. This workflow provides instantaneous simulation feedback within the design software, reduces the risk of user error, and allows for appropriate spatial resolution in early design. The CFD-GAN has demonstrated promising accuracy, with a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM)4 range of 75%–97% on a limited training dataset of 564 unique urban geometries. Although the model currently has limitations regarding accuracy in complex urban wake regions, we show that these are likely not of concern for outdoor thermal comfort analyses. While it cannot replace CFD in later design stages, the CFD-GAN facilitates the incorporation of urban airflow analysis in early design with minimal effort and instantaneous performance feedback.
@article{kastner2023gan, +}
2023
- A GAN-based Surrogate Model for Instantaneous Urban Wind Flow PredictionPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganBuilding and Environment, Jul 2023
Urban form impacts the airflow patterns in cities and the resulting urban microclimate. This has significant implications for ventilation, overheating, wind chill, and safety concerns such as down drafts from skyscrapers. While Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are the best practice for analyzing urban airflow patterns in design, they are computationally expensive and require a high level of expertise, making them underutilized in the early design process. This paper presents a surrogate model for CFD using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that can process arbitrary building geometries. The model is trained using an automated end-to-end pipeline based on Eddy3D and implemented within the Rhino and Grasshopper environment as an Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX)-based CFD-GAN predictor. This workflow provides instantaneous simulation feedback within the design software, reduces the risk of user error, and allows for appropriate spatial resolution in early design. The CFD-GAN has demonstrated promising accuracy, with a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM)4 range of 75%–97% on a limited training dataset of 564 unique urban geometries. Although the model currently has limitations regarding accuracy in complex urban wake regions, we show that these are likely not of concern for outdoor thermal comfort analyses. While it cannot replace CFD in later design stages, the CFD-GAN facilitates the incorporation of urban airflow analysis in early design with minimal effort and instantaneous performance feedback.
@article{kastner2023gan, title = {A GAN-based Surrogate Model for Instantaneous Urban Wind Flow Prediction}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2023}, journal = {Building and Environment}, publisher = {Elsevier}, pages = {110384}, -}
2021
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Eddy3D: A toolkit for decoupled outdoor thermal comfort simulations in urban areasPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganBuilding and Environment, Sep 2021The architectural community needs holistic, evidence-based planning tools to promote urban resilience in the face of global warming. To ensure maximum impact, simulation-driven microclimate analysis methods must be integrated early in the design process. With Eddy3D, we present a toolkit to simulate outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) metrics with a decoupled approach. We motivate the decoupled systems framework with meteorological measurements and local and global sensitivity analyses of three different climates. For a real-world case study on a university campus, we present results for both wind velocity and mean radiant temperature simulations. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a decoupled simulation approach considering design aiding and the architectural community. Our findings support reduced simulation time and flexibility, with the caveat of reduced accuracy due to neglecting forced convection, albeit this being less relevant in the early stages of design. The framework presented in this manuscript has been implemented and released as Eddy3D, a plugin for Rhino & Grasshopper.
@article{Kastner2021eddy3d, +}
2021
- Eddy3D: A toolkit for decoupled outdoor thermal comfort simulations in urban areasPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganBuilding and Environment, Jul 2021
The architectural community needs holistic, evidence-based planning tools to promote urban resilience in the face of global warming. To ensure maximum impact, simulation-driven microclimate analysis methods must be integrated early in the design process. With Eddy3D, we present a toolkit to simulate outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) metrics with a decoupled approach. We motivate the decoupled systems framework with meteorological measurements and local and global sensitivity analyses of three different climates. For a real-world case study on a university campus, we present results for both wind velocity and mean radiant temperature simulations. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a decoupled simulation approach considering design aiding and the architectural community. Our findings support reduced simulation time and flexibility, with the caveat of reduced accuracy due to neglecting forced convection, albeit this being less relevant in the early stages of design. The framework presented in this manuscript has been implemented and released as Eddy3D, a plugin for Rhino & Grasshopper.
