concordances.json

{"gold": "int000066.xml|130| of financial and institutional innovations: from the expansion of international capital markets to the creation of the classical gold standard. This in turn opened up two major new outlets for investment \u2014 domestic firms and peripheral states \u2014 which allowed fina\nint000066.xml|130| These developments reached their climax in the so-called \u201cfirst wave of globalization\u201d under the Pax Britannica of the classical gold standard era.> As Karl Polanyi powerfully portrayed in The Great Transformation, this was to become the hour of haute finance, ma\nint000066.xml|130|er of haute finance \u2014 operating through the abstract disciplining mechanism of the bond market and the fiscal straitjacket of the gold standard \u2014 that enforced compliance. As Polanyi poetically put it, \u201cthe Pax Britannica held its sway sometimes by the ominous poi\nint000066.xml|130|ets and state control over money and finance finally came undone with Nixon\u2019s suspension of the convertibility of the dollar into gold in 1971 and the subsequent Volcker Shock of 1979, which jacked up interest rates to suppress inflation. In the following decade, \nint000111.xml|130|e the growth of the economy. The cover of the second report highlights these claims by placing alongside the MRI images a pile of gold bars variously labelled \u2018low attainment, benefits, failed relationships, poor parenting, drink and drug abuse, teen pregnancy, vi\nint000112.xml|130| patterns of nature carried forward into the equally delicate qualities of art. Slovenian photographer Matjaz Krivic\u2019s project on gold mining in Africa, also not shown at Houston, observes that gold is essential to mobile phones and upon which our talkative and se\nint000112.xml|130|alities of art. Slovenian photographer Matjaz Krivic\u2019s project on gold mining in Africa, also not shown at Houston, observes that gold is essential to mobile phones and upon which our talkative and selfie-photographed world now depends. Mobile phones, he shows, re\nint000112.xml|130| the high-tech end of a supply chain of highly dangerous unregulated mining alongside the regulated. His exploration of artisanal gold mining takes us Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, which is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 183rd ou\nint000152.xml|130|consolidating capitalist power? What would Europe look like after the euro? The euro is an attempt to return, inside Europe, to a gold standard currency regime. One need not know much about the subject to see that \u201cyou cannot run a gold standard in a democracy\u201d. T\nint000152.xml|130|return, inside Europe, to a gold standard currency regime. One need not know much about the subject to see that \u201cyou cannot run a gold standard in a democracy\u201d. The euro is to force countries to deconstruct their capacities for market correction \u2013 this is what is \nint000155.xml|130|o rise up against its former ally and today\u2019s administrator of neoliberal policies. SKOURIES GOLD MINE: In Skouries, Halkidiki, a gold mine is in development by the Canadian company Eldorado Gold in collaboration with AKTOR S.A., Greece\u2019s \u201cnational contractor\u201d, ow\nint000297.xml|130|tional child-advocacy organizations, including the Children\u2019s Defense Fund and the Casey Family Foundation, have called ICWA the \u201cgold standard\u201d in the field of child welfare. Studies have found that when Native youth are connected to their culture and feel pride \nint000306.xml|130|ices and host of the popular video podcast, Anarchast. Jeff is a prominent speaker at many of the world\u2019s freedom, investment and gold conferences including his own, Anarchapulco, as well as regularly in the media including CNBC, CNN and Fox Business.> > >        \nint000307.xml|130|ices and host of the popular video podcast, Anarchast. Jeff is a prominent speaker at many of the world\u2019s freedom, investment and gold conferences as well as regularly in the media including CNBC, CNN and Fox Business.> > >                                         \nint000308.xml|130|clude relatively minor offensessuch as the manufacture of fraudulent license plates, registration cards, or currency (e.g. use of gold coins). So, in the first part of this definition, sovereign citizens are defined as essentially petty criminals. Wait a minute, w\nint000310.xml|130|p of people. Take Bernard von NotHaus, for example. The U.S. government labeled him a \u201cdomestic terrorist\u201d for creating a private gold/silver-backed currency. Bureaucrats in D.C. have described conservative activists and libertarians in similar terms.> Civil liber\nint000330.xml|130|ices and host of the popular video podcast, Anarchast. Jeff is a prominent speaker at many of the world\u2019s freedom, investment and gold conferences as well as regularly in the media including CNBC, CNN and Fox Business.> > >                                    > > >\nint000427.xml|130|tion of forests; in Romania in 2012 against the privatisation of emergency services, and again against an ecologically disastrous gold mine project in Rosia Montana etc.> These single-issue movements proved to be channels of general public dissatisfaction and enjo\nint000498.xml|130| Slaves, and Walk Free. One \u201cglobal anti-slavery educational campaign,\u201d the NO Project, which focused most recently on slavery in gold-mining, even distributes a \u2018guidelines for artwork\u2019 document:> \u201cWe avoid images of clich\u00e9d sensationalism that tend to focus sole\nint000512.xml|130|gn that showed a young girl, with garish lipstick, swinging on a perch in a birdcage, being menaced by a man with a mouth full of gold teeth; another shows a photo of a naked woman with a barcode on her back \u2013  and therefore too often sidestep both complexities an\nint000567.xml|130|and functioning at the top of fields like physics or mathematics, and human mating behaviors are far more complex than \u201cwomen are gold-diggers.\u201d> Again. Does anyone here find the evidence here a bit light? David Schmitt seems to agree and his research is that bein\nint000576.xml|130|m in history. The top-ranking scam is seen to be modern currency, dismissed as \u201cgovernment money\u201d because it is not linked to the gold standard> And doesn\u2019t that bring this back beautifully, full-circle, to the author\u2019s original hypothesis in the first paper that \nint000582.xml|130|nstantly moving goalposts to deflect mounting evidence against the fixed belief. In a way science should be flattered \u2013 it is the gold standard of reality after all \u2013 and the efforts of pseudoscientists to make their nonsense sound like science inevitably indicate\nint000590.xml|130|CT technology, it wasn\u2019t at clear how to diagnose this condition in a relatively non-invasive way. The most accurate method (the \u201cgold standard\u201d) for diagnosing PE is pulmonary angiography, where a catheter is inserted into the pulmonary arteries and dye is introd\nint000641.xml|130|tors disappear, and the mortality (aside from surgical mortality) reflects the new weight status. It would be unethical to do the gold standard test of making people gain weight and then increase their risk of death directly, so drop it.> 3. \u201cNormal\u201d or \u201cIdeal\u201d we\nint000655.xml|130|ear-old mosque, the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in North India. Collections were made in Hindu temples in Leicester and Brent to send gold bricks for the construction. On 6 December 1992, the historic Babri Masjid was destroyed by a crowd of 15,000 Hindu right \u2018volunt\nint000668.xml|130| 1971, the US put the final nail in the coffin of the Bretton Woods system by suspending the convertibility of the US dollar into gold. Following this, the values of all currencies fluctuated wildly on the market, rather than being managed as before in a relativel\nint000680.xml|130|cal culture: Why did you separate me from the earth? You drew lines miles high In steel or nuclear (\u2026) The rotten bodies threaded gold> The pitch of hair and sticky meat> The sea life cut with plastic (\u2026)> A sharp knife of concrete> And then, her voice ascending t\nint000681.xml|130|, wished it on his rivals, and openly threatened war crimes. The maven of alt-right trolls, the doyen of racist mediocrities, the gold-plated capitalist mountebank, the artist of the deal whose relationship to the truth is summed up in his catchphrase, \u2018give them \nint000723.xml|130|happened that corporations and government agencies aren\u2019t made to abide by and accountable for depriving consumers of one of the \u2018gold standards\u2019 of the U.S. legal system: case law enforcement of bodily integrity rights?]> However, both the state and federal rape \nint000794.xml|130|ostwar world: \"As things are now going the peace we will make, the peace we seem to be making, will be a peace of oil, a peace of gold, a peace of shipping, a peace, in brief, without moral purpose or human interest.\"> >A War Against Racism?>> If the war was truly\nint000822.xml|130|peaking the truth Candidates in democratic election campaigns can\u2019t be honest even if they want to. Any candidate has to promise \u201dgold and green forests\u201d about how much better we will live and consume in the future if only we vote for her or his party. Someone who\nint000833.xml|130|country being covered in forests, over 20% of all the world\u2019s known natural resources are located in Russia, she\u2019s the richest in gold, gas, and ranks in the top ten in iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, tin, polymetals, chromium, tungsten, gold, and silver. To sum u\nint000833.xml|130| she\u2019s the richest in gold, gas, and ranks in the top ten in iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, tin, polymetals, chromium, tungsten, gold, and silver. To sum up, 143 million people own one fifth of anything that matters on Earth. This has always been the case, but as\nint000874.xml|130|nomy. His successor, Constantine (ruled 306-337), enacted a monetary reform in the 310\u2019s, basing the military-fiscal state on the gold solidus.> The effect was monetary deflation. \u201cLike the gold standard of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,\u201d Prof. Weisweiler\nint000874.xml|130| monetary reform in the 310\u2019s, basing the military-fiscal state on the gold solidus. The effect was monetary deflation. \u201cLike the gold standard of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,\u201d Prof. Weisweiler explained in his paper on the Late Roman economy, \u201cthe intr\nint001014.xml|130|thus recast in spatial terms \u2013 flows (of energy, raw materials, labor power, finished goods, trade patterns, etc.) and stocks (of gold and capital, investments, machines, technologies, stable clusters of various jobs, etc.). The State tends to control flows and st\nint001017.xml|130|n operaismo, for instance, there was a rapid appreciation of the epoch-making consequences of the delinking of the US dollar from gold in 1971. The new wave and scale of financialization, which figure prominently among these consequences, dramatically changed the \nint001019.xml|130|down of Bretton Woods It is widely believed that a major contributing factor to the economic chaos of the interwar period was the gold standard. This operated through the declared commitment to maintain convertibility of currency into a specified amount of gold. T\nint001019.xml|130|he gold standard. This operated through the declared commitment to maintain convertibility of currency into a specified amount of gold. Thereby all currencies were fixed in value against a homogenous internationally tradable commodity. In order to maintain gold co\nint001019.xml|130|of gold. Thereby all currencies were fixed in value against a homogenous internationally tradable commodity. In order to maintain gold convertibility, countries needed to pursue a set of economic policies to avoid balance of payments problems and maintain their go\nint001019.xml|130|ld convertibility, countries needed to pursue a set of economic policies to avoid balance of payments problems and maintain their gold reserves. This could involve cutting wages and government spending, regardless of the effect this might have on the country\u2019s wid\nint001019.xml|130| reached that the postwar monetary system would be much more flexible. It was agreed that the US dollar would be convertible into gold, and every other currency would be convertible into dollars. This allowed for adjustments to a country\u2019s exchange rate. For examp\nint001019.xml|130| where it had a growing balance of payments problem and an overvalued currency. The solution was obvious, and the US ended dollar-gold convertibility. The stated intention was to devalue the dollar but maintain the system more or less unchanged. And indeed, a few \nint001027.xml|130|ivileges of the propertied classes from the rest of us) forms the basis of capitalist law. The golden rule is that those with the gold make the rules. The basic fraud behind the doctrine of equality before the law, the foundation for capitalist democracy, derives \nint001042.xml|130|ies. Is it possible these scientists may also be wrong? Alchemy5 is the idea that base metals (such as lead) could be turned into gold.  This concept persisted for hundreds of years, and, although experiments directed  at this goal led to the discovery of many int\nint001156.xml|130|fore Goldacre\u2019s column appeared) and membership of a profession (medicine) with guaranteed job security, a comfortable salary and gold-plated pension. If only.> So there\u2019s a lot of bluster there, which I\u2019ll be grown up about.> More importantly, as I\u2019ve explained b\nint001438.xml|130|                                               IPCC: 'an embarrassment to\u00a0science' Embarrassment Hang on, surely the IPCC is the \u2018gold standard\u2019 of climate science, impartially reviewing all the available peer-reviewed (and peer-reviewed only) papers and presentin\nint001548.xml|130| smearing deniers. But why wouldn\u2019t he? The entire careers of climate scientists the world over, including Steffen, is paved with gold from the AGW hysteria they themselves help to create, so even if they had any doubts, why would they dare reveal them in public a\nint001603.xml|130|shocking that thousands of local politicians, already well rewarded for their role in local government, have climbed on board the gold plated Local Government Pension Scheme. The LGPS is costly enough without politicians taking advantage of taxpayers' generosity, \nint001706.xml|130|d Trump on scandals instead of focusing on issues heading into the midterm elections this November. \"I think that they see fool's gold in these scandals,\" Morris told host John Catsimatidis. \"They are putting everything behind the Stormy Daniels scandal and Michae\nint001706.xml|130|ans in the House elections has been cut more than in half. \"[The Democrats] are going down the same trap, the same sort of fool\u2019s gold that deceived the Republicans in 1998, is now luring the Democrats into making the same mistake this year.\"> Morris also ripped i\nint001799.xml|130|erves. As a consequence of applying this knowledge Russia has gone from strength to strength astutely capitalising on its \u2018liquid gold\u2019 reserves. \u201cI would describe the mindset right now among the Russian political elite as infused with \u2018petroconfidence\u2019,\u201d So says \nint001837.xml|130|ality of Britain\u2019s fiscal crisis. Ordinary families, struggling to make ends meet in the recession, don\u2019t pay their taxes to fund gold-plated deals for public sector fat cats. All parties now agree that excessive pay packages must be tackled but the time for actio\nint001842.xml|130|atue was a bit of a controversy in Grantham. It\u2019s made of Italian marble and is said to weigh two tonnes. What if it were made of gold? Some comparative calculations indicate that it would come in at a little over \u00a348.7 million. Rather than let Grantham decide whe\nint001842.xml|130| a little over \u00a348.7 million. Rather than let Grantham decide whether to have the statue or not, you could just smelt 22,821 pure gold Thatcher statues and send them out to towns and villages across the country (possibly excluding Scotland), paid for out of the na\nint001868.xml|130| are sufficient funds to meet these pension obligations and top up the fund if necessary. These are also frequently described as \u201cgold plated\u201d pension schemes.> Defined contribution (DC) schemes> In DC schemes, the employer and employee also both pay a contributio\nint001868.xml|130|nsion schemes, 2000 to 2016 (millions)25 * Data not available for 2001-03. The problem How can the government afford to continue \u201cgold plated\u201d DB pensions for nearly five million public sector workers, while the private sector has all but ceased to offer such pens\nint001873.xml|130|st rates and real growth rates meant that the public debt to GDP ratio had risen to 1.76 by 1923. 22 Even after the return to the gold standard, high real interest rates made debt reduction difficult. The UK delivered an average primary budget surplus of 7 per cen\nint001877.xml|130|he public sector, compared to just 0.8 in the private sector, a difference of 14.3 days, or 1,776 per cent. 7 Ed Monk, \u2018The last \u201cgold-plated\u201d pensions could disappear from large firms \u201cwithin a year\u201d, Daily Telegraph, 19 January 2016, available at  >http://www.te\nint002014.xml|130|mportant for our children and grandchildren that we stop digging for coal now. We know what\u2019s happened in the past \u2014 it was black gold back then. We thought then that this was one of the greatest finds and we had all this fuel to burn.> \u201cBut now we know the damage\nint002017.xml|130|ditions. The continual breaches that Cuadrilla have racked-up since January have largely been ignored or dismissed. \u201cWhere is the gold-standard we were promised? Robust regulations are translating to mean weak and feeble: they are not worth the paper they are prin\nint002024.xml|130|way, while ensuring that development is regulated and risks managed,\u201d she said. However Ashton said the government\u2019s promise for \u201cgold-plated regulations\u201d was \u201chollow\u201d.> \u201cIt\u2019s a lie because our regulators don\u2019t have the budgets, the people or the skills to enforce\nint002031.xml|130|with more credibility with larger audience segments (think New York Times and CNN), then the fossil-funded climate cabal wins the gold medal.> Fortunately we have a thing called history.> Like big tobacco companies who paid pretend scientists to make up pretend re\nint002043.xml|130|rendum. Change Britain\u2019s patron is Lord Charles Guthrie, a former Field Marshal, who has been implicated in deals to buy Siberian gold alongside Arron Banks.> Raab is not the only cabinet member with strong links to the US. Just weeks after his appointment as Inte\nint002100.xml|130|t the so-called VIPs can drink and the rest of us will have to make do with water and fizzy drinks.  If you had presumed that the gold circle area was full of competition winners then you are very much mistaken as only 5% MAX went in competitions, 35% went in corp\nint002105.xml|130|c. One of the main terrorists I.S.I. has used is Dawood Ebrahim, a street thug from Mumbai, who rose to become a multimillionaire gold smuggler in Dubai and was accused of being a key player in the 1993 series bomb blasts in Mumbai that left 250 dead and more than\nint002107.xml|130|on Israel is anti-semitically motivated. As if it were not outrageous enough to be on the shortlist of evil-doers, as if only the gold medal in this satanic competition, but not bronze or silver, is worthy of protest. And I wonder how many of those arm-chair pro-I\nint002129.xml|130|  This month began with former U.S. president Bill Clinton arriving in the capital of Kosovo for the unveiling of a gaudy 11-foot gold-sprayed bronze statue of himself on November 1. [49] > He was being hailed by the breakaway entity's nominal prime minister, form\nint002145.xml|130|bania's abundant and unexplored oil-deposits. Western investors were also gawking Albania's extensive reserves of chrome, copper, gold, nickel and platinum.... The Adenauer Foundation had been lobbying in the background on behalf of German mining interests.[25]> B\nint002158.xml|130|blishment. Autumn in Parliament Square After the `summer of sport` when we all rejoiced at the exploits of Daley Doyle and his 17 gold medals and the saccharine singing of Amy MacDonald it is now the season of mists and mellow fruitfulness in London\u2019s Parliament S\nint002212.xml|130|ite the contrary. It provides them with new tools to help them create wealth too. The billionaires don\u2019t have huge vaults full of gold coins. Most of the wealth is in the form of company shares. So what would happen if Bill Gates threw a philanthropic tantrum and \nint002341.xml|130| reform, inequalities, leading to a re-entrenchment of unequal, racialised and classed structures even within academies given the gold standard, the Ofsted rating \u2018outstanding\u2019 (Kultz 2014).> >The Myth of Sponsorship> Academy sponsorship raises problems of a lack \nint002347.xml|130|when noblemen at Oxbridge would be exempt from examinations or have the privilege to wear a \u2018golden tuft\u2019 (Oxford) or \u2018purple and gold gown\u2019 (Cambridge) to mark the noble from the ignoble. Rather we are in a world where the marks of insignia compete with the deman\nint002497.xml|130|eld multiple meetings with Russian officials and flew out to Moscow in February 2016 to meet key financiers and partners behind a gold mine project.> Farage, who was vice chairman of the Leave Means Leave campaign, which is based out of 55 Tufton Street, has mainl\nint002498.xml|130| were made because she remains \u201cso passionate about our cause\u201d. \u201cThey got in contact afterwards, Tina apologised, they're good as gold, and they're meeting up for coffee. To the press it was a war zone,\u201d Julie tells me.> >The End> Given Cuadrilla have now started \nint002498.xml|130|ame, however: \u201cIt\u2019s only because we've been fighting for so long that they've got no choice to be on the ball with this supposed 'gold standard' regulatory oversight\u201d. And with Cuadrilla struggling to drill without causing \u2018red light\u2019 earthquakes and the country i\nint002504.xml|130|water and soil from leakage of chemicals. Some of the mining activities discussed during the conference include the extraction of gold, copper, iron ore, cobalt, lithium, uranium, diamonds and coal \u2014 the dirtiest form of fossil fuel.> The mining industry has come \nint002537.xml|130|rning their attention to you. Not engaging, but watching. This is what it\u2019s like living in and around the proposed site for a new gold mine as a Canadian exploration outfit, Dalradian, tests the quality of the riches beneath the earth.> The plans initially moved a\nint002537.xml|130|nide plant to accompany it. The ore in County Tyrone is relatively low grade, so it needs to be mixed with cyanide to extract the gold.> The company insists the process is entirely safe. But some local residents are concerned.> \u201cWhen people heard there was cyanide\nint002537.xml|130|ety infrastructure, which is, of course, inconsistent with trying to make a profit from a low-grade ore.\u201d \u201cThis kind of low-grade gold mining makes sense economically only if the company can find a way to take home the profits, while the local community suffers an\nint002539.xml|130|e able to maintain its double standards.\u201d \u201cTechnology that harness the wind and the sun are a much safer bet than fracking fool\u2019s gold\u201d.> >Main image credit: Chloe Farand> > >                                                                                         \nint002576.xml|130|papers published in the foremost scientific journals. Accordingly, my colleagues and I recently showed that in a blind test \u2013 the gold standard of experimental research \u2013 contrarian talking points about climate indicators were uniformly judged to be misleading and\nint002596.xml|130|f climate researcher Professor Michael Mann meant he missed out on \u201cthe deal of a lifetime\u201d when his old company literally struck gold.> McIntyre, 67, from downtown Toronto, Canada, launched the Climate Audit website as part of a concerted attempt to pick holes in\nint002596.xml|130|1. At that time, McIntyre was dealing with the fallout from Climategate and spending less time in the office. The firm had struck gold \u2013 seven million ounces of gold \u2013 leading to a CAD$585 million takeover by Iamgold Corporation in June 2012. According to the comp\nint002596.xml|130|ealing with the fallout from Climategate and spending less time in the office. The firm had struck gold \u2013 seven million ounces of gold \u2013 leading to a CAD$585 million takeover by Iamgold Corporation in June 2012. According to the company, \u201cThe main asset acquired i\nint002652.xml|130| of energy and electricity.\u201d According to the New York Daily News, Trump made the donation at the request of Olympic snowboarding gold medalist Jamie Anderson, who was one of the contestants on Trump\u2019s Celebrity Apprentice reality show. Anderson was participating \nint002688.xml|130|w of a stoplight. And then, one night\u2014this year it was on Thursday\u2014all the leaves fall, blanketing the sidewalk and cars below in gold. The houses across the street rush into view, where they\u2019ll stay until new leaves bud.> Oliver Sacks called this phenomenon the \u201c\nint002789.xml|130|almond\u2019s evasions and bluster on these critical issues. Unlikely as it may seem, the first minister would be in the running for a gold medal in acrobatic gymnastics given his tactical tumbles and spins on the currency and macroeconomic framework \u2013 the platform of \nint002866.xml|130|stance, beneath the generally universal enthusiasm for the Green New Deal, there are huge fractures about whether the traditional gold standard of a carbon tax championed by economists should be included, or how to handle nuclear power, or how to handle fracking a\nint002890.xml|130|lace in Washington, DC. Google was a platinum sponsor, ponying up $25,000, and Facebook and Microsoft each contributed $10,000 as gold sponsors. The donations put the tech companies in the top tier of the event\u2019s backers. But the donations also put the firms in co\nint002890.xml|130| reducing human misery. Google was a platinum sponsor, ponying up $25,000, and Facebook and Microsoft each contributed $10,000 as gold sponsors.> Rossiter also claimed that carbon dioxide emissions correlate with wealth and that the greenhouse gas \u201cimproves life e\nint002890.xml|130| for its work undermining efforts to combat climate change. Along with Facebook and Microsoft, the Heartland Institute was also a gold sponsor of the event. Heartland is a longtime player in industry-funded efforts to undermine climate science and fend off efforts\nint002950.xml|130|port such a position. Rob Ford of Manchester University and I recently analysed data from the British Electoral Survey (BES), the gold standard of electoral research, to establish the real role that immigration played in how people cast their votes in the General \nint003020.xml|130|elley, 2008. Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Science 319:604-607. Carbon-14 has been found in a gold mine. Carbonized fossil wood was found in 1947 in volcanic \u201csand\u201d at 1,700 feet underground within the Cripple Creek Breccia, Cre\nint003026.xml|130|earth was produced as the result of the radioactive decay of unstable chemical short half life isotopes. All that glitters is not gold and all Lead produced by radioactive decay did not come from Uranium!> Only if you suppress or neglect the existence and effect o\nint003040.xml|130|d he should get nothing from me, I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me asham\u2019d of that, and\nint003040.xml|130|t, and determin\u2019d me to give the silver; and he finish\u2019d so admirably, that I empty\u2019d my pocket wholly into the collector\u2019s dish, gold and all. ... there was also one of our club, who, being of my sentiments respecting the building in Georgia, and suspecting a col\nint003046.xml|130|en times when a bunch of power hungry white men went a bit God-crazy and invaded the Middle East on a moral superiority kick. The gold wasn't bad either.\" (Walter Chaw - >filmfreakcentral.net)> This typical, if crude, stereotyping of the crusades is quite enlighte\nint003065.xml|130| the concept of Classical Liberalism. Classical Liberalism is based on the economic theory of laissez-faire, the free market, the gold standard, the strict constructionist view of the Constitution, the freedom of the governed from government interference, the impo\nint003067.xml|130|million years. Over 300 man-made stone tools were found during the California Gold Rush Period (1850 to 1890). They were found in gold bearing gravels and are cataloged at the University of California, Berkeley. The gravels were supposedly 9 to 55 million years ol\nint003134.xml|130|s weighty book turns out to be unreliable, untrue or in error? Can\u2019t the Bible be like the river that brings down nuggets of pure gold, while the river itself is just a muddy, uncertain stream? The problem with that is, who decides what is true and what is not? Wh\nint003134.xml|130|just a muddy, uncertain stream? The problem with that is, who decides what is true and what is not? Which part is river and which gold? The Bible would be little more than a supermarket of ideas on offer, with us free to purchase only those that suited us, ignorin\nint003428.xml|130|a big day for George Soros and members of the Managed Funds Association. They are betting against the dollar and moving assets to gold and to the emerging economies. They are betting against U.S. survival as a capitalist nation.\u201d> Likewise, Soros played an integra\nint003447.xml|130|nd \u2014 have always been by-products of so-called fiat money, money that is issued without convertibility into a precious metal like gold or silver (\u201cspecie\u201d). Because consumers typically prefer gold and silver, fiat money is usually reinforced by \u201clegal tender\u201d laws\nint003447.xml|130|ey that is issued without convertibility into a precious metal like gold or silver (\u201cspecie\u201d). Because consumers typically prefer gold and silver, fiat money is usually reinforced by \u201clegal tender\u201d laws that compel people to use it.> Before the invention of the mo\nint003447.xml|130|The colony would print 7,000 pounds worth of paper notes to pay the soldiers, but would pledge to redeem them within two years in gold and silver extracted from the colonists via taxation. The Massachusetts Bay colonial government also promised never to print any \nint003447.xml|130|pounds of paper money had been printed in New England, pyramided on an asset base of at most a few tens of thousands of pounds in gold and silver coin and bullion. Silver was being driven out of circulation by the inexorable effects of \u201cGresham\u2019s Law,\u201d the economi\nint003447.xml|130|ion was not novel, but it proved effective for generations to come. Sound money was restored by returning to a strict standard of gold and silver, a state of affairs given full countenance by the new Constitution.> Congress alone was given the authority, in Articl\nint003447.xml|130|th noting that the term \u201ccoin\u201d would appear to disallow the printing of paper money, or at least of paper not fully redeemable in gold and silver coin. This interpretation is supported by additional provisions, in Article I, section 10, prohibiting the states from\nint003447.xml|130|sions, in Article I, section 10, prohibiting the states from coining money, emitting bills of credit, or \u201cmake[ing] any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts.\u201d Contrary to the uninformed claims of some modern self-styled sophisticates, the Am\nint003447.xml|130|d monetary powers. In 1792, the Coinage Act was passed denominating the new American coins to be minted. The act authorized three gold coins \u2014 $10.00 eagles, $5.00 half eagles, and $2.50 quarter eagles \u2014 and five silver coins ranging from the silver dollar to the \nint003447.xml|130|ionally, copper cents and half cents were minted, although the latter were discontinued in 1857. Any American citizen could bring gold or silver to the mint to be coined. All coins were required to have a representation of liberty (usually Lady Liberty in some gui\nint003447.xml|130|ard established by the Founders was effectively abolished by the Fourth Coinage Act of 1873, the United States remained on a full gold standard until 1934, when FDR made private ownership of gold coins illegal, ending the ability of ordinary Americans to redeem pa\nint003447.xml|130|the Fourth Coinage Act of 1873, the United States remained on a full gold standard until 1934, when FDR made private ownership of gold coins illegal, ending the ability of ordinary Americans to redeem paper money for specie, a right Americans had enjoyed since the\nint003460.xml|130|rld has ever seen. Empires past, such as Rome under Diocletian, engaged in deceptive monetary policy, like diluting the purity of gold and silver in their coinage, but nothing in previous ages can compare to the brazen falsehood of modern fiat money created at whi\nint003460.xml|130|\u2019s value at home and abroad. Such practices were familiar to the Founders, which is why they insisted that America be placed on a gold and silver standard. Americans printed paper money heedlessly from the late 17th century through the Revolutionary War, resulting\nint003460.xml|130|ious metal standard, limiting the ability of the federal government to indulge in deficit spending. But with the abolition of the gold standard, Washington could borrow and print money almost without limit, funding with deficits what taxpayers would be unwilling o\nint003606.xml|130|s meant wiping out Papuan villages and bringing in ethnic Indonesians to work on economic projects like Freeport\u2019s giant Grasberg gold and copper mine, which has been accused of \u2018ecocide\u2018 and dumps over 200,000 tonnes of tailings in local river system every day. T\nint003606.xml|130|s meant wiping out Papuan villages and bringing in ethnic Indonesians to work on economic projects like Freeport\u2019s giant Grasberg gold and copper mine. The influx of Indonesians has left the original inhabitants a near-minority in the land, struggling to maintain \nint003666.xml|130|costly war, were the unspecified reparations forced upon Germany. By May 1921, Germany was required to make payment of 20 billion gold marks as an interim payment. On May 12, SPD Prime Minister Philip Scheidemann declared, \u201cWhat hand must not wither which places t\nint003672.xml|130|e Revolutionary War. In an effort to fund the war effort, the Continental Congress printed vast amounts of currency not backed by gold or any other commodity, thereby depreciating its value over time. This episode of currency depreciation by government action gave\nint003672.xml|130| free-banking system did not want to return to this type of hyperinflation and therefore wanted a currency backed up with specie (gold or silver) that would be 100 percent redeemable on demand.> The central-banking argument was motivated by the desire for increase\nint003672.xml|130|s.\" The Jeffersonian opponents of the central banking system, on the other hand, preferred \"a hard money system based squarely on gold and silver, with banks shorn of all special privileges and hopefully confined to 100 percent specie banking.\" Jefferson would lat\nint003672.xml|130|nk, the Treasury for the most part avoided dealing with the many state-chartered banks, and the only legally recognized money was gold and silver coins. Because the economy's currency consisted solely of bank notes redeemable in specie on demand, private competiti\nint003672.xml|130| Civil War that a version of central banking returned in the form of a series of National Currency Acts that took America off the gold standard.