@article{Kastner2021eddy3d, title = {Eddy3D: A toolkit for decoupled outdoor thermal comfort simulations in urban areas}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2021}, @@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108639}, issn = {0360-1323}, keywords = {Case study, Design, Outdoor environment, Thermal comfort, Solar, Wind}, -} -
Modeling Outdoor Thermal Comfort along Cycling Routes at Varying Levels of Physical Accuracy to Predict Bike Ridership in Cambridge, MABuilding and Environment, Sep 2021The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) has been linked to outdoor activity patterns and used to evaluate the effectiveness of urban interventions to improve thermal comfort. This study investigates how simulating the urban environment at increasing levels of physical accuracy impacts UTCI values along three cycling routes in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Baseline UTCI values are estimated using a local weather file, and the following increments in physical accuracy are considered: wind-scaling, shading from buildings, shading and cooling from trees, computational fluid dynamics simulations for wind speeds, and simulated surface temperatures. With bike ridership data from Bluebikes, Boston’s bike-sharing program, the relationship between bike ridership patterns and UTCI values along each route is studied. Supervised machine learning models are applied to predict bike ridership based on UTCI and other predictors. UTCI simulation results show that incorporating the various increments of accuracy influences hourly UTCI values at urban areas and exposed areas differently. Incorporating local wind speeds is especially impactful for urban areas. The statistical models trained to predict hourly bike trip counts based on UTCI and other demand and weather predictors achieved a root-mean-squared error of 1.06 trips. 47% of predictions were correct, and an additional 42% of predictions were off by 1 trip. This study demonstrates the importance of spatial refinement in simulating UTCI, and motivates future research into efficient simulation methods or rules-of-thumb for deriving spatial-temporal UTCI values. Future work into building a robust predictive model would motivate the design of thermally comfortable environments for human-powered transportation in cities.
@article{young2021modeling, +} - Modeling Outdoor Thermal Comfort along Cycling Routes at Varying Levels of Physical Accuracy to Predict Bike Ridership in Cambridge, MABuilding and Environment, Jul 2021
The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) has been linked to outdoor activity patterns and used to evaluate the effectiveness of urban interventions to improve thermal comfort. This study investigates how simulating the urban environment at increasing levels of physical accuracy impacts UTCI values along three cycling routes in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Baseline UTCI values are estimated using a local weather file, and the following increments in physical accuracy are considered: wind-scaling, shading from buildings, shading and cooling from trees, computational fluid dynamics simulations for wind speeds, and simulated surface temperatures. With bike ridership data from Bluebikes, Boston’s bike-sharing program, the relationship between bike ridership patterns and UTCI values along each route is studied. Supervised machine learning models are applied to predict bike ridership based on UTCI and other predictors. UTCI simulation results show that incorporating the various increments of accuracy influences hourly UTCI values at urban areas and exposed areas differently. Incorporating local wind speeds is especially impactful for urban areas. The statistical models trained to predict hourly bike trip counts based on UTCI and other demand and weather predictors achieved a root-mean-squared error of 1.06 trips. 47% of predictions were correct, and an additional 42% of predictions were off by 1 trip. This study demonstrates the importance of spatial refinement in simulating UTCI, and motivates future research into efficient simulation methods or rules-of-thumb for deriving spatial-temporal UTCI values. Future work into building a robust predictive model would motivate the design of thermally comfortable environments for human-powered transportation in cities.
@article{young2021modeling, title = {Modeling Outdoor Thermal Comfort along Cycling Routes at Varying Levels of Physical Accuracy to Predict Bike Ridership in Cambridge, MA}, author = {Young, Elizabeth and Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur and Chokhachian, Ata and Mokhtar, Sarah and Reinhart, Christoph}, year = {2021}, journal = {Building and Environment}, publisher = {Elsevier}, pages = {108577}, -} -
Towards Safer Work Environments During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Study Of Different Floor Plan Layouts and Ventilation Strategies Coupling OpenFOAM and Airborne Pathogen Data for Actionable, Simulation-based Feedback in DesignZoe De Simone, Patrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn Building Simulation Conference Proceedings, Sep 2021As work environments struggle to reopen during the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to establish practical decision-aiding tools. While a strong emphasis has been placed on determining generic guidelines to reduce the risk of airborne viral spread, there is a lack of free and easy-to-use simulation workflows to quantify indoor air quality and the risk of airborne pathogens indoors at a spatial resolution that can take into account floor-plan layouts, furniture, and ventilation inlet-outlet positions. This paper describes the development of a new, free, early design tool that allows designers and other stakeholders to simulate and compare viral airborne concentration under different indoor conditions. The tool leverages OpenFOAM-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a passive scalar simulation approach to allow architects and interior designers to quantify airborne pathogens’ exposure. The tool is integrated into the popular Rhino3d & Grasshopper CAD environment to facilitate its application in fast-paced design processes. We demonstrate good agreement compared to a CFD benchmark test. Further, we validate newly developed COVID-19 capabilities by comparing our results to an existing restaurant case study that included tracer gas measurements and validation using Fluent (Ansys). We demonstrate applications of the tool in a comparative study of a restaurant that investigates how plan and furniture layout interventions, ventilation strategies can impact the movement of airborne pathogens in indoor environments.