> The National Currency Acts of 1863 and 1864 established a network of nationally chartered banks that would issue bank \nint003672.xml|130|throughout the 1870s until the Grant administration signed a bill in 1875 which would resume specie repayment of paper dollars in gold at prewar levels by 1879. Specie payment finally did resume in 1879 under President Rutherford Hayes. Unfortunately, the centrali\nint003672.xml|130|utherford Hayes. Unfortunately, the centralized banking semi-cartel established by the National Currency Acts was not undone. The gold standard would still be a highly controversial subject in the national debate, and there were attempts to bring back or add silve\nint003672.xml|130|attempts to bring back or add silver to the monetary standard. The goal of bimetallism, where the monetary standard is a ratio of gold to silver as fixed by government mandate, was a return to increasing the money supply due to the abundance of silver while hiding\nint003672.xml|130|while hiding under the banner of hard currency by using a commodity. President Grover Cleveland fought vigorously to preserve the gold standard even at a time when his own party was split bitterly over the money issue. Sadly, Cleveland was one of the last presiden\nint003672.xml|130|en his own party was split bitterly over the money issue. Sadly, Cleveland was one of the last presidents to strongly support the gold standard. Political divisions and realignment among the Democratic and Republican parties changed the foundations of the parties \nint003672.xml|130|l Reserve System. In 1933, under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fed notes and deposits were no longer redeemable in gold to Americans. In 1935, the Fed was reorganized to centralize control in Washington. In 1971, under the administration of Richard \nint003672.xml|130|d to centralize control in Washington. In 1971, under the administration of Richard Nixon, the dollar was no longer redeemable in gold to foreign governments and central banks. In the years since the Federal Reserve was created, almost all restraints on the Fed ha\nint003675.xml|130|tments, like the Department of Education, must be terminated. Monetary freedom, specifically, the freedom to transact business in gold and silver, should also be restored, allowing people to choose between precious metals and paper money in their business. It is n\nint003682.xml|130| mantra of elastic fiat currency and the printing of endless money to stimulate the economy. In advocating for a return to a full gold standard, in a 2008 Republican Presidential debate, Ron Paul quoted Ronald Reagan, who personally told Paul, No great nation that\nint003682.xml|130|a 2008 Republican Presidential debate, Ron Paul quoted Ronald Reagan, who personally told Paul, No great nation that went off the gold standard ever remained great. Based on Celente's latest predictions it would seem that he would agree with Reagan.> What of Celen\nint003686.xml|130|aper currency. Runaway inflation threatened China\u2019s economy. To stabilize the situation, Chiang Kai-shek requested a loan of U.S. gold. President Roosevelt approved, but the gold shipments were delayed and withheld by Assistant Treasury Secretary Harry Dexter Whit\nint003686.xml|130|China\u2019s economy. To stabilize the situation, Chiang Kai-shek requested a loan of U.S. gold. President Roosevelt approved, but the gold shipments were delayed and withheld by Assistant Treasury Secretary Harry Dexter White, long since proven to be a Soviet agent. T\nint003697.xml|130|continental railroad was first introduced in 1845, it was successfully resisted by the southern states. However, the discovery of gold in California in January of 1848 set off such an explosion that it changed the question of federal government involvement in rail\nint003708.xml|130|hods. However, for a government to inflate a nation's money supply, it must divorce the nation's money from fixed assets, such as gold, and turn to fiat paper currency. This requires a central bank, such as Zimbabwe's RBZ, the Reichsbank (the central bank of Germa\nint003731.xml|130|2006. More than loan interest was at stake. Sugar seems ordinary today, but long ago its profitability earned the nickname \u201cwhite gold\u201d \u2014 much as oil, dominated by the Rockefellers\u2019 Standard Oil, was called \u201cblack gold.\u201d Lundberg writes of the Spanish-American War\nint003731.xml|130| its profitability earned the nickname \u201cwhite gold\u201d \u2014 much as oil, dominated by the Rockefellers\u2019 Standard Oil, was called \u201cblack gold.\u201d Lundberg writes of the Spanish-American War that \u201cthe Rockefeller-Stillman National City Bank benefited most directly from it, \nint003740.xml|130| \u201cto get them clean for souvenirs\u201d; and \u201cthe infantry\u2019s favorite occupation\u201d of poking through the mouths of Japanese corpses for gold-filled teeth. He added, \u201cWhat is barbaric on one side of the earth is still barbaric on the other.\u201d> \u201cJudge not that ye be not ju\nint003802.xml|130|increased the overall college enrollment rate among African Americans by 24 percent.\u201d23 And this was no average study; it was the gold standard. The students chosen to receive the vouchers were chosen at random from a pool of candidates, and they were compared aga\nint003803.xml|130|n had weakened the American currency as well, but not nearly as much as it had devastated the British pound. And the stockpile of gold in the United States was still large and growing. The higher prices of British goods made them less competitive than American pro\nint003803.xml|130|: This the bankers thought could be helped if the Federal Reserve System would ease interest rates, encourage lending. Holders of gold would then seek higher returns from keeping their metal in London. And, in time, the higher prices in the United States would eas\nint003803.xml|130|was encouraging investors to borrow money here at a low rate and invest it where it would bring a higher return. U.S. dollars and gold would flow to London.> \u201cThe purpose of inviting the Germans and French to the meeting was to enlist their agreement to create inf\nint003803.xml|130|oard of the J.P. Morgan Company and later became chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan was an unabashed champion of the gold standard and a frequent critic of central bank policies. In 1966, he wrote about the Fed\u2019s contribution to the stock market crash\nint003803.xml|130|le bank reserve shortage. More disastrous, however, was the Federal Reserve\u2019s attempt to assist Great Britain who had been losing gold to us.... The \u201cFed\u201d succeeded; it stopped the gold loss, but it nearly destroyed the economies of the world in the process. The e\nint003803.xml|130| was the Federal Reserve\u2019s attempt to assist Great Britain who had been losing gold to us.... The \u201cFed\u201d succeeded; it stopped the gold loss, but it nearly destroyed the economies of the world in the process. The excess credit which the Fed pumped into the economy \nint003803.xml|130|s been largely forgotten in our time is that one of President Roosevelt\u2019s first acts in 1933 was to ban the private possession of gold. Paper dollars were no longer redeemable in gold, and what gold people possessed was contraband, with the legal requirement that \nint003803.xml|130|of President Roosevelt\u2019s first acts in 1933 was to ban the private possession of gold. Paper dollars were no longer redeemable in gold, and what gold people possessed was contraband, with the legal requirement that it be exchanged for paper money. The ban was not \nint003803.xml|130|osevelt\u2019s first acts in 1933 was to ban the private possession of gold. Paper dollars were no longer redeemable in gold, and what gold people possessed was contraband, with the legal requirement that it be exchanged for paper money. The ban was not lifted until Ja\nint003803.xml|130|y which point paper dollars had been devalued to the point where few Americans had enough of them to buy an appreciable amount of gold. Besides, after more than 40 years of its prohibition, people were used to the banishment of gold and had come to think of money \nint003803.xml|130|to buy an appreciable amount of gold. Besides, after more than 40 years of its prohibition, people were used to the banishment of gold and had come to think of money only as the Federal Reserve Notes, backed only by the \u201cfull faith and credit of the United States.\nint003803.xml|130|erence, proposed a world currency, but the idea was rejected at the time. On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon closed \u201cthe gold window\u201d to the world, declaring that foreign-held U.S. dollars would no longer be redeemable in gold. That made the dollar fully \nint003803.xml|130|nt Richard Nixon closed \u201cthe gold window\u201d to the world, declaring that foreign-held U.S. dollars would no longer be redeemable in gold. That made the dollar fully a \u201cfiat currency\u201d and effectively ended the system created at Bretton Woods. But a single world curre\nint003809.xml|130| ground, to Obama-backed terror groups in Syria. One e-mail reveals that an effort by Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi to create a gold-backed currency for the region was among the key reasons globalists supported killing Gadhafi and destroying Libya. Other e-mails\nint003809.xml|130|1, for example, The New American became one of the first media outlets in the world to report on the fact that Gadhafi's proposed gold-backed currency for the region was likely a major factor in the decision of Western globalists and the United Nations to overthro\nint003809.xml|130|e Department under Clinton, released on New Year's Eve and compiled in searchable format by WikiLeaks, now confirm that Gadhafi's gold-currency plan was a major factor in the decision to kill him.> In an April 2011 e-mail to Clinton from Sid Blumenthal, a globalis\nint003809.xml|130|who has long been close to the Clinton family and served as an aide, Clinton is told that \u201cQaddafi's government holds 143 tons of gold, and a similar amount in silver.\u201d The gold, which was accumulated prior to the Obama-backed, al Qaeda-led, UN-approved rebellion \nint003809.xml|130|ly and served as an aide, Clinton is told that \u201cQaddafi's government holds 143 tons of gold, and a similar amount in silver.\u201d The gold, which was accumulated prior to the Obama-backed, al Qaeda-led, UN-approved rebellion in Libya, \u201cwas intended to be used to estab\nint003809.xml|130|king] African Countries with an alternative to the French [Central African] franc (CFA).\u201d  Blumenthal also told Clinton that this gold currency plan \u201cwas one of the factors that influenced [globalist French] President Nicolas Sarkozy\u2019s decision to commit France to\nint003826.xml|130|conomic theory than capitalistic.\u201d He later said that America should move toward a \u201cbetter distribution of wealth.\u201d \u201cNo amount of gold could provide an adequate compensation for the exploitation and humiliation of the Negro in America down through the centuries. N\nint003850.xml|130|t over $40 billion, Venezuela has been steadily hemorrhaging its reserves down to $10 billion. In 2016, Venezuela started to sell gold in order to compensate for the loss of its monetary reserves. As a consequence, Venezuela\u2019s gold reserves plunged from over 360 t\nint003850.xml|130| 2016, Venezuela started to sell gold in order to compensate for the loss of its monetary reserves. As a consequence, Venezuela\u2019s gold reserves plunged from over 360 tons down to less than 190 tons. Other than in the case that some foreign power, such as China, fo\nint003852.xml|130|e super-wealthy real estate mogul of the gleaming Trump Towers, the owner of a globe-straddling empire of luxury properties and a gold-gilt home estate (Mar-a-Lago), became a hero to a huge and devoted following of blue-collar working class and white-collar middle\nint003852.xml|130| Bannon, it had been a number of years since he had worked at Goldman (he left in 2002, after 17 years there, but his ties to the gold-plated firm were more extensive. His father had been a partner in the 1950s-1960s, and Steven graduated to partner level in 1994.\nint003885.xml|130|dmitted publicly. In 1998, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan testified to Congress that \u201ccentral banks stand ready to lease gold in increasing quantities should the price rise,\u201d thereby keeping prices down.> And according to top officials, many of these mega\nint003918.xml|130|investigation into the matter. It\u2019s really quite appalling to be killing people for their organs. It\u2019s like the Nazis pulling the gold out of the teeth of the Jews they sent to the gas chamber.\u201d> The regime enslaving mainland China has murdered more people than an\nmod000005.xml|130|n the polemic, that is, in the ongoing war\u2014on the subject, precisely, of the monetary specter, value, money or its \ufb01duciary sign, gold: \u201cIt was known to Shakespeare better than to our theorizing petty bourgeois [unser theoretisierender Kleinb\u00fcrger] . . . [h]ow lit\nmod000005.xml|130|etic \ufb02ash, with one blow going faster and farther than our little bourgeois colleagues in economic theory, is the becoming-god of gold, which is at once ghost and idol, a god apprehended by the senses. After having marked the heterogeneity between the property of \nmod000005.xml|130|ry words of Ezechiel, Timon curses corruption, he casts down anathema, he swears against prostitution\u2014prostitution in the face of gold and the prositution of gold itself. But he takes the time to analyze, nevertheless, the trans\ufb01guring alchemy, he denounces the re\nmod000005.xml|130|curses corruption, he casts down anathema, he swears against prostitution\u2014prostitution in the face of gold and the prositution of gold itself. But he takes the time to analyze, nevertheless, the trans\ufb01guring alchemy, he denounces the reversal of values, the falsi\ufb01\nmod000005.xml|130|ouble bind that carry the act of swearing and conjuring o\ufb00 into the history of venality itself. At the moment he goes to bury the gold, a shovel in his hand, the prophet-gravedigger, anything but a humanist, is not content to evoke the breaking of vows, the birth \nmod000005.xml|130|non-oathables that you are (\u201cyou are not oathable\u201d), you, the whores, you who are prostitution itself, you who give yourselves to gold, you who give yourselves for gold, you who are destined to general indi\ufb00erence, you who confuse in equivalency the proper and the\nmod000005.xml|130|re not oathable\u201d), you, the whores, you who are prostitution itself, you who give yourselves to gold, you who give yourselves for gold, you who are destined to general indi\ufb00erence, you who confuse in equivalency the proper and the improper, credit and discredit, f\nmod000005.xml|130| thou art a man. If thou dost not perform, confound thee, for thou art a man\u201d (IV, iii). Then to Phyrnia and Timandra who ask for gold\u2014and whether Timon has any more:> Enough to make a whore forswear her trade,> And to make wholesomeness a bawd. Hold up, you sluts\nmod000005.xml|130| as it takes it seriously. The Critique of Political Economy explains to us how the existence (Dasein) of money, metallic Dasein, gold or silver, produces a remainder.34 This remainder is\u2014it remains, precisely\u2014but the shadow of a great name: \u201cWas \u00fcbrigbleibt ist m\nmod000005.xml|130|a production of ghosts, illusions, simulacra, appearances, or apparitions (Scheindasein of the Schein-Sovereign and of the Schein-gold). Later he will compare this spectral virtue of money with that which, in the desire to hoard, speculates on the use of money aft\nmod000005.xml|130|etic. When the State emits paper money at a \ufb01xed rate, its intervention is compared to \u201cmagic\u201d (Magie) that transmutes paper into gold. The State appears then, for it is an appearance, indeed an apparition; it \u201cseems now to transform paper into gold by the magic o\nmod000005.xml|130|tes paper into gold. The State appears then, for it is an appearance, indeed an apparition; it \u201cseems now to transform paper into gold by the magic of its imprint [scheint jetzt durch die Magie seines Stempels Papier in Gold zu verwandeln; Marx is referring to the\nmod000005.xml|130|imprint [scheint jetzt durch die Magie seines Stempels Papier in Gold zu verwandeln; Marx is referring to the imprint that stamps gold and prints paper money].\u201d38 This magic always busies itself with ghosts, it does business with them, it manipulates or busies its\nmod000005.xml|130|en one of them suggests that the work of the \u201cgrave-maker\u201d lasts longer than any other: until Judgment Day. This scene of burying gold also evokes more than once, and still more exactly, Timon of Athens. In Marx\u2019s funerary rhetoric, the \u201cuseless metal\u201d of the trea\nmod000005.xml|130|s to analyze the equivalent whose enigma and mystical character only strike the bourgeois economist in the \ufb01nished form of money, gold or silver. It is the moment in which Marx means to demonstrate that the mystical character owes nothing to a use-value.> Is it ju\nmod000005.xml|130|ney. Not to mention that the use- value of the money-commodity (Geldware) is also itself \u201cdual\u201d: natural teeth can be replaced by gold prostheses, but this use- value is di\ufb00erent from the one Marx calls \u201cformal use-value\u201d which arises out of the speci\ufb01c social fun\nmod000006.xml|130| treasure-hoard of the second degree, one that refers to the notations of nature, which in their turn indicate obscurely the pure gold of things themselves. The truth of all these marks \u2013 whether they are woven into nature itself or whether they exist in lines on \nmod000006.xml|130|ts\u2019.41 And Adanson remarked that nature is a confused mingling of beings that seem to have been brought together by chance: here, gold is mixed with another metal, with stone, with earth; there, the violet grows side by side with an oak. Among these plants, too, w\nmod000006.xml|130|o what it was before, when princes had not yet stamped their e\ufb03gy or seal upon pieces of metal; at that time \u2018neither copper, nor gold, nor silver were minted, but only valued according to their weight\u2019;2 arbitrary signs were not accorded the value of real marks; \nmod000006.xml|130|ion concealed the sense of monetary operations from those who did not understand it); the edict of September 1577 established the gold \u00e9cu as both a real coin and an accounting unit, decreed the subordination of all other metals to gold \u2013 in particular, silver, wh\nmod000006.xml|130|tember 1577 established the gold \u00e9cu as both a real coin and an accounting unit, decreed the subordination of all other metals to gold \u2013 in particular, silver, which retained its legality as tender but lost its legal immutability. The coin- age was thus restandard\nmod000006.xml|130|al values borne by an unchanging metallic mass: but, for the same quantity of wheat, one still gives the same weight in silver or gold. So that \u2018nothing has become dearer\u2019: since the golden \u00e9cu was worth twenty sols tournois in accounting money under Philippe VI, \nmod000006.xml|130|e worth ten. \u2018The increasing dearness of things does not come from having to deliver more but from receiving a lesser quantity of gold or \ufb01ne silver than one was accustomed to before.\u2019 But once this identi\ufb01cation has been established between the role of money and \nmod000006.xml|130|n prices therefore has a \u2018principal cause, and that almost the only one that no one has touched upon hitherto\u2019: \u2018the abundance of gold and silver\u2019, \u2018the abundance of that which gives things estimation and price\u2019. The standard of equivalences is itself involved in \nmod000006.xml|130|of all commodities in a certain and de\ufb01nitive fashion. This relation is the one that was established by Providence when it buried gold and silver mines under the earth, and caused them to grow, just as plants grow and animals multiply on the surface of the earth. \nmod000006.xml|130|ti says: Nature made all terrestrial things good; the sum of these, by virtue of the agreement concluded by men, is worth all the gold that is worked; all men therefore desire everything in order to acquire all things . . . In order to ascertain each day the rule \nmod000006.xml|130| things . . . In order to ascertain each day the rule and mathematical proportions that exist between things and between them and gold, we should have to be able to contemplate, from the height of heaven or some very tall observatory, all the things that exist or \nmod000006.xml|130|cted in the sky as in a faithful mirror. We would then abandon all our calculations and we would say: there is upon earth so much gold, so many things, so many men, so many needs; and to the degree that each thing satis\ufb01es needs, its value shall be so many things,\nmod000006.xml|130|ings, so many men, so many needs; and to the degree that each thing satis\ufb01es needs, its value shall be so many things, or so much gold.9 This celestial and exhaustive calculation can be accomplished by none other than God: it corresponds to that other calculation \nmod000006.xml|130| them, if they dig mines and make war on one another in order to get hold of them, it is because the process of minting them into gold and silver coinage has given them a utility and a rarity that those metals do not possess of themselves. \u2018Money does not draw its\nmod000006.xml|130| it, just as our ideas are what they are because we represent them. Monetary or verbal signs are additional to this. But why have gold and silver, which are scarcely wealth at all in themselves, received or taken on this signifying power? No doubt one could very w\nmod000006.xml|130|ies is still a cheap commodity, becomes precious in others only when it is turned into coinage.16 But in a general fashion we use gold and silver because they contain hidden within themselves \u2018a peculiar perfection\u2019. A perfection that is not of the order of price,\nmod000006.xml|130| concentrate a great weight into a little volume; they can be easily transported; they are easily pierced. All these factors make gold and silver into a privileged instrument for the representation of all other kinds of wealth, and for strict comparisons between t\nmod000006.xml|130|ermit it to establish relations of equality and di\ufb00erence between di\ufb00erent kinds of wealth. It is apparent, then, that the use of gold and silver for this purpose has a justi\ufb01able basis. As Bouteroue says, money \u2018is a portion of matter to which public authority ha\nmod000006.xml|130|ermits wealth to be represented. Without such signs, wealth would remain immobile, useless, and as it were silent; in this sense, gold and silver are the creators of all that man can covet. But in order to play this role as representation, money must o\ufb00er properti\nmod000006.xml|130| it; and the principle established by Bodin that the great dearness prevalent in the sixteenth century was caused by the in\ufb02ux of gold from America is not valid; though it is true that an increase in specie causes prices to rise at \ufb01rst, it also stimulates trade a\nmod000006.xml|130| and a favourable balance, one can attract fresh merchandise and increase both agriculture and manufacturing. As Horneck puts it, gold and silver \u2018are the purest part of our blood, the marrow of our strength\u2019, \u2018the most indispensable instruments of human activity \nmod000006.xml|130|t is that which de\ufb01nes money as a pledge. It is a de\ufb01nition we \ufb01nd in Locke and, slightly earlier, in Vaughan;37 then in Melon \u2013 \u2018gold and silver are, by general agreement, the pledge, the equivalent, or the common measure of all that which serves for men\u2019s use\u2019;3\nmod000006.xml|130|ommon measure of all that which serves for men\u2019s use\u2019;38 in Dutot \u2013 \u2018wealth of credit or opinion is only repre- sentative, as are gold, silver, bronze, and copper\u2019;39 in Fortbonnais \u2013 \u2018the important point\u2019 in conventional wealth lies \u2018in the con\ufb01dence of the owner\nmod000006.xml|130|one is to the total of the other, so part of the one is to part of the other . . . If there were only one commodity, divisible as gold is, then half of that commodity would correspond to half of its total on the other side.46 Supposing that there were only one for\nmod000006.xml|130|would correspond to half of its total on the other side.46 Supposing that there were only one form of goods in the world, all the gold on earth would be there to represent it; and, inversely, if men possessed only one coin between them, then all the wealth produce\nmod000006.xml|130|ities of wealth, prices will not increase in relation to those in force abroad. It is only between an increase in the quantity of gold and a rise in prices that an increasing quantity of gold and silver encourages industry. A nation whose coinage is in process of \nmod000006.xml|130|those in force abroad. It is only between an increase in the quantity of gold and a rise in prices that an increasing quantity of gold and silver encourages industry. A nation whose coinage is in process of diminution is, at any given moment of comparison, weaker \nmod000006.xml|130|ustry, agriculture, and population the time, between cause and e\ufb00ect, to develop proportionately: it was inevitable that American gold should spread throughout Europe, buy commodities there, cause manufacturing to develop, and enrich its farms, while leaving Spain\nmod000006.xml|130|n to that which is radically heterogeneous to them; if there is an order regulating the forms of wealth, if this can buy that, if gold is worth twice as much as silver, it is not because men have comparable desires; it is not because they experience the same hunge\nmod000006.xml|130| Ibid., p. 231. 11 Cf. further this proposition of Antoine de La Pierre early in the seventeenth century: \u2018The essential value of gold and silver coins is based upon the precious material they contain\u2019 (De la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 du p\u00e8sement).> >12 Scipion de Grammont, Le De\nmod000009.xml|130|s or poisons, is that needs are limited, in exactly the same way as are the foods corresponding to them. A miser never has enough gold, but the time comes when any man provided with an unlimited supply of bread \ufb01nds he has had enough. Food brings satiety. The same\nmod000009.xml|130| any sense to its quantity. It isn\u2019t the quantity of metal which matters, but the degree of alloy. In this respect, a little pure gold is worth a lot of pure gold. A little pure truth is worth as much as a lot of pure truth. Similarly, one perfect Greek statue con\nmod000009.xml|130|It isn\u2019t the quantity of metal which matters, but the degree of alloy. In this respect, a little pure gold is worth a lot of pure gold. A little pure truth is worth as much as a lot of pure truth. Similarly, one perfect Greek statue contains as much beauty as two \nmod000009.xml|130| it up in a narrow Christianity which prevents it from ever becoming capable of perceiving that there are treasures of the purest gold to be found in non-Christian civilizations. Lay education does an even greater injury to children. It covers up these treasures, \nmod000011.xml|130|understood as an unequivocal determination of a concept. When I say \u201cGold is a metal\u201d, this is not yet a definition; the concept \u201cgold\u201d is established only as an element of the class of metals. The concept \u201cgold\u201d is defined only if, in addition, I have indicated a\nmod000011.xml|130|a metal\u201d, this is not yet a definition; the concept \u201cgold\u201d is established only as an element of the class of metals. The concept \u201cgold\u201d is defined only if, in addition, I have indicated a specific difference that unequivocally distinguishes the concept \u201cgold\u201d from\nmod000011.xml|130|cept \u201cgold\u201d is defined only if, in addition, I have indicated a specific difference that unequivocally distinguishes the concept \u201cgold\u201d from other concepts that are elements of the class of metals. The phrase \u201cGold is a precious metal\u201d is, therefore, also insuffic\nmod000011.xml|130|ions. At this point, it should be emphasised that the theory of relations is the most significant part of logistic.) If I define \u201cgold\u201d only as \u201cmetal\u201d or as \u201cone of the metals\u201d, then it is not really defined at all (in the ordinary sense of this word). The same i\nmod000011.xml|130| not even admissible as an argument value.) By the same token, I can say: \u201c \u2018x is a yellow metal\u2019 is satisfied by the argument   \u2018gold\u2019 \u201d; but I cannot substitute the \u201cclass of yellow metals\u201d as an argument value. This class is not a metal, but only a (mental) col\nmod000011.xml|130|od is applied also wherever doubts arise. If, for example, we doubt whether a particular object placed before us is (say) made of gold (a singular statement is being tested), we derive from this assumption and from chemical laws (of a fairly low level of universal\nmod000012.xml|130|ng. If each being is a totality, it is not conceivable that there can exist elementary symbolic relationships (e.g.; the faeces = gold, or a pincushion = the breast) which preserve a constant meaning in all cases; that is, which remain unaltered when they pass fro\nmod000016.xml|130|ay stay thee to make thee remiss in performing aught of what thou dost promise me; and let nothing hinder thee, either expense of gold and silver or number of troops, if there be need of their presence anywhere; but with Artabazus, a good man, whom I have sent to \nmod000016.xml|130|of the Propylaea of the Acropolis and other buildings,  5 as well as for the operations at Potidaea). Besides, there was uncoined gold and silver in public and private dedication s, and all the sacred vessels used in the processions and games, and the Persian spoi\nmod000016.xml|130|his would be available for their use, and, if they should be absolutely cut off from all other resources, they might use even the gold plates with which the statue of the goddess herself was overlaid. 7 The statue, as he pointed out to them, contained forty talent\nmod000016.xml|130|the statue of the goddess herself was overlaid. 7 The statue, as he pointed out to them, contained forty talents' weight of  pure gold, and it was all removable.  8 This treasure  hey might use for self-preservation, but they must replace as much as they> > > > > \nmod000016.xml|130|talces on the throne, brought the revenues to their maximum - its value was about four hundred talents 2 in coin, and was paid in gold and silver; and gifts equal in value to the tribute, not only of gold and silver, but besides these all manner of stuffs, both em\nmod000016.xml|130|e was about four hundred talents 2 in coin, and was paid in gold and silver; and gifts equal in value to the tribute, not only of gold and silver, but besides these all manner of stuffs, both embroidered and plain, and other articles for household use, were brough\nmod000016.xml|130|Meanwhile, Brasidas, fearing the arrival of the ships from Thasos, and hearing that Thucydides possessed the right of working the gold-mines in that part of Thrace and in consequence had influence among the first men of the mainland, made haste to seize the city i\nmod000016.xml|130| means or other. And they, of all men of the present day, are the most able to do so, if they will; for they have an abundance of gold and silver, by which war and everything else is expedited. And let us send also to Lacedaemon and to Corinth, begging them to bri\nmod000016.xml|130|in money, a much greater display. And in giving private entertainments for the crews of the triremes, they not only collected the gold and silver drinking-cups from Egesta itself, but borrowed those from the neighbouring cities, both Phoenician and Hellenic, and b\nmod000016.xml|130|). Elected one of the ten generals in 424 B.C., he was sent to the coast of Thrace (where he enjoyed the right of working certain gold mines) to operate against Brasidas. Failing to relieve Amphipolis, he was exiled in 424 B.C., and remained in banishment for twen\nmod000016.xml|130|ous victory of Cimon's, whose date (466 B.C.?) is not certain, cf. Diod. xi. 60 ; Plut. Cim. xii. 1 465 B.C. 2 The Thasians had a gold mine at Skapte Hyle on the Thracian coast, from which they drew rich revenues; cf. Hdt. vI. xlvi. f.> >3 Called \"the great earthq\nmod000016.xml|130| round the commander\u2019s skytale it could be read. 1 A golden tripod set upon a three-headed bronze serpent )Hdt. IX. Lxxxi. ). The gold tripod was carried off by the Phocians in the Sacred War (Paus x. xiii. 5), but the bronze pillar, eighteen feet high, of three i\nmod000016.xml|130|ne statue of Athena by Phidias in the Parthenon. 8 According to Plut. Per. Xxxi., Phidias, by the advice of Pericles, laid on the gold in such a way that it could be all removed and weighed.> >1 The age limits were eighteen to sixty, those from eighteen to twenty \nmod000016.xml|130|ii. 1. 1 cf. I. xlvii.\u2014lv. 2 \u00a3160,000, $776,000. 3 The agreement was for a defensive alliance (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1); cf. i. xliv. l. 4 If of gold, about 16s.; if the silver Athenian stater, about 2s. 8d.; if the silver Corinthian stater, about 1s. 4d.> >1 Or, perhaps, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\nmod000016.xml|130|eneral in these waters. 1 After a reign of forty years (465-425 B C.). 2 The Phocaean stater was notorious for the badness of the gold (or rather electron); cf. Dem. xi. 36. It was worth about twenty-three silver drachmas. See Hultsch, Gr. und r\u00f6m. Metrologie, 184\nmod000016.xml|130|bl. 60;.Marcellinus, \u00a7 54. 2 Herod. i. 1 It was his family connection with Thrace which led to his acquiring the right of working gold mines in that region (IV. cv. 1), which is all that he himself says, though his biographers state that he was the owner of gold m\nmod000016.xml|130|g gold mines in that region (IV. cv. 1), which is all that he himself says, though his biographers state that he was the owner of gold mines at Scapte Hyle.> >1 His division of the year corresponds to the actual conditions of the carrying on of war in ancient time\nmod000019.xml|130|rds please me. Let neither day nor night hinder thee from fulfilling diligently the promise which thou hast made to me; spare not gold or silver, and take as large an army as thou wilt, wheresoever of it may be required. I have sent to thee Artabazus, a good man; \nmod000019.xml|130|ded on various buildings, such as the Propylaea of the Acropolis, and also on the siege of Potidaea.) Moreover there was uncoined gold and silver in the form of private and public offerings, sacred vessels used in processions and games, the Persian spoil and other\nmod000019.xml|130|lis, considerable treasures in various temples. If they were reduced to the last extremity they could even take off the plates of gold with which the image of the goddess was overlaid; these, as he pointed out, weighed forty talents, and were of refined gold, whic\nmod000019.xml|130|es of gold with which the image of the goddess was overlaid; these, as he pointed out, weighed forty talents, and were of refined gold, which was all removeable. They might use this treasure in self-defence, but they were bound to replace all that they had taken. \nmod000019.xml|130|essor of Sitalces, under whom the amount was greatest, was valued at about four hundred talents of coined money,57 reckoning only gold and silver. Presents of gold and silver equal in value to the tribute, besides stuffs embroidered or plain and other articles, we\nmod000019.xml|130| the amount was greatest, was valued at about four hundred talents of coined money,57 reckoning only gold and silver. Presents of gold and silver equal in value to the tribute, besides stuffs embroidered or plain and other articles, were also brought, not only to \nmod000019.xml|130|ion. (105) Meanwhile Brasidas, fearing the arrival of the ships from Thasos, and hearing that Thucydides had the right of working gold mines in the neighbouring district of Thrace, and was consequently one of the leading men of the country, did his utmost to get p\nmod000019.xml|130|e fleet accompanying him. On every deck both the officers and the marines, mingling wine in bowls, made libations from vessels of gold and silver. The multitude of citizens and other well-wishers who were looking on from the land joined in the prayer. The crews ra\nmod000019.xml|130|retly, if not openly, to assist us. If willing to help, of all existing states they are the best able; for they have abundance of gold and silver, and these make war, like other things, go smoothly. Let us also send to the Lacedaemonians and Corinthians and entrea\nmod000019.xml|130| private entertainments to the crews of the triremes: on each of these occasions they produced, as their own, drinking-vessels of gold and silver not only collected in Egesta itself, but borrowed from the neighbouring towns, Phoenician as well as Hellenic. All of \nmod000019.xml|130|l,' etc. 59. Cp. iv. 66 init. 60. Cp. Herod. vi. 108. 61. Cp. iii. 33. 62. Cp. i. 55 med. 63. \u00a3160,000. 64. Cp. i. 44. 65. If the gold stater, about 16s. ; if the silver Athenian stater, about 2s. 8d.; if the silver Corinthian stater (didrachmon) (tetradrachmon), \nmod000019.xml|130|in., 5 med., 13 init.; viii. 5 init. 105. A small Chian coin of which the exact value is unknown: if it amounted to 1/40th of the gold stater (20 drachmae) it would be worth 3 obols, 4d.