@inproceedings{DeSimone2021, +} - Towards Safer Work Environments During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Study Of Different Floor Plan Layouts and Ventilation Strategies Coupling OpenFOAM and Airborne Pathogen Data for Actionable, Simulation-based Feedback in DesignZoe De Simone, Patrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn Building Simulation Conference Proceedings, Jul 2021
As work environments struggle to reopen during the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to establish practical decision-aiding tools. While a strong emphasis has been placed on determining generic guidelines to reduce the risk of airborne viral spread, there is a lack of free and easy-to-use simulation workflows to quantify indoor air quality and the risk of airborne pathogens indoors at a spatial resolution that can take into account floor-plan layouts, furniture, and ventilation inlet-outlet positions. This paper describes the development of a new, free, early design tool that allows designers and other stakeholders to simulate and compare viral airborne concentration under different indoor conditions. The tool leverages OpenFOAM-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a passive scalar simulation approach to allow architects and interior designers to quantify airborne pathogens’ exposure. The tool is integrated into the popular Rhino3d & Grasshopper CAD environment to facilitate its application in fast-paced design processes. We demonstrate good agreement compared to a CFD benchmark test. Further, we validate newly developed COVID-19 capabilities by comparing our results to an existing restaurant case study that included tracer gas measurements and validation using Fluent (Ansys). We demonstrate applications of the tool in a comparative study of a restaurant that investigates how plan and furniture layout interventions, ventilation strategies can impact the movement of airborne pathogens in indoor environments.
@inproceedings{DeSimone2021, title = {Towards Safer Work Environments During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Study Of Different Floor Plan Layouts and Ventilation Strategies Coupling OpenFOAM and Airborne Pathogen Data for Actionable, Simulation-based Feedback in Design}, author = {{De Simone}, Zoe and Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2021}, booktitle = {Building Simulation Conference Proceedings}, -} -
Surfer: A Fast Simulation Algorithm to Predict Surface Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures in Large Urban ModelsTimur Dogan, Patrick Kastner, and Remy MermelsteinBuilding and Environment, Sep 2021Outdoor thermal comfort simulation simulations rely on the mean radiant temperature (MRT) seen by pedestrians as an important input that remains difficult to compute. Especially for large urban models, computing relevant surface temperatures and radiation fluxes that make up the MRT is a daunting task in terms of simulation setup and the computational overhead. We propose a new algorithm to estimate exterior surface temperatures of building facades, roofs, and ground surfaces in an arbitrary urban 3D model. The algorithm discretizes all model surfaces and clusters them by material properties and sky and sun exposure to reduce computational complexity. The model setup is fully automated, and the algorithm is implemented in the popular Rhino3d CAD environment. We demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm by comparing both the resulting external surface temperatures against a high-fidelity simulation and the final MRT against real-world measurements. We report an RMSE of 1.8\degC and 2.0\degC, respectively, while reducing simulation times by a factor of 80. Envisioned applications of the algorithm range from rapid microclimate simulations in fast-paced urban design processes to large scale urban comfort evaluation of existing cities.
@article{DOGAN2021surfer, +} - Surfer: A Fast Simulation Algorithm to Predict Surface Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures in Large Urban ModelsTimur Dogan, Patrick Kastner, and Remy MermelsteinBuilding and Environment, Jul 2021
Outdoor thermal comfort simulation simulations rely on the mean radiant temperature (MRT) seen by pedestrians as an important input that remains difficult to compute. Especially for large urban models, computing relevant surface temperatures and radiation fluxes that make up the MRT is a daunting task in terms of simulation setup and the computational overhead. We propose a new algorithm to estimate exterior surface temperatures of building facades, roofs, and ground surfaces in an arbitrary urban 3D model. The algorithm discretizes all model surfaces and clusters them by material properties and sky and sun exposure to reduce computational complexity. The model setup is fully automated, and the algorithm is implemented in the popular Rhino3d CAD environment. We demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm by comparing both the resulting external surface temperatures against a high-fidelity simulation and the final MRT against real-world measurements. We report an RMSE of 1.8\degC and 2.0\degC, respectively, while reducing simulation times by a factor of 80. Envisioned applications of the algorithm range from rapid microclimate simulations in fast-paced urban design processes to large scale urban comfort evaluation of existing cities.
@article{DOGAN2021surfer, title = {Surfer: A Fast Simulation Algorithm to Predict Surface Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures in Large Urban Models}, author = {Dogan, Timur and Kastner, Patrick and Mermelstein, Remy}, year = {2021}, @@ -81,19 +81,19 @@ issn = {0360-1323}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350385969_Surfer_A_fast_simulation_algorithm_to_predict_surface_temperatures_and_mean_radiant_temperatures_in_large_urban_models}, keywords = {Comfort, Surface-temperature, Mean-radiant-temperature, Urban, Design, Microclimate}, -}
2020
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Predicting Space Usage by Multi-Objective Assessment of Outdoor Thermal Comfort around a University CampusPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn SimAUD 2020 Proceedings, Sep 2020With the impending issues regarding global warming, urban design is considered a key driver to improve the microclimate in cities. For public spaces, studies suggest that outdoor thermal comfort may be seen as a proxy for space usage, and in turn, its attractiveness to people. Although the topic has gained interest in recent years, the discussion so far has focused on computing the metrics rather than deriving interventions from them. Here, we use the tool Eddy3D to model and analyze the outdoor thermal comfort of a designated area around a university campus. Further, we demonstrate how to estimate space usage from those results. Finally, we conduct a spatial sensitivity analysis of the underlying results as a step towards decision aiding. Our work demonstrates how decision-makers may derive areas where interventions will likely have the largest impact on outdoor thermal comfort performance.
@inproceedings{kastner2020predicting, +}
2020
- Predicting Space Usage by Multi-Objective Assessment of Outdoor Thermal Comfort around a University CampusPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn SimAUD 2020 Proceedings, Jul 2020
With the impending issues regarding global warming, urban design is considered a key driver to improve the microclimate in cities. For public spaces, studies suggest that outdoor thermal comfort may be seen as a proxy for space usage, and in turn, its attractiveness to people. Although the topic has gained interest in recent years, the discussion so far has focused on computing the metrics rather than deriving interventions from them. Here, we use the tool Eddy3D to model and analyze the outdoor thermal comfort of a designated area around a university campus. Further, we demonstrate how to estimate space usage from those results. Finally, we conduct a spatial sensitivity analysis of the underlying results as a step towards decision aiding. Our work demonstrates how decision-makers may derive areas where interventions will likely have the largest impact on outdoor thermal comfort performance.
@inproceedings{kastner2020predicting, title = {Predicting Space Usage by Multi-Objective Assessment of Outdoor Thermal Comfort around a University Campus}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2020}, booktitle = {SimAUD 2020 Proceedings}, pages = {85--91}, -} -
Solving Thermal Bridging Problems for Architectural Applications with OpenFOAMPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn SimAUD 2020 Proceedings, Sep 2020Although recent advancements in computational architecture show promising capabilities, it remains difficult for architects to conduct advanced simulations due to the limited software interoperability. For thermal bridging analyses, the architectural community traditionally relies on specific software tools that are not integrated into a CAD environment. To integrate such analyses into the ongoing design process, we implement a software tool to run heat transfer simulations with OpenFOAM from Grasshopper and Rhinoceros. This paper presents an implementation for box-shaped geometries and compares its results to a thermal bridge analysis from a validated simulation engine. We show that OpenFOAM’s chtMultiregionFoam solver is capable of accurately predicting temperature distributions in a geometry setup with 13 different regions and 8 different materials. In conclusion, we show that heat transfer studies can be highly automated and integrated into an iterative design process.