> 106. Inserting hou before pelagiai with Haacke, and most editors.> 107. Cp. \nmod000020.xml|130| I am well pleased. Let neither night nor day stop you from diligently performing any of your promises to me; neither for cost of gold nor of silver let them be hindered, nor yet for number of troops, wherever it may be that their presence is needed; but with Arta\nmod000020.xml|130|ey had been taken for the porch of the Acropolis, the other public buildings, and for Potidaea. This did not include the uncoined gold and silver in public and private offerings, the sacred vessels for the processions and games, the Median spoils, and similar reso\nmod000020.xml|130|re by no means inconsiderable, and might fairly be used. Nay, if they were ever absolutely driven to it, they might take even the gold ornaments of Athene herself; for the statue contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable. This might be used for\nmod000020.xml|130|bsolutely driven to it, they might take even the gold ornaments of Athene herself; for the statue contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable. This might be used for self-preservation, and must every penny of it be restored. Such was their financ\nmod000020.xml|130|ught in under Seuthes, the successor of Sitalces, who raised it to its greatest height, amounted to about four hundred talents in gold and silver. There were also presents in gold and silver to a no less amount, besides stuff, plain and embroidered, and other arti\nmod000020.xml|130|ces, who raised it to its greatest height, amounted to about four hundred talents in gold and silver. There were also presents in gold and silver to a no less amount, besides stuff, plain and embroidered, and other articles, made not only for the king, but also fo\nmod000020.xml|130|anwhile Brasidas, afraid of succours arriving by sea from Thasos, and learning that Thucydides possessed the right of working the gold mines in that part of Thrace, and had thus great influence with the inhabitants of the continent, hastened to gain the town, if p\nmod000020.xml|130|termined on a vigorous conduct of the war, and welcomed Brasidas with all possible honours, publicly crowning him with a crown of gold as the liberator of Hellas; while private persons crowded round him and decked him with garlands as though he had been an athlete\nmod000020.xml|130|oice of a herald; and bowls of wine were mixed through all the armament, and libations made by the soldiers and their officers in gold and silver goblets. In their prayers joined also the crowds on shore, the citizens and all others that wished them well. The hymn\nmod000020.xml|130|nly, in one way if not in another. They are the best able to do so, if they will, of any of the present day, as they possess most gold and silver, by which war, like everything else, flourishes. Let us also send to Lacedaemon and Corinth, and ask them to come here\nmod000020.xml|130|te out of proportion to their really small value. They also privately entertained the ships' crews, and collected all the cups of gold and silver that they could find in Egesta itself or could borrow in the neighbouring Phoenician and Hellenic towns, and each brou\nmod000023.xml|130| night nor day make thee remiss in the performance of what thou hast promised unto me. Neither be thou hindered by the expense of gold and silver or multitude of soldiers requisite, whithersoever it be needful to have them come. But with Artabazus, a good man whom\nmod000023.xml|130| expended upon the gate-houses of the citadel and upon other buildings and for the charges of Potidaea) [4] \u2018besides the uncoined gold and silver of private and public offerings, and all the dedicated vessels belonging to the shows and games, and the spoils of the\nmod000023.xml|130| temples without the city which they might use; and if they were barred the use of all these, they might yet use the ornaments of gold about the goddess herself\u2019; and said that \u2018the image had about it the weight of forty talents of most pure gold and which might a\nmod000023.xml|130| the ornaments of gold about the goddess herself\u2019; and said that \u2018the image had about it the weight of forty talents of most pure gold and which might all be taken off; but having made use of it for their safety,\u2019 he said, \u2018they were to make restitution of the lik\nmod000023.xml|130|arian nations and from the cities of Greece, in the reign of Seuthes (who reigned after Sitalces and made the most of it), was in gold and silver, by estimation, four hundred talents by year. And presents of gold and silver came to as much more, besides vestures, \nmod000023.xml|130|ned after Sitalces and made the most of it), was in gold and silver, by estimation, four hundred talents by year. And presents of gold and silver came to as much more, besides vestures, both wrought and plain, and other furniture presented not only to him but also\nmod000023.xml|130|he meantime, fearing the aid of the galleys to come from Thasos, and having also been informed that Thucydides possessed mines of gold in the parts of Thrace thereabouts, and was thereby of ability amongst the principal men of the continent, hasted by all means to\nmod000023.xml|130|entertained a purpose stoutly to undergo the war; and received Brasidas both otherwise honourably and crowned him with a crown of gold, in the name of the city, as the deliverer of Greece. And private persons honoured him with garlands and came to him as they use \nmod000023.xml|130|or openly or some way assist us. And of all that now are, they are the best able to do it, if they please. For they have the most gold and silver, by which the wars and all things else are the best expedited. [3] Let us also send to Lacedaemon and to Corinth, pray\nmod000023.xml|130|r true value in money. Then they feasted such as came with them in their private houses, and at those feastings exhibited all the gold and silver vessels they could get together, either in the city of Egesta itself, or could borrow in other as well Phoenician as G\nmod000023.xml|130|he Chersonnesus of Thrace; over which also he reigned. In Thrace lay also the possessions of Thucydides, and his wealthy mines of gold: as he himself professeth in his fourth book. And although those riches might come to him by a wife (as is also by some affirmed)\nmod000027.xml|130|that they must necessarily be hard, or come from a soil which produces thermal waters, such as those having iron, copper, silver, gold, sulphur, alum, bitumen, or nitre (soda) in them; for all these are formed by the force of heat. Good waters cannot proceed from \nmod000029.xml|130|are from rocks--for they must be hard--or from earth where there are hot waters, or iron is to be found, or copper, or silver, or gold, or sulphur, or alum, or bitumen, or soda. For all these result from the violence of the heat. So from such earth good waters can\nmod000044.xml|130|the character of decisions that can be modified. 26 Marx refers to the Semitic text in Psalm I15:4-6: \"Their idols are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have mouths, but they speak not: eyes have they, but they see not: They have ears, but they hear n\nmod000045.xml|130|ent many offerings to Delphi : there are very many silver offerings of his there; and besides the silver, he dedicated a hoard of gold, among which six golden bowls are the offerings especially worthy of mention.> These weigh thirty talents> and stand in the treas\nmod000045.xml|130|royal seat on which he sat to give judgment, and a marvellous seat it is. It is set in the same place as the bowls of Gyges. This gold and the silver offered by Gyges is called by the Delphians \u201cGygian\u201d after its dedicator.> As soon as Gyges came to the throne, he\nmod000045.xml|130|rifices. He offered up three thousand beasts from all the kinds fit for sacrifice, and on a great pyre burnt couches covered with gold and silver, golden goblets, and purple cloaks and tunics; by these means he hoped the better to win the aid of the god, to whom h\nmod000045.xml|130| to whom he also commanded that every Lydian sacrifice what he could. When the sacrifice was over, he melted down a vast store of gold and made ingots of it, the longer sides of which were of six and the shorter of three palms' length, and the height was one palm.\nmod000045.xml|130|er of three palms' length, and the height was one palm. There were a hundred and seventeen of these. Four of them were of refined gold, each weighing two talents and a half; the rest were of gold with silver alloy, each of two talents' weight.> He also had a figur\nmod000045.xml|130| were a hundred and seventeen of these. Four of them were of refined gold, each weighing two talents and a half; the rest were of gold with silver alloy, each of two talents' weight.> He also had a figure of a lion made of refined gold, weighing ten talents. When \nmod000045.xml|130| and a half; the rest were of gold with silver alloy, each of two talents' weight. He also had a figure of a lion made of refined gold, weighing ten talents. When the temple of Delphi was burnt, this lion fell from the ingots which were the base on which it stood;\nmod000045.xml|130|nts. When these offerings were ready, Croesus sent them to Delphi, with other gifts besides: namely, two very large bowls, one of gold and one of silver. The golden bowl stood to the right, the silver to the left of the temple entrance.> These too were removed abo\nmod000045.xml|130|ver, Croesus sent four silver casks, which stand in the treasury of the Corinthians, and dedicated two sprinkling-vessels, one of gold, one of silver. The golden vessel bears the inscription \u201cGiven by the Lacedaemonians,\u201d who claim it as their offering. But they a\nmod000045.xml|130| the gifts which he sent to Delphi. To Amphiaraus, of whose courage and fate he had heard, he dedicated a shield made entirely of gold and a spear all of solid gold, point and shaft alike. Both of these were until my time at Thebes, in the Theban temple of Ismenia\nmod000045.xml|130|lphi. To Amphiaraus, of whose courage and fate he had heard, he dedicated a shield made entirely of gold and a spear all of solid gold, point and shaft alike. Both of these were until my time at Thebes, in the Theban temple of Ismenian Apollo.> The Lydians who wer\nmod000045.xml|130| would destroy the kingdom of Cyrus, he sent once again to Pytho and endowed the Delphians, whose number he had learned, with two gold staters> apiece.> The Delphians, in return, gave Croesus and all Lydians the right of first consulting the oracle, exemption from\nmod000045.xml|130|y were obliged by certain benefits which they had received before from the king. For the Lacedaemonians had sent to Sardis to buy gold, intending to use it for the statue of Apollo which now stands on Thornax > in Laconia ; and Croesus, when they offered to buy it\nmod000045.xml|130|m, shaved their heads ever after and made a law, with a curse added to it, that no Argive grow his hair, and no Argive woman wear gold, until they recovered Thyreae;> and the Lacedaemonians made a contrary law, that they wear their hair long ever after; for until \nmod000045.xml|130|poken. There is a golden tripod at Thebes in Boeotia, which he dedicated to Apollo of Ismenus; at Ephesus   there are the oxen of gold and the greater part of the pillars; and in the temple of Proneia at Delphi, a golden shield.> All these survived to my lifetime;\nmod000045.xml|130|ay of Croesus' offerings. There are not many marvellous things in Lydia to record, in comparison with other countries, except the gold dust that comes down from Tmolus.> But there is one building to be seen there which is much the greatest of all, except those of \nmod000045.xml|130| the Greeks, except that they make prostitutes of their female children. They were the first men whom we know who coined and used gold and silver currency; and they were the first to sell by retail.> And, according to what they themselves say, the games now in use\nmod000045.xml|130|e circles are painted with colors; and the battlements of the last two circles are coated, the one with silver and the other with gold.> Deioces built these walls for himself and around his own quarters, and he ordered the people to dwell outside the wall. And whe\nmod000045.xml|130|ole house was full of weeping; astonished, I went in; and immediately I saw a child lying there struggling and crying, adorned in gold and embroidered clothing. And when Harpagus saw me, he told me to take the child in haste and bring it away and leave it where th\nmod000045.xml|130| to be the child of one of the servants; for I could never have guessed whose he was. But I was amazed at seeing him adorned with gold and clothing, and at hearing, too, the evident sound of weeping in the house of Harpagus. Very soon on the way I learned the whol\nmod000045.xml|130|t of any kind. Presently, entrusting Sardis to a Persian called Tabalus, and instructing Pactyes, a Lydian, to take charge of the gold of Croesus and the Lydians, he himself marched away to Ecbatana, taking Croesus with him, and at first taking no notice of the Io\nmod000045.xml|130|ay from Sardis than Pactyes made the Lydians revolt from Tabalus and Cyrus; and he went down to the sea, where, as he had all the gold of Sardis, he hired soldiers and persuaded the men of the coast to join his undertaking. Then, marching to Sardis, he penned Taba\nmod000045.xml|130|ine below, where there is a great golden image of Zeus, sitting at a great golden table, and the footstool and the chair are also gold; the gold of the whole was said by the Chaldeans to be eight hundred talents' weight. Outside the temple is a golden altar. There\nmod000045.xml|130| where there is a great golden image of Zeus, sitting at a great golden table, and the footstool and the chair are also gold; the gold of the whole was said by the Chaldeans to be eight hundred talents' weight. Outside the temple is a golden altar. There is also a\nmod000045.xml|130|rly, when they keep the festival of this god; and in the days of Cyrus there was still in this sacred enclosure a statue of solid gold twenty feet high.> I myself have not seen it, but I relate what is told by the Chaldeans. Darius son of Hystaspes proposed to tak\nmod000045.xml|130|y and infantry (having some of each kind), and spearmen and archers; and it is their custom to carry battle-axes. They always use gold and bronze; all their spear-points and arrow-heads and battle-axes are bronze and the adornment of their headgear and belts and g\nmod000045.xml|130|e; all their spear-points and arrow-heads and battle-axes are bronze and the adornment of their headgear and belts and girdles is gold. They equip their horses similarly, protecting their chests with bronze breastplates and putting gold on reins, bits, and cheekpl\nmod000045.xml|130|ar and belts and girdles is gold. They equip their horses similarly, protecting their chests with bronze breastplates and putting gold on reins, bits, and cheekplates. But they never use iron and silver, for there is none at all in their country, but gold and bron\nmod000045.xml|130| putting gold on reins, bits, and cheekplates. But they never use iron and silver, for there is none at all in their country, but gold and bronze abound.> Now for their customs: each man marries a wife, but the wives are common to all. The Greeks say this is a Scy\nmod000045.xml|130|ere was a holy temple of Heracles. There I saw it, richly equipped with many other offerings, besides two pillars, one of refined gold, one of emerald: a great pillar that shone at night; and in conversation with the priests, I asked how long it was since their te\nmod000045.xml|130| lake Moeris consider them very sacred. Every household raises one crocodile, trained to be tame; they put ornaments of glass and gold on its ears and bracelets on its forefeet, provide special food and offerings for it, and give the creatures the best of treatmen\nmod000045.xml|130|in my day. As for the cow, it is covered with a purple robe, only the head and neck exposed, encrusted with a very thick layer of gold. Between the horns is the golden figure of the sun's orb.> It does not stand, but kneels; it is as big as a live cow of great siz\nmod000045.xml|130|ies, all that was left of that family, quite tall and pretty, and her name was Nitetis; this girl Amasis adorned with clothes and gold and sent to Cambyses as his own daughter.> But after a time, as he embraced her addressing her as the daughter of Amasis, the gir\nmod000045.xml|130|ephantine at Cambyses' summons, he sent them to Ethiopia, with orders what to say, and bearing as gifts a red cloak and a twisted gold necklace and bracelets and an alabaster box of incense and an earthenware jar of palm wine. These Ethiopians, to whom Cambyses se\nmod000045.xml|130|r and the process of dyeing, he said that both the men and their garments were full of deceit. Next he inquired about the twisted gold necklace and the bracelets; and when the Fish-eaters told him how they were made, the king smiled, and, thinking them to be fette\nmod000045.xml|130|akes the people long-lived. When they left the spring, the king led them to a prison where all the men were bound with fetters of gold. Among these Ethiopians there is nothing so scarce and so precious as bronze. Then, having seen the prison, they saw what is call\nmod000045.xml|130|rates considered which of his treasures it would most grieve his soul to lose, and came to this conclusion: he wore a seal set in gold, an emerald, crafted by Theodorus son of Telecles of Samos ;> being resolved to cast this away, he embarked in a fifty-oared ship\nmod000045.xml|130|em as a gift. This breastplate had been stolen by the Samians in the year before they took the bowl; it was of linen, decked with gold and cotton embroidery, and embroidered with many figures;> but what makes it worthy of wonder is that each thread of the breastpl\nmod000045.xml|130| they were in need of money; and the Siphnians were at this time very prosperous and the richest of the islanders, because of the gold and silver mines on the island. They were so wealthy that the treasure dedicated by them at Delphi, which is as rich as any there\nmod000045.xml|130|ich were paid him yearly. Those that paid in silver were required to render the weight of a Babylonian talent; those that paid in gold, of a Euboic talent; the Babylonian talent being equal to seventy-eight Euboic minae.> In the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses after \nmod000045.xml|130|n any nation of which we know, and they paid a greater tribute than any other province, namely three hundred and sixty talents of gold dust.> Now if these Babylonian silver talents be calculated in Euboic money, the sum is seen to be nine thousand eight hundred an\nmod000045.xml|130|ilver talents be calculated in Euboic money, the sum is seen to be nine thousand eight hundred and eighty Euboic talents: and the gold coin being thirteen times the value of the silver, the gold-dust is found to be worth four thousand six hundred and eighty Euboic\nmod000045.xml|130| to be nine thousand eight hundred and eighty Euboic talents: and the gold coin being thirteen times the value of the silver, the gold-dust is found to be worth four thousand six hundred and eighty Euboic talents. Therefore it is seen by adding all together that D\nmod000045.xml|130|llantiae, and they live underground. These together brought every other year and still bring a gift of two choenixes of unrefined gold, two hundred blocks of ebony, five Ethiopian boys, and twenty great elephants' tusks.> Gifts were also required of the Colchians \nmod000045.xml|130|ents' weight of frankincense yearly. Such were the gifts of these peoples to the king, besides the tribute. All this abundance of gold, from which the Indians send the aforementioned gold-dust to the king, they obtain in the following way.> To the east of the Indi\nmod000045.xml|130|fts of these peoples to the king, besides the tribute. All this abundance of gold, from which the Indians send the aforementioned gold-dust to the king, they obtain in the following way.> To the east of the Indian country is sand. Of all the people of Asia whom we\nmod000045.xml|130|f the rest of India; these live like the Bactrians; they are of all Indians the most warlike, and it is they who are sent for the gold; for in these parts all is desolate because of the sand.> In this sandy desert are ants,> not as big as dogs but bigger than foxe\nmod000045.xml|130| same way as the ants in Greece, to which they are very similar in shape, and the sand which they carry from the holes is full of gold.> It is for this sand that the Indians set forth into the desert. They harness three camels apiece, males on either side sharing \nmod000045.xml|130|oints; its genitals are turned towards the tail between the hindlegs. Thus and with teams so harnessed the Indians ride after the gold, being careful to be engaged in taking it when the heat is greatest; for the ants are then out of sight underground.> Now in thes\nmod000045.xml|130|begin to lag, one at a time; the mares never tire, for they remember the young that they have left. Such is the tale. Most of the gold (say the Persians) is got in this way by the Indians; they dig some from mines in their country, too, but it is less abundant.> T\nmod000045.xml|130| much bigger than those of other lands, except the horses, which are smaller than the Median horses called Nesaean; moreover, the gold there, whether dug from the earth or brought down by rivers or got as I have described, is very abundant.> There, too, wool more \nmod000045.xml|130|t broad. Where south inclines westwards, the part of the world stretching farthest towards the sunset is Ethiopia ; this produces gold in abundance, and huge elephants, and all sorts of wild trees, and ebony, and the tallest and handsomest and longest-lived people\nmod000045.xml|130|rope. All we know is that our tin and amber come from the most distant parts. But in the north of Europe there is by far the most gold. In this matter again I cannot say with assurance how the gold is produced, but it is said that one-eyed men called Arimaspians s\nmod000045.xml|130|distant parts. But in the north of Europe there is by far the most gold. In this matter again I cannot say with assurance how the gold is produced, but it is said that one-eyed men called Arimaspians steal it from griffins.> But I do not believe this, that there a\nmod000045.xml|130|d that an inspection was imminent, he filled eight chests with stones, leaving only a very shallow space at the top; then he laid gold on top of the stones, locked the chests, and kept them ready. Maeandrius came and saw, and brought word back to his master.> Poly\nmod000045.xml|130|d the women that this was the man who had given the king his life back. Each of them took a bowl and dipped it in a chest full of gold, so richly rewarding Democedes that the servant accompanying him, whose name was Sciton, collected a very great sum of gold by pi\nmod000045.xml|130|ll of gold, so richly rewarding Democedes that the servant accompanying him, whose name was Sciton, collected a very great sum of gold by picking up the staters that fell from the bowls.> Now this is how Democedes had come from Croton to live with Polycrates: he w\nmod000045.xml|130| no power; and if it was a small one, I was none the less grateful then than I am now when I get a big one. In return, I give you gold and silver in abundance so you may never be sorry that you did Darius son of Hystaspes good.\u201d> Syloson answered, \u201cDo not give me \nmod000045.xml|130|d and silver in abundance so you may never be sorry that you did Darius son of Hystaspes good.\u201d Syloson answered, \u201cDo not give me gold, O king, or silver, but Samos, my country, which our slave has now that my brother Polycrates has been killed by Oroetes; give me\nmod000045.xml|130|ived there and brought up the possessions with which he had left his country, it became his habit to make a display of silver and gold drinking cups; while his servants were cleaning these, he would converse with the king of Sparta, Cleomenes son of Anaxandrides, \nmod000045.xml|130|f the three. In the time of their rule (the story goes) certain implements\u2014namely, a plough, a yoke, a sword, and a flask, all of gold\u2014fell down from the sky into Scythia. The eldest of them, seeing these, approached them meaning to take them; but the gold began t\nmod000045.xml|130| all of gold\u2014fell down from the sky into Scythia. The eldest of them, seeing these, approached them meaning to take them; but the gold began to burn as he neared, and he stopped.> Then the second approached, and the gold did as before. When these two had been driv\nmod000045.xml|130|pproached them meaning to take them; but the gold began to burn as he neared, and he stopped. Then the second approached, and the gold did as before. When these two had been driven back by the burning gold, the youngest brother approached and the burning stopped, \nmod000045.xml|130|eared, and he stopped. Then the second approached, and the gold did as before. When these two had been driven back by the burning gold, the youngest brother approached and the burning stopped, and he took the gold to his own house. In view of this, the elder broth\nmod000045.xml|130|When these two had been driven back by the burning gold, the youngest brother approached and the burning stopped, and he took the gold to his own house. In view of this, the elder brothers agreed to give all the royal power to the youngest.> Lipoxa\u00efs, it is said, \nmod000045.xml|130| in all passed from the time of their first king Targita\u00fcs to the entry of Darius into their country. The kings guard this sacred gold very closely, and every year offer solemn sacrifices of propitiation to it.> Whoever falls asleep at this festival in the open ai\nmod000045.xml|130|very year offer solemn sacrifices of propitiation to it. Whoever falls asleep at this festival in the open air, having the sacred gold with him, is said by the Scythians not to live out the year; for which reason> (they say) as much land as he can ride round in on\nmod000045.xml|130|the great size of the country, the lordships that Colaxa\u00efs established for his sons were three, one of which, where they keep the gold, was the greatest.> Above and north of the neighbors of their country no one (they say) can see or travel further, because of sho\nmod000045.xml|130| by Phoebus, visited the Issedones; beyond these (he said) live the one-eyed Arimaspians, beyond whom are the griffins that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreans, whose territory reaches to the sea.> Except for the Hyperboreans, all these nations (an\nmod000045.xml|130|e; but as for what is north of them, it is from the Issedones that the tale comes of the one-eyed men and the griffins that guard gold; this is told by the Scythians, who have heard it from them; and we have taken it as true from the Scythians, and call these peop\nmod000045.xml|130| the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war. The Agathyrsi are the most refined of men and especially given to wearing gold. Their intercourse with women is promiscuous, so that they may be consanguine with one another and, all being relations, not harb\nmod000045.xml|130| memorial of himself such as no king ever had, Aryandes imitated him, until he got his reward; for Darius had coined money out of gold refined to an extreme purity,> and Aryandes, then ruling Egypt, made a similar silver coinage; and now there is no silver money s\nmod000045.xml|130|inland; it is full of olives and vines. It is said that there is a lake on this island from which the maidens of the country draw gold-dust out of the mud on feathers smeared with pitch. I do not know whether this is true; I just write what is said. But all things\nmod000045.xml|130|ey go aboard their ships and light a smoking fire. The people of the country see the smoke, and, coming to the sea, they lay down gold to pay for the cargo, and withdraw from the wares.> Then the Carthaginians disembark and examine the gold; if it seems to them a \nmod000045.xml|130|o the sea, they lay down gold to pay for the cargo, and withdraw from the wares. Then the Carthaginians disembark and examine the gold; if it seems to them a fair price for their cargo, they take it and go away; but if not, they go back aboard and wait, and the pe\nmod000045.xml|130| price for their cargo, they take it and go away; but if not, they go back aboard and wait, and the people come back and add more gold until the sailors are satisfied.> In this transaction, it is said, neither party defrauds the other: the Carthaginians do not tou\nmod000045.xml|130| the sailors are satisfied. In this transaction, it is said, neither party defrauds the other: the Carthaginians do not touch the gold until it equals the value of their cargo, nor do the people touch the cargo until the sailors have taken the gold.> These are all\nmod000045.xml|130|o not touch the gold until it equals the value of their cargo, nor do the people touch the cargo until the sailors have taken the gold.> These are all the Libyans whom we can name, and the majority of their kings cared nothing for the king of the Medes at the time\nmod000045.xml|130|gly, they are easy to overcome. Furthermore, the inhabitants of that continent have more good things than all other men together, gold first but also silver, bronze, colored cloth, beasts of burden, and slaves. All this you can have to your heart's desire.> The la\nmod000045.xml|130|t fight with with Messenians, who are matched in strength with you, and Arcadians and Argives, men who have nothing in the way of gold or silver (for which things many are spurred by zeal to fight and die). Yet when you can readily be masters of all Asia, will you\nmod000045.xml|130|t from the city, came thronging into the marketplace and to the river Pactolus, which flows through the marketplace carrying down gold dust from Tmolus and issues into the river Hermus, which in turn issues into the sea. They assembled in the marketplace by this P\nmod000045.xml|130|es with stronger walls. Their revenue came from the mainland and from the mines. About eighty talents on average came in from the gold-mines of the \u201cDug Forest\u201d,> and less from the mines of Thasos itself, yet so much that the Thasians, paying no tax on their crops\nmod000045.xml|130| Lydians who visited the oracle of Alcmeon's benefits to him, he summoned Alcmeon to Sardis, and there made him a gift of as much gold as he could carry away at one time on his person.> Considering the nature of the gift, Alcmeon planned and employed this device: \nmod000045.xml|130| and put on the most spacious boots that he could find, then went into the treasury to which they led him. Falling upon a heap of gold-dust, first he packed next to his legs as much gold as his boots would contain; then he filled all the fold of his tunic with gol\nmod000045.xml|130|nd, then went into the treasury to which they led him. Falling upon a heap of gold-dust, first he packed next to his legs as much gold as his boots would contain; then he filled all the fold of his tunic with gold and strewed the dust among the hair of his head, a\nmod000045.xml|130|old-dust, first he packed next to his legs as much gold as his boots would contain; then he filled all the fold of his tunic with gold and strewed the dust among the hair of his head, and took more of it into his mouth; when he came out of the treasury, hardly dra\nmod000045.xml|130|a human being, with his mouth crammed full and all his body swollen. Croesus burst out laughing at the sight and gave him all the gold he already had and that much more again. Thus the family grew very rich; Alcmeon came to keep four-horse chariots and won with th\nmod000045.xml|130|uld make them rich if they followed him; he would bring them to a country from which they could easily carry away an abundance of gold; so he said when he asked for the ships. The Athenians were induced by these promises and granted his request. Miltiades took his\nmod000045.xml|130|se the better; the one which has been spoken must be followed. If they are spoken, the better can be found; just as the purity of gold cannot be determined by itself, but when gold is compared with gold by rubbing,> we then determine the better.> Now I advised Dar\nmod000045.xml|130|ust be followed. If they are spoken, the better can be found; just as the purity of gold cannot be determined by itself, but when gold is compared with gold by rubbing,> we then determine the better.> Now I advised Darius, your father and my brother, not to lead h\nmod000045.xml|130|ey are spoken, the better can be found; just as the purity of gold cannot be determined by itself, but when gold is compared with gold by rubbing,> we then determine the better.> Now I advised Darius, your father and my brother, not to lead his army against the Sc\nmod000045.xml|130|inquired into the matter, and my reckoning showed me that I had two thousand talents of silver, and four million Daric staters of gold,> lacking seven thousand.> All this I freely give to you; for myself, I have a sufficient livelihood from my slaves and my farms.\nmod000045.xml|130|us, where craftsmen make honey out of wheat and tamarisks. Xerxes went by this road and found a plane-tree, which he adorned with gold because of its beauty, and he assigned one of his immortals to guard it. On the next day he reached the city of the Lydians.> Aft\nmod000045.xml|130|nates. Those who held their spears reversed also carried golden pomegranates, and those following nearest to Xerxes had apples of gold. After the ten thousand came ten thousand Persian horsemen in array. After these there was a space of two stadia, and then the re\nmod000045.xml|130|, the son of Darius and Artystone daughter of Cyrus, whom Darius loved best of his wives; he had an image made of her of hammered gold.> The Ethiopians above Egypt and the Arabians had Arsames for commander, while the Ethiopians of the east> (for there were two ki\nmod000045.xml|130|, and they were the best men in the army. Their equipment was such as I have said; beyond this they stood out by the abundance of gold that they had. They also brought carriages bearing concubines and many well-equipped servants; camels and beasts of burden carrie\nmod000045.xml|130| a great pyre and slew his children and wife and concubines and servants and cast them into the fire; after that, he took all the gold and silver from the city and scattered it from the walls into the Strymon; after he had done this, he cast himself into the fire.\nmod000045.xml|130|eir walls, keeping on his right the great and high Pangaean range, where the Pierians and Odomanti and especially the Satrae have gold and silver mines.> Marching past the Paeonians, Doberes, and Paeoplae, who dwell beyond and northward of the Pangaean mountains,>\nmod000045.xml|130|beasts that money could buy, and kept landfowl and waterfowl in cages and ponds, for the entertaining of the army. They also made gold and silver cups and bowls and all manner of service for the table.> These things were provided for the king himself and those tha\nmod000045.xml|130|shipwreck proved useful to Ameinocles son of Cretines, a man of Magnesia who owned land around Sepia, for he later picked up many gold and silver cups cast up on shore, found the Persian treasures, and acquired other untold riches. Although he became very rich fro\nmod000045.xml|130| ignoble thing to be afraid, especially since we know the Athenian temper to be such that there is nowhere on earth such store of gold or such territory of surpassing fairness and excellence that the gift of it should win us to take the Persian part and enslave He\nmod000045.xml|130|ore, they could sit at their ease here and conclude the business by doing as follows: they could take the great store they had of gold, minted and other, and silver drinking-cups, and send all this to all places in Hellas without stint, excepting none, but especia\nmod000045.xml|130|th when he was general of the Athenians with Leagrus, son of Glaucon. He was killed at Datus  by the Edonians in a battle for the gold-mines.> Immediately after the Greeks had devastated the barbarians at Plataea, a woman, who was the concubine of Pharandates a Pe\nmod000045.xml|130|hem. She, learning that the Persians were ruined and the Greeks victorious, decked herself (as did also her attendants) with many gold ornaments and the fairest clothing that she had, and alighting thus from her carriage came to the Lacedaemonians while they were \nmod000045.xml|130|poils, and ordered the helots to gather all the stuff together. They, spreading all over the camp, found there tents adorned with gold and silver, and couches gilded and silver-plated, and golden bowls and cups and other drinking-vessels;> and sacks they found on \nmod000045.xml|130|ver-plated, and golden bowls and cups and other drinking-vessels; and sacks they found on wagons, in which were seen cauldrons of gold and silver. They stripped from the dead who lay there their armlets and torques, and golden daggers; as for the embroidered cloth\nmod000045.xml|130| but much they stole and sold to the Aeginetans. As a result the Aeginetans laid the foundation of their great fortunes by buying gold from the helots as though it were bronze.