@inproceedings{kastner2020solving, +} - Solving Thermal Bridging Problems for Architectural Applications with OpenFOAMPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn SimAUD 2020 Proceedings, Jul 2020
Although recent advancements in computational architecture show promising capabilities, it remains difficult for architects to conduct advanced simulations due to the limited software interoperability. For thermal bridging analyses, the architectural community traditionally relies on specific software tools that are not integrated into a CAD environment. To integrate such analyses into the ongoing design process, we implement a software tool to run heat transfer simulations with OpenFOAM from Grasshopper and Rhinoceros. This paper presents an implementation for box-shaped geometries and compares its results to a thermal bridge analysis from a validated simulation engine. We show that OpenFOAM’s chtMultiregionFoam solver is capable of accurately predicting temperature distributions in a geometry setup with 13 different regions and 8 different materials. In conclusion, we show that heat transfer studies can be highly automated and integrated into an iterative design process.
@inproceedings{kastner2020solving, title = {Solving Thermal Bridging Problems for Architectural Applications with OpenFOAM}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2020}, booktitle = {SimAUD 2020 Proceedings}, pages = {405--412}, -} -
From Energy Performative to Livable Mediterranean Cities: An Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Balance Cross-climatic Typological StudyJournal of Energy and Buildings, Sep 2020With the rise of awareness of health and well-being in cities, urban environmental analysis should expand from energy performance to new environmental quality-based considerations. The limited potential to annually evaluate outdoor thermal comfort, predominant among these considerations, has restricted the exploration of the interrelations between urban morphology and annual energy performance. This study aims to bridge this gap by capitalizing on the new capabilities of Eddy3D – a Grasshopper plugin which enables effective calculations of hourly microclimatic wind factors via OpenFOAM which in turn are used to generate annual outdoor thermal comfort plots. Using this method, a parametric study was conducted for different typology and density scenarios in three different hot climatic contexts in Israel. The automated analytical workflow evaluated a total of 60 design iterations for their energy balance, outdoor thermal comfort autonomy (OTCA) and self-shading levels using the shade index. The high correlation found here between the annual shade index and the OTCA, across all climatic contexts, shows the potential of the shade index to serve as an effective indicator, in these contexts, for comparative or optimization outdoor comfort studies. Further results are both the superiority of the courtyard typology in both energy and outdoor comfort studies, and the contrasting impact of higher density on the annual energy balance (lower performance) and outdoor thermal comfort (higher performance) in hot climates. The annual plots of both the energy balance and OTCA reveal various seasonal and monthly trends in the three different climatic zones which can lead to localized and seasonal urban design strategies.
@article{natanian2020energy, +} - From Energy Performative to Livable Mediterranean Cities: An Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Balance Cross-climatic Typological StudyJournal of Energy and Buildings, Jul 2020
With the rise of awareness of health and well-being in cities, urban environmental analysis should expand from energy performance to new environmental quality-based considerations. The limited potential to annually evaluate outdoor thermal comfort, predominant among these considerations, has restricted the exploration of the interrelations between urban morphology and annual energy performance. This study aims to bridge this gap by capitalizing on the new capabilities of Eddy3D – a Grasshopper plugin which enables effective calculations of hourly microclimatic wind factors via OpenFOAM which in turn are used to generate annual outdoor thermal comfort plots. Using this method, a parametric study was conducted for different typology and density scenarios in three different hot climatic contexts in Israel. The automated analytical workflow evaluated a total of 60 design iterations for their energy balance, outdoor thermal comfort autonomy (OTCA) and self-shading levels using the shade index. The high correlation found here between the annual shade index and the OTCA, across all climatic contexts, shows the potential of the shade index to serve as an effective indicator, in these contexts, for comparative or optimization outdoor comfort studies. Further results are both the superiority of the courtyard typology in both energy and outdoor comfort studies, and the contrasting impact of higher density on the annual energy balance (lower performance) and outdoor thermal comfort (higher performance) in hot climates. The annual plots of both the energy balance and OTCA reveal various seasonal and monthly trends in the three different climatic zones which can lead to localized and seasonal urban design strategies.