> Having brought all the loot together, they set apart a tithe for the god of Delphi. Fr\nmod000045.xml|130|hey had set all this apart, they divided what remained, and each received, according to his worth, concubines of the Persians and gold and silver, and all the rest of the stuff and the beasts of burden.> How much was set apart and given to those who had fought bes\nmod000045.xml|130|rxes fled from Hellas, he left to Mardonius his own establishment. Pausanias, seeing Mardonius' establishment with its display of gold and silver and gaily colored tapestry, ordered the bakers and the cooks to prepare a dinner such as they were accustomed to do fo\nmod000045.xml|130|med to do for Mardonius. They did his bidding, but Pausanias, when he saw golden and silver couches richly covered, and tables of gold and silver, and all the magnificent service of the banquet, was amazed at the splendor before him, and for a joke commanded his o\nmod000045.xml|130|t is said, Pausanias spoke to the generals of the Greeks. Long after these events many of the Plataeans also found chests full of gold and silver and other things.> Moreover, when their bodies (which the Plataeans gathered into one place) were laid bare of flesh, \nmod000045.xml|130| feared that Amestris might have clear proof of his doing what she already guessed. He accordingly offered her cities instead and gold in abundance and an army for none but herself to command. Armies are the most suitable of gifts in Persia. But as he could not mo\nmod000045.xml|130|here is at Elaeus in the Chersonesus the tomb of Protesilaus, and a precinct around it, which contained much treasure: vessels of gold and silver, bronze, clothing, and other dedications; all of which Artayctes carried off by the king's gift.> \u201cSire,\u201d he said dece\nmod000045.xml|130|t 15 oz. Troy weight. The Theophania was a festival at Delphi, at which the statues of gods were shown. The stater was the common gold coin of the Greek world. The value of Croesus' stater was probably about twenty-three shillings of our money.> > Deucalion and Py\nmod000045.xml|130|e is abundance of rain. In 570 B.C.; cp. Hdt. 2.161. According to the principle of division customary in a Dorian city state. The gold coins called \u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af are said to contain only 3 percent of alloy.> >The fruit of the Rhamnus Lotus, which grows in this part of \nmod000045.xml|130|he Persian ambassador addresses a Greek as \u03c7\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03ba\u03c4 *\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6. i.e. rubbing against the touchstone, which would be stained by pure gold.> >Cp. Hdt. 4.136 ff.> >The first seven names represent two parallel lines of descent from Teispes son of Achaemenes (except that\nmod000048.xml|130|er of their rich men only recently gave up the indulgence of wearing linen tunics and tying up their hair in a knot fastened with gold grasshoppers; from the influence of kinship, the same fashion lasted for a long time among Ionian elders. By contrast, it was the\nmod000048.xml|130|. Let neither night nor day cause you to slacken in carrying out your promises to me, nor let them be hindered for expenditure of gold or silver or for numbers of troops, wherever their presence is needed, but with the help of Artabazos, a good man I have sent to \nmod000048.xml|130| added the considerable amount from the other  sanctuaries. They would use these and, if they were absolutely compelled, even the gold plating of the goddess herself; he pointed out that the statue had forty talents' worth of refined gold, and it was all removable\nmod000048.xml|130|utely compelled, even the gold plating of the goddess herself; he pointed out that the statue had forty talents' worth of refined gold, and it was all removable. He said that if they used it for their safety they were bound to restore no less an amount. And there \nmod000048.xml|130|king after Sitalkes actually extended the kingdom farthest, was in value about four hundred talents of silver, which were paid in gold and silver, and gifts of both gold and silver worth just as much as that contributed, apart from all the embroidered and plain ga\nmod000048.xml|130|ed the kingdom farthest, was in value about four hundred talents of silver, which were paid in gold and silver, and gifts of both gold and silver worth just as much as that contributed, apart from all the embroidered and plain garments and other furnishings, not o\nmod000048.xml|130|e, fearing the help coming from the ships from Thasos, also because he had learned that Thucydides owned the right of working the gold mines in that part of Thrace and accordingly had influence among the leading men on the mainland, redoubled his efforts to take o\nmod000048.xml|130|tion to resolving to support the war enthusiastically they gave Brasidas a warm reception in every respect, publicly by setting a gold crown on his head as liberator of Hellas, personally by covering him with wreaths and fillets and approaching him as though he we\nmod000048.xml|130|ut following a herald in unison, sending bowls of wine around the whole army as the marines and commanders poured a libation from gold and silver cups. The rest of the crowd on land also joined in the prayers, both citizens and everyone else on hand who wished the\nmod000048.xml|130|enly, or in one fashion anyway. Once they are willing, they have greater means than anyone else at present; they possess the most gold and silver, by which war like everything else is sustained. And let us also send to Lacedaemon and Corinth urging them to send he\nmod000048.xml|130|ces behind them, presented amuch more impressive appearance, and when they offered the ships' crews entertainment, they collected gold and silver cups from both Egesta itself and the cities nearby, both Phoenician and Hellenic, and at each banquet used as their ow\nmod000048.xml|130|of Oloros, he tells us that he was a general in 424, stationed at Thasos, off the coast of Thrace (where he had rights to working gold mines there and, consequently, great influence with the locals), when he received orders to relieve the Athenians defending Amphi\nmod000048.xml|130|married into this family in the late sixth century.12 The Philaidai's long-term interests in Thrace would account for Thucydides' gold-mining rights there. The Philaidai were politically conservative as well as wealthy, and it has been maintained that Thucydides \"\nmod000048.xml|130|ong controversy over the financial amounts recorded by Thucydides, see Hornblower ad 2.13.3 and Kallet-Marx 1993, pp. 96-108; the gold of the Athena Parthenos actually was removed, but in 296/ 5 B.C.E.> >For an interesting note on the removal ofwoodwork, see Hornb\nmod000048.xml|130|tached to Athens, or even Greece. \"Chian fortieths\": Hardwick 1992 explains these as silver coins worth one fortieth of a Persian gold daric (see 8.28).> >On the problems of the text, see HCTV ad 8.102.2.> >8.106. \"The Kynossema\": \"Tomb of the Bitch,\" i.e., Hecuba\nmod000058.xml|130|nd a sea route to the East Indies. The new products imported from America and the Indies and particularly the large quantities of gold and silver which came into circulation completely changed the position of classes toward each other and dealt a hard blow to feud\nmod000058.xml|130|er discussion the relationships of the nations to one another took on two different forms. In the beginning the small quantity of gold and silver in circulation brought about the ban on the export of these metals. Industry, mostly imported from abroad and needed t\nmod000058.xml|130| from levies later imposed by towns as the most convenient method of raising money for their treasury. The appearance of American gold and silver on the European markets, the gradual development of industry, the rapid expansion of trade, and the consequent rise of\nmod000058.xml|130|ures a different significance. Being from day to day less able to do without money, the state now upheld the ban on the export of gold and silver for fiscal reasons. The bourgeois for whom these masses of money on the market became the chief object of speculation \nmod000058.xml|130|ourgeois. Cf. Adam Smith [The 1tealth of Nations]. This period is also characterized by the cancellation of bans on the export of gold and silver, and the beginning of trade in money; by banks, national debts, paper money, speculation in stocks and shares, and job\nmod000058.xml|130| he lives in the times of the ancient Pharaohs and daily bemoans the hard labour that he must perform in the Ethiopian mines as a gold digger, immured in this subterranean prison, a dimly burning lamp fastened to his head, the overseer of the slaves behind him wit\nmod000058.xml|130|speak no common language. \"And all this is expected of me,\" sighs the mad Englishman, \"of me, a freeborn Briton, in order to make gold for the old Pharaohs.\" \"In order to pay the debts of the Bonaparte family,\" sighs the French nation. The Englishman, so long as h\nmod000058.xml|130|ily,\" sighs the French nation. The Englishman, so long as he was in his right mind, could not get rid of the fixed idea of making gold. The French, so long as they were engaged in revolution, could not get rid of the memory of Napoleon, as the election of December\nmod000058.xml|130|on of bourgeois society, and finally the new stage of development which this society seemed to have entered with the discovery of gold in California and Australia, induced me to start again from the very beginning and to work carefully through the new material. Th\nmod000058.xml|130|consider the matter more closely. A given commodity, a quarter of wheat for example, is exchanged for x boot-polish, y silk, or z gold, etc. In short, it is exchanged for other commodities in the most diverse proportions. Therefore the wheat has many exchange valu\nmod000058.xml|130|ties in the most diverse proportions. Therefore the wheat has many exchange values instead of one. But x boot-polish, y silk or z gold, etc., each represent the exchange-value of one quarter of wheat. Therefore x boot-polish, y silk, z gold, etc., must, as exchang\nmod000058.xml|130|oot-polish, y silk or z gold, etc., each represent the exchange-value of one quarter of wheat. Therefore x boot-polish, y silk, z gold, etc., must, as exchange-values, be mutually replaceable or of identical magnitude. It follows from this that, firstly, the valid\nmod000058.xml|130|s, on an average, a great deal of labour-time. Consequently much labour is represented in a small volume. Jacob questions whether gold has ever been paid for at its full value. This applies still more to diamonds. According to Eschwege, the total produce of the Br\nmod000058.xml|130|tomary stability, they appear to result from the nature of the products, so that, for instance, one ton of iron and two ounces of gold appear to be equal in value, in the same way as a pound of gold and a pound of iron are equal in weight, despite their different \nmod000058.xml|130|roducts, so that, for instance, one ton of iron and two ounces of gold appear to be equal in value, in the same way as a pound of gold and a pound of iron are equal in weight, despite their different physical and chemical properties. The value character of the pro\nmod000058.xml|130| is self-evident. Nevertheless, when the producers of coats and boots bring these commodities into a relation with linen, or with gold or silver (and this makes no difference here), as the universal equivalent, the relation between their own private labour and the\nmod000058.xml|130|f simplicity vanishes. Where did the illusions of the Monetary System come from? The adherents of the Monetary System did not see gold and silver as representing money as a social relation of production, but in the > form of natural objects with peculiar social pr\nmod000058.xml|130|e social function of a universal equivalent. Those commodities are the precious metals. The truth of the statement that 'although gold and silver are not by nature money, money is by nature gold and silver,'35 is shown by the appropriateness of their natural prope\nmod000058.xml|130|es are the precious metals. The truth of the statement that 'although gold and silver are not by nature money, money is by nature gold and silver,'35 is shown by the appropriateness of their natural properties for the functions of money.36 So far, however, we are \nmod000058.xml|130|ossess these properties by nature. The money commodity acquires a dual use-value. Alongside its special use-value as a commodity (gold, for instance, serves to fill hollow teeth, it forms the raw material for luxury articles, etc.) it acquires a formal usevalue, a\nmod000058.xml|130|ue but its specific value-form. Confusion between these two attributes has misled some writers into maintaining that the value of gold and silver is imaginary.39 The fact that money can, in certain functions, be replaced by mere symbols of itself, gave rise to ano\nmod000058.xml|130| equivalent form of a commodity does not imply that the magnitude of its value can be determined. Therefore, even if we know that gold is money, and consequently directly exchangeable with all other commodities, this still does not tell us how much 1Olb. of gold i\nmod000058.xml|130|t gold is money, and consequently directly exchangeable with all other commodities, this still does not tell us how much 1Olb. of gold is worth, for instance. Money, like every other commodity, cannot express the magnitude of its value except relatively in other c\nmod000058.xml|130|-configuration ready to hand, in the form of a physical commodity existing outside but also alongside them. This physical object, gold or silver in its crude state, becomes, immediately on its emergence from the bowels of the earth, the direct incarnation of all h\nmod000058.xml|130|the sale, the linen plays these two parts in its own person. But then it goes the way of all flesh, enters the chrysalis state as gold, and thereby simultaneously completes the first metamorphosis of a third commodity. Hence the circuit made by one commodity in th\nmod000058.xml|130|s to the value of 2 shillings. If then, twenty-four hours of labour, or two working days, are required to produce the quantity of gold represented by 12 shillings, it follows first of all that two days of labour are objectified in the yarn.> We should not let ours\nmod000058.xml|130|ce, during the spinning process, the cotton absorbs 6 hours of labour. The same quantity of labour is also embodied in a piece of gold of the value of 3 shillings. A value of 3 shillings, therefore, is added to the cotton by the labour of spinning.> Let us now con\nmod000058.xml|130|ndle, and half a day was absorbed during the process of spinning. This two and a half days of labour is represented by a piece of gold of the value of 15 shillings. Hence 15 shillings is an adequate price for the 10 lb. of yarn, and the price of 1lb is 1s. 6d.> Ou\nmod000058.xml|130|on and the lost steel of the spindle, the remaining day has been absorbed by the cotton during the spinning process. Expressed in gold, the labour of five days is 30 shillings. This is therefore the price of the 20 lb. of yarn, giving, as before, ls. 6d. as the pr\nmod000058.xml|130|rk cited above [English translation, pp. 153-7]. 37. 'Money is the universal commodity' (Verri, op. cit., p. 16). 38. 'Silver and gold themselves, which we may call by the general name of Bullion, are ... commodities ... rising and falling in ...value ... Bullion \nmod000058.xml|130| Notions of Money, Trade, and Exchange, as They Stand in Relations to Each Other. By a Merchant, London, 1695, p. 7). 'Silver and gold, coined or uncoined, tho' they are used for a measure of all other things, are no less a commodity than wine, oyl, tobacco, cloth\nmod000058.xml|130|f the East-Indies etc., London, 1689, p. 2). 'The stock and riches of the kingdom cannot properly be confined to money, nor ought gold and silver to be excluded from being merchandize' (T. Papillon, The East-India Trade a Most Profitable Trade, London, 1677, p. 4)\nmod000059.xml|130| first English colony. Emigrants arrived there in 1607. Europe, at this time, was still singularly preoccupied with the idea that gold and silver mines consituted the riches of peoples: a disastrous idea that has done more to impoverish the European nations that h\nmod000059.xml|130| nations that have abandoned themselves to it, and destroyed more men in America, than war and all bad laws together. It was thus gold seekers who were sent to Virginia,1 men without resources and manners, whose restless and turbulent spirit troubled the infancy o\nmod000059.xml|130|is son is excluded from the school where the descendent of Europeans comes to learn. In the theaters, he cannot, for the price of gold, buy the right to take his place beside his former master. In the hospitals, he sleeps separately. The black is allowed to pray t\nmod000059.xml|130|wn in 1609 contained among other clauses one according to which the colonists would pay the crown one-fifth of the product of the gold and silver mines. See The Life of Washington, by Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 18\u201366. > > 2. A large portion of the new colonists, says S\nmod000080.xml|130|or.\u201d [37] Speaking of Briseis, Achilles clearly distinguishes between things he receives and his portion of honor: And it is more gold, more red bronze, well-formed women, and grey iron that I take for myself, as so many things I have received; but as for my own p\nmod000081.xml|130|ult have different sorts of excellence; the most honored [and hence most excellent] possession is the one worth most\u2014for example, gold\u2014but the most honored result is the one that is great and fine, since that is what is admirable to behold.* Now what is magnificen\nmod000081.xml|130|it is right [and hence excellent] to do.*  \u00a77 And if someone gives away what is his own, as Homer says Glau- cus gave to Diomede \u2018gold for bronze, a hundred cows\u2019 worth for nine cows\u2019 worth\u2019,* he does not suffer injustice. For it is up to him to give them, whereas\nmod000081.xml|130| kind; for a horse, a dog, and a human being have different pleasures, and, as Hera- cleitus says, an ass would choose chaff over gold, since asses find food more pleasant than gold.