@article{natanian2020energy, title = {From Energy Performative to Livable Mediterranean Cities: An Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Balance Cross-climatic Typological Study}, author = {Natanian, Jonathan and Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur and Auer, Thomas}, year = {2020}, @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ volume = {224}, pages = {110283}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110283}, -} -
Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network SimulationsTimur Dogan, and Patrick KastnerJournal of Building Simulation, Sep 2020Building energy modeling software generally comes with capable airflow network solvers for natural ventilation evaluation in multi-zone building energy models. These approaches rely on pressure coefficient arrays representing different wind directions derived from simple box-shaped buildings without contextual obstructions. For urban or obstructed sites and more complex building shapes, however, further evaluation is needed to avoid geometric oversimplification. In this study, we present an automated and easy-to-use simulation workflow for OpenFOAM-based exterior airflow simulations to generate pressure coefficient arrays for arbitrary building shapes and contextual situations. The workflow is compared to other methods commonly used to obtain pressure coefficients for natural ventilation analysis. Finally, we assess for which climate zones and building types modelers should rely on more accurate CFD-based pressure coefficients and where it may be justifiable to rely on easier and readily available analytical approaches to determine pressure coefficients. Results suggest that existing workflows lead to significant error in predicted comfort hours for climates in the global South and modelers should consider CFD based façade pressure coefficient.
@article{dogan2020streamlined, +} - Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network SimulationsTimur Dogan, and Patrick KastnerJournal of Building Simulation, Jul 2020
Building energy modeling software generally comes with capable airflow network solvers for natural ventilation evaluation in multi-zone building energy models. These approaches rely on pressure coefficient arrays representing different wind directions derived from simple box-shaped buildings without contextual obstructions. For urban or obstructed sites and more complex building shapes, however, further evaluation is needed to avoid geometric oversimplification. In this study, we present an automated and easy-to-use simulation workflow for OpenFOAM-based exterior airflow simulations to generate pressure coefficient arrays for arbitrary building shapes and contextual situations. The workflow is compared to other methods commonly used to obtain pressure coefficients for natural ventilation analysis. Finally, we assess for which climate zones and building types modelers should rely on more accurate CFD-based pressure coefficients and where it may be justifiable to rely on easier and readily available analytical approaches to determine pressure coefficients. Results suggest that existing workflows lead to significant error in predicted comfort hours for climates in the global South and modelers should consider CFD based façade pressure coefficient.
@article{dogan2020streamlined, title = {Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network Simulations}, author = {Dogan, Timur and Kastner, Patrick}, year = {2020}, @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ publisher = {Tsinghua University Press}, pages = {1--12}, doi = {10.1007/s12273-020-0727-x}, -}
2019
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A Cylindrical Meshing Methodology for Annual Urban Computational Fluid Dynamics SimulationsPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganJournal of Building Performance Simulation, Sep 2019For urban CFD simulations, it is considered a best practice to use a box-shaped simulation domain. Box-shaped domains, however, show drawbacks for airflow from several wind directions as remeshing and additional preprocessing steps become necessary. We introduce a routine to create a cylindrical mesh that expedites the simulation of arbitrary wind directions using OpenFOAM. Results computed with the cylindrical domain are validated against wind tunnel data. We report that the cylindrical method yields comparable results in terms of accuracy and convergence behaviour. Further, run time comparisons in a real-world scenario are conducted to discuss its advantages and limitations. Based on the findings, we recommend using the cylindrical approach if at least eight wind directions are analyzed for which we report 18% run time savings. The cylindrical domain along with automated best practice boundary conditions has been implemented in Eddy3D –– a plugin for Rhinoceros.
@article{kastner2019cylindrical, +}
2019
- A Cylindrical Meshing Methodology for Annual Urban Computational Fluid Dynamics SimulationsPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganJournal of Building Performance Simulation, Jul 2019
For urban CFD simulations, it is considered a best practice to use a box-shaped simulation domain. Box-shaped domains, however, show drawbacks for airflow from several wind directions as remeshing and additional preprocessing steps become necessary. We introduce a routine to create a cylindrical mesh that expedites the simulation of arbitrary wind directions using OpenFOAM. Results computed with the cylindrical domain are validated against wind tunnel data. We report that the cylindrical method yields comparable results in terms of accuracy and convergence behaviour. Further, run time comparisons in a real-world scenario are conducted to discuss its advantages and limitations. Based on the findings, we recommend using the cylindrical approach if at least eight wind directions are analyzed for which we report 18% run time savings. The cylindrical domain along with automated best practice boundary conditions has been implemented in Eddy3D –– a plugin for Rhinoceros.
@article{kastner2019cylindrical, title = {A Cylindrical Meshing Methodology for Annual Urban Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2019}, @@ -120,23 +120,23 @@ number = {1}, pages = {59--68}, doi = {10.1080/19401493.2019.1692906}, -} -
Towards High-Resolution Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort Mapping In Urban DesignPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn Building Simulation Conference Proceedings, Sep 2019Global warming and increasingly dense cities lead to poor outdoor thermal comfort that may not only be detrimental to our health and well-being but also decreases social and commercial activities. Although workflows for the analysis of thermal comfort exist, they have yet transitioned into the quotidian architectural design process. Our work-flow allows for annual outdoor comfort analyses that are seamlessly integrated into a commonly-used CAD environment. We simulated the annual outdoor thermal comfort on a university campus and discuss which simplifications seem appropriate by means of preliminary on-site measurements. The results exemplify the possibility to conduct such analyses within reasonable time and accuracy if some simplifications to the UTCI estimation are acceptable.
@inproceedings{kastner2019towards, +} - Towards High-Resolution Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort Mapping In Urban DesignPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn Building Simulation Conference Proceedings, Jul 2019
Global warming and increasingly dense cities lead to poor outdoor thermal comfort that may not only be detrimental to our health and well-being but also decreases social and commercial activities. Although workflows for the analysis of thermal comfort exist, they have yet transitioned into the quotidian architectural design process. Our work-flow allows for annual outdoor comfort analyses that are seamlessly integrated into a commonly-used CAD environment. We simulated the annual outdoor thermal comfort on a university campus and discuss which simplifications seem appropriate by means of preliminary on-site measurements. The results exemplify the possibility to conduct such analyses within reasonable time and accuracy if some simplifications to the UTCI estimation are acceptable.
@inproceedings{kastner2019towards, title = {Towards High-Resolution Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort Mapping In Urban Design}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2019}, booktitle = {Building Simulation Conference Proceedings}, -}
2018
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Streamlining Meshing Methodologies for Annual Urban CFD SimulationsPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn IBPSA: eSIM Conference Proceedings, Sep 2018For environmental CFD simulations, it is considered best practice to use a box-shaped wind tunnel as simulation domain. A box-shaped wind tunnel, however, shows drawbacks when it comes to simulating air flow from several wind directions-remeshing and additional preprocessing steps may be necessary and can be considerable time constraints. We utilize a routine implemented in Grasshopper to create a cylindrical computational mesh that allows for the simulation of arbitrary wind directions in a streamlined manner with the open source software OpenFOAM. We estimate the time savings that are possible along with specific mesh properties to take advantage of the proposed method. For validation purposes, commonly used wind tunnel data are presented. A proof of concept tool is implemented in the Rhinoceros CAD modeling environment and will be released publicly.
@inproceedings{kastner2018streamlining, +}
2018
- Streamlining Meshing Methodologies for Annual Urban CFD SimulationsPatrick Kastner, and Timur DoganIn IBPSA: eSIM Conference Proceedings, Jul 2018
For environmental CFD simulations, it is considered best practice to use a box-shaped wind tunnel as simulation domain. A box-shaped wind tunnel, however, shows drawbacks when it comes to simulating air flow from several wind directions-remeshing and additional preprocessing steps may be necessary and can be considerable time constraints. We utilize a routine implemented in Grasshopper to create a cylindrical computational mesh that allows for the simulation of arbitrary wind directions in a streamlined manner with the open source software OpenFOAM. We estimate the time savings that are possible along with specific mesh properties to take advantage of the proposed method. For validation purposes, commonly used wind tunnel data are presented. A proof of concept tool is implemented in the Rhinoceros CAD modeling environment and will be released publicly.
@inproceedings{kastner2018streamlining, title = {Streamlining Meshing Methodologies for Annual Urban CFD Simulations}, author = {Kastner, Patrick and Dogan, Timur}, year = {2018}, booktitle = {IBPSA: eSIM Conference Proceedings}, -} -
Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network SimulationsTimur Dogan, and Patrick KastnerIn IBPC: 7th International Building Physics Conference Proceedings, Sep 2018Energy modeling packages such as EnergyPlus and TRNSYS come with capable airflow network solvers for natural ventilation evaluation in multi-zone building energy models. These approaches rely on pressure coefficient arrays of different wind directions based on simple box-shaped buildings without contextual obstructions. For specific sites, however, further attention is needed to avoid geometric oversimplification. In this study, we present an automated and easy-to-use simulation workflow for exterior airflow simulation based on OpenFOAM to generate pressure coefficient arrays for arbitrary building shapes and contextual situations. The workflow is compared to other methods commonly used to obtain pressure coefficients for natural ventilation simulation.
@inproceedings{dogan2018streamlined, +} - Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network SimulationsTimur Dogan, and Patrick KastnerIn IBPC: 7th International Building Physics Conference Proceedings, Jul 2018
Energy modeling packages such as EnergyPlus and TRNSYS come with capable airflow network solvers for natural ventilation evaluation in multi-zone building energy models. These approaches rely on pressure coefficient arrays of different wind directions based on simple box-shaped buildings without contextual obstructions. For specific sites, however, further attention is needed to avoid geometric oversimplification. In this study, we present an automated and easy-to-use simulation workflow for exterior airflow simulation based on OpenFOAM to generate pressure coefficient arrays for arbitrary building shapes and contextual situations. The workflow is compared to other methods commonly used to obtain pressure coefficients for natural ventilation simulation.
@inproceedings{dogan2018streamlined, title = {Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network Simulations}, author = {Dogan, Timur and Kastner, Patrick}, year = {2018}, booktitle = {IBPC: 7th International Building Physics Conference Proceedings}, doi = {10.14305/ibpc.2018.ms-5.05}, -} -
Fighting Hunger in the Digital EraLaurenz Altenmüller, Kim Borrmann, Philip Braun, Yingxi Chen, and 24 more authorsCenter for Digital Technology and Management (CDTM), Sep 2018This report is the result of the Trend Seminar course, which is part of the interdisciplinary add-on study program in Technology Management at CDTM. About 25 selected students of various disciplines, such as Business Administration, Economics, Psychology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and more work together on a relevant topic related to ICT. Over seven intense weeks of fulltime work, the participating students dive deeply into the topic of the Trend Seminar. Working in several interdisciplinary subteams, students apply the knowledge from their main studies and learn new perspectives from their team members. They conduct trend research, develop scenarios of the future, generate ideas for innovative products or services and detail them out to concrete business concepts.
@article{altenmuller2018fighting, +} - Fighting Hunger in the Digital EraLaurenz Altenmüller, Kim Borrmann, Philip Braun, Yingxi Chen, and 24 more authorsCenter for Digital Technology and Management (CDTM), Jul 2018
This report is the result of the Trend Seminar course, which is part of the interdisciplinary add-on study program in Technology Management at CDTM. About 25 selected students of various disciplines, such as Business Administration, Economics, Psychology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and more work together on a relevant topic related to ICT. Over seven intense weeks of fulltime work, the participating students dive deeply into the topic of the Trend Seminar. Working in several interdisciplinary subteams, students apply the knowledge from their main studies and learn new perspectives from their team members. They conduct trend research, develop scenarios of the future, generate ideas for innovative products or services and detail them out to concrete business concepts.
@article{altenmuller2018fighting, title = {Fighting Hunger in the Digital Era}, author = {Altenm{\"u}ller, Laurenz and Borrmann, Kim and Braun, Philip and Chen, Yingxi and D{\"u}mmling, Tobias and Feuerbacher, Christian and Fr{\"o}hlich, Michael and Gebauer, Jakob and Gebhardt, Christian and Hahn, David and Hesse, Adrian and Hülsemeyer, Christian and Juras, Peter and Kastner, Patrick and Kühl, Josephine and Marquardt, Janis and O'Donnell, MaryClare and Padmakumara, Lakmal and Patz, Martin and Cardona, FerranPla and Rambold, Lukas and Schmidtchen, Hagen and Secules, Chiara and Stanggassinger, Johannes and Wessling, Sophia and Wiggert, Marius and Bechthold, Laura and Lachner, Florian}, year = {2018}, diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml index 12b260e8dc54..de9e9f7e1d1b 100644 --- a/sitemap.xml +++ b/sitemap.xml @@ -1 +1 @@ -https://sustainableurbansystemslab.github.io//news/announcement_1/ 2021-02-08T23:00:00+00:00 https://sustainableurbansystemslab.github.io//news/announcement_2/ 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