* Hence animals that differ in species also have pleasures that differ in species;\nmod000081.xml|130|ve different pleasures, and, as Hera- cleitus says, an ass would choose chaff over gold, since asses find food more pleasant than gold.* Hence animals that differ in species also have pleasures that differ in species; and it would be reasonable for animals of the \nmod000081.xml|130|8. The function of a given kind of animal determines the proper activ- ity and the proper pleasure.  \u00a78 as Heracleitus . . . than gold: DK 22 B 9. >  (c) \u00a79\u201311. The human function determines the proper human pleasure, measured by reference to the virtuous person. \nmod000082.xml|130|on all continents that resulted from this? The discovery of lands so much vaster than Europe! The conquest of coasts abounding in gold, silver, gems, spices, and death! Men put into mines, slave-mills, subjection to vice, be it by conversion or by cultivation! Eur\nmod000082.xml|130|o among my brothers enjoyed privilege before he existed? And if the purpose and harmony of the household demanded that he be made gold, I a clay pot\u2014I but a clay pot, too, in my purpose, sound, duration, feeling, and competence\u2014then is it for me to challenge the c\nmod000082.xml|130|ool if he donned a small laurel wreath rather than a green Jewish skullcap,11 if he took the judge\u2019s seat rather than seeking out gold  > > > mines and church riches so long as nobody was watching? If one abandoned the word fatherland, many quiet and noble deeds o\nmod000082.xml|130|hilosophy of History, 31, 32, 103; The Influence of Free Legislation, 308, 311, 315, etc.).    43. From 1745 on, certain Prussian gold coins depicted the state\u2019s eagle, together with the sun as a symbol of absolute authority, surrounded by various constellations o\nmod000084.xml|130| of the German total \u2013 but in less than fifteen years there are expected to be 20 million.59 The big international names are in a gold-rush type of fever, Volkswagen-Shanghai alone expecting to supply a third of all new cars. General Motors, Chrysler, Mercedes-Ben\nmod000084.xml|130|cipating currencies had been pegged to the dollar, while the US bank of issue had for its part guaranteed to exchange dollars for gold. At the same time, currency dealing was subject to official controls, so that in most countries permission was required for the e\nmod000084.xml|130|ody\u2019s Investors Service, the world\u2019s largest and the most in demand. Above the doorway, a huge 12 \u2013square-metre relief covered in gold leaf explains the company\u2019s philosophy and interests: commercial credit is the invention of the modern world, and only the enligh\nmod000084.xml|130|r countries to give willing support. Information about a Negara operation, if obtained at the right time, was worth its weight in gold. \u2018If they\u2019d tried that at any of the world\u2019s organized exchanges,\u2019 a leading Fed official commented on such manipulation of the m\nmod000085.xml|130|esus was overjoyed at this reply, confident that he would destroy the power of Cyrus. He bestowed further presents on Delphi, two gold staters for every citizen, having first inquired how many there were. In return the Delphians granted to Croesus and to all Lydia\nmod000085.xml|130|o wear their hair long, began cutting it short and made a vow that no Argive man should wear long hair, nor any Argive woman wear gold jewelry, until Thyreae was reclaimed. Meanwhile the Spartans did the opposite: They began wearing their hair long, which had not \nmod000085.xml|130|entirety before. [1.93] The country of the Lydians has few remarkable features in comparison with other countries, except for the gold dust carried down by the river from Tmolus. It does, however, show the greatest work of human hands except for those wrought by t\nmod000085.xml|130|s not unlike our own, except for the prostitution of their daughters. They were the first people we   know of to adopt silver and gold coinage28 and to engage in trade, and they also claim to have invented the games now played by them and the Greeks. This inventio\nmod000085.xml|130|rmost circle are colored white, the next black, the third crimson, the fourth blue, the fifth orange, and the next two silver and gold. In this way Deioces walled in himself and his own palace, while ordering the people to dwell outside the inner wall.> When the w\nmod000085.xml|130|re household of Harpagus is a scene of sorrow. I entered in dismay. There was a baby lying there, kicking and howling, dressed in gold and brightly colored garments. On seeing me, Harpagus told me to take the child and carry it off in haste and expose it to the wi\nmod000085.xml|130|disobey. I took the child and went off with it, thinking that it belonged to one of the servants. Although I was surprised at the gold and expensive clothes and the wailing in Harpagus' household, I should never have guessed whose it was, had I not learned the who\nmod000085.xml|130|the Persians. After this, Cyrus put Tabalus in charge of Sardis as governor and appointed a Lydian named Pactyes to deal with the gold of Croesus and his countrymen; he himself marched off toward Ecbatana, bringing Croesus with him; he paid little heed to the Ioni\nmod000085.xml|130|t distance when news was brought to him that the Lydians, encouraged by Pactyes, had revolted. Pactyes, he learned, had taken the gold of Sardis down to the coast and used it to hire mercenaries and persuade the coastal peoples to support him; then he had marched \nmod000085.xml|130|fight both mounted and on foot, and some use the spear, bow and arrow, and the sagaris or battle-ax. The only metals they use are gold and bronze ... for they have no iron or silver in their land, but gold and bronze in great quantity. The following are their cust\nmod000085.xml|130|and the sagaris or battle-ax. The only metals they use are gold and bronze ... for they have no iron or silver in their land, but gold and bronze in great quantity. The following are their customs: Each man takes a wife, but the wives are all held in common. The G\nmod000085.xml|130|sent them on their mission, giving orders what to say and loading them up with gifts: a purple cloak, a necklace and bracelets of gold, a container of myrrh, and a jar of Phoenician wine. [3.20] The Ethiopians to whom Cambyses sent these men are said to be the tal\nmod000085.xml|130| a true account of how purple cloth is dyed, to which he replied: \"Disguised clothing for disguised men.\" Next he asked about the gold necklace and bracelets; when the Fish-eaters explained that they were jewelry, he laughed, thinking they meant shackles. \"We have\nmod000085.xml|130|ey have become long-lived.) Next after the spring, he showed them the prison, where all the prisoners were bound with shackles of gold. (Bronze is the rarest and most precious substance among these Ethiopians.) 13 After their visit to the prison, he also showed th\nmod000085.xml|130|n to consider which of his treasures it would grieve him the most to lose. He decided on a signet ring he wore, an emerald set in gold, the work of a Samian named Theodorus, son of Telecles. Being resolved to throw it away, he acted as follows. He manned a penteco\nmod000085.xml|130| The largest single contribution to Persia's wealth comes from its Indian subjects, who pay tribute out of the vast quantities of gold found in their country. The idea of India's gold deposits then leads Herodotus into the following observation.> [3.106]34 The far\nmod000085.xml|130|th comes from its Indian subjects, who pay tribute out of the vast quantities of gold found in their country. The idea of India's gold deposits then leads Herodotus into the following observation.> [3.106]34 The farthest reaches of the inhabited world have been bl\nmod000085.xml|130| lands (except for their horses; for the Indian horses are smaller than those called Nesaean, raised by the Medes). And India has gold in great quantities ...and its trees produce a kind of fruit that, in beauty and quality, surpasses sheep's wool; they get their \nmod000085.xml|130| why they seem so numerous. [3.114] In the southwest, the farthest country in the inhabited world is Ethiopia; this land has much gold, elephants everywhere, all sorts of wild trees, ebony wood, and the tallest, loveliest, and most long-lived races of men.> [3.115\nmod000085.xml|130|case, tin and amber do come to us from the earth's edge.38 f3.116] The northernmost part of Europe seems to have a huge amount of gold. How it is extracted I can't say with certainty either. There's a story that Arimaspians, one-eyed men, steal it away from griffi\nmod000085.xml|130|rning of his approach, Oroetes acted as follows. He filled eight chests with stones, almost all the way to the brim, and then put gold on top of the stones; then he fastened the chests securely and kept them in readiness. Maeandrius arrived, beheld the gold, and r\nmod000085.xml|130|en put gold on top of the stones; then he fastened the chests securely and kept them in readiness. Maeandrius arrived, beheld the gold, and reported back to Polycrates.> > [3.124] In spite of the earnest protests of his soothsayers and his friends, Polycrates now \nmod000085.xml|130| when the eunuch who was conducting him told them that this was the man who had saved the king's life, they each drew a cupful of gold coins from a chest and gave them to Democedes. So abundant was the gift that a servant named Sciton, following behind and picking\nmod000085.xml|130|assured. And what is more, the continent these men inhabit has more riches in it than the other two together, starting with their gold, and also silver, bronze, precious cloth, pack animals, and slaves. I will show you all the countries one by one, going west to e\nmod000085.xml|130|d worthless region, challenging Messenians and Argives and Arcadians who are closely matched with you in strength and who have no gold or silver-things for which one could really be eager to risk one's life-when rule over Asia is there for the taking? Why would yo\nmod000085.xml|130|reached the outskirts and unable to escape, poured into the marketplace on  the banks of the river Pactolus. (This river, bearing gold dust from Tmolus, flows through the marketplace and joins the river Hermus, which then flows into the sea.) Assembling in crowds \nmod000085.xml|130|ion that Alcmaeon had rendered him such good service, Croesus invited him to Sardis and promised him as a gift whatever amount of gold he would be able to carry away on his person at one time. Confronted by this unusual offer, Alcmaeon made the following preparati\nmod000085.xml|130|ist, put on the widest boots he could procure, and thus attired, he followed his guides into the treasury. Falling upon a heap of gold dust, he first crammed into his boots right up his legs as much gold as they would hold, then he filled full the bulging front of\nmod000085.xml|130|ollowed his guides into the treasury. Falling upon a heap of gold dust, he first crammed into his boots right up his legs as much gold as they would hold, then he filled full the bulging front of his tunic, scattered gold dust all over his hair, stuffed some more \nmod000085.xml|130|d into his boots right up his legs as much gold as they would hold, then he filled full the bulging front of his tunic, scattered gold dust all over his hair, stuffed some more into his mouth, and was scarcely able to stagger out of the treasury, looking barely hu\nmod000085.xml|130| with his mouth stuffed full and his figure all swollen. When Croesus saw him, he was overcome with laughter and gave him all the gold he was carrying and as much again. Thus it was that the house of Alcmaeon acquired great wealth, and Alcmaeon was able to maintai\nmod000085.xml|130|atever is proposed. But when both sides of the argument are expressed, the right one can be chosen, just as we test the purity of gold not by examining one sample alone but by scratching two together to see which is the purer. I am the man who once told your fathe\nmod000085.xml|130|re. But for Ameinocles, son of Cretines, a landowner near Cape Sepias, the shipwreck turned out to be a great boon. Many were the gold and silver drinking cups that he gathered, after they washed ashore some time later, and among the finds that came into his posse\nmod000085.xml|130|we come to terms with the Persians. Yet your fear arises from a base conception of the spirit of the Athenian people. Not all the gold in the world, nor the fairest and richest of lands, could persuade us to embrace the Persian cause and bring slavery to Greece. E\nmod000085.xml|130|, or Macistius, as the Greeks call him. He was a man of high repute among the Persians and rode a Nesaean horse9 with a bridle of gold and other splendid adornment;. Thereupon the cavalry, approaching the Greeks, attacked them in successive squadrons, inflicting c\nmod000085.xml|130|fodder had been stored up in abundance. There they could bide their time and eventually win out with this strategy: They had much gold with them, both coined and uncoined, and much silver and precious drinking cups; they should be unsparing in using these to bribe\nmod000085.xml|130|one place. So the helots went over all the ground where the enemy had been encamped and found there tents furnished with abundant gold and silver, couches adorned with these same precious metals, bowls, goblets, and drinking vessels all of gold, and wagons laden w\nmod000085.xml|130|ished with abundant gold and silver, couches adorned with these same precious metals, bowls, goblets, and drinking vessels all of gold, and wagons laden with sacks containing basins of gold and silver. From the bodies of the dead, they stripped bracelets and chain\nmod000085.xml|130|th these same precious metals, bowls, goblets, and drinking vessels all of gold, and wagons laden with sacks containing basins of gold and silver. From the bodies of the dead, they stripped bracelets and chains and scimitars with golden hilts, not even bothering w\nmod000085.xml|130|ut many things they stole and sold thereafter to the Aeginetans, who thus laid the foundation of their great wealth by purchasing gold from the helots who apparently thought it was bronze.> [9.81] Once the booty was collected, a tenth was set aside for the god at \nmod000085.xml|130| god at the Isthmus, from which was made a bronze Poseidon seven cubits high. The rest of the spoil the Persians' concubines, the gold, the silver, other valuables, and the pack animals-was distributed among the troops, each according to his deserts. As to special\nmod000085.xml|130|rxes in his flight from Greece had left behind his personal tent for Mardonius, and when Pausanias saw it, with its adornments of gold and silver and embroidered hangings, he gave orders to the bakers and cooks to prepare a meal such as they did for Mardonius. The\nmod000085.xml|130| the bakers and cooks to prepare a meal such as they did for Mardonius. They did as bidden, and when Pausanias saw the couches of gold and silver beautifully bestrewn and the tables of gold and silver and the magnificent array of a banquet, he was astonished at th\nmod000085.xml|130|d for Mardonius. They did as bidden, and when Pausanias saw the couches of gold and silver beautifully bestrewn and the tables of gold and silver and the magnificent array of a banquet, he was astonished at the good things laid before him, and for a joke he ordere\nmod000085.xml|130|t Elaeus....For in Elaeus, in the Chersonese, there is a tomb of Protesilaus and around it a sanctuary, containing lots of money, gold and silver drinking cups, bronze, clothing, and other offerings; all this Artayctes had plundered ....Now he was under siege by t\nmod000085.xml|130|t 1.69, a passage not included in this volume, that the Spartans had been won over to friendship with Croesus by a gift of Lydian gold. The \"Ionians, Aeolians, and Dorians\" referred to here are the Greek colonists who had settled the coast of Turkey (often called \nmod000085.xml|130|rast, Cambyses, though he belongs to a wine-drinking race, is said to have become deranged by alcoholism {see 3.34 below). Unlike gold, bronze is an alloy and must be smelted; presumably the Ethiopians get their bronze through trade and lack the knowledge to produ\nmod000086.xml|130|dance and yet perish with hunger, like Midas in the fable, whose insatiable prayer turned everything that was set before him into gold?> Hence men seek after a better notion of riches and of the art of getting wealth than the mere acquisition of coin, and they are\nmod000086.xml|130| sort, how much more among high-spirited warriors? But that the persons whom he makes rulers must be the same is evident; for the gold which the God mingles in the souls of men is not at one time given to one, at another time to another, but always to the same: as\nmod000086.xml|130|in the souls of men is not at one time given to one, at another time to another, but always to the same: as he says, \u2018God mingles gold in some, and silver in others, from their very birth; but brass and iron in those who are meant to be artisans and husbandmen.\u2019 A\nmod000086.xml|130|For money is a conventional thing and may often be useless. A man might be able to turn the dishes which were set before him into gold, like Midas in the fable, and yet perish with hunger.> True wealth is a means and not an end, and is limited by the wants of the \nmod000086.xml|130|or that Athens could not have been the home of the arts \u2018unless the fruits of the whole earth had flowed in upon her,\u2019 and unless gold and silver treasure had been stored up in the Parthenon. And although he constantly insists that leisure is necessary to a cultiv\nmod000086.xml|130|animals have not to manage a household. 15) There is a danger in the fixedness of the rulers, who are said to be made of the same gold always. For high-spirited warriors will want to have a turn of ruling as well as of being ruled. 16) The guardians are deprived o\nmod000087.xml|130|e famous Midas in the legend, when owing to the insatiable covetousness of his prayer all the viands served up to him turned into gold. Hence people seek for a different definition of riches and the art of getting wealth, and rightly; for natural wealth-getting an\nmod000087.xml|130|ited and warlike men. But it is clear that he is compelled to make the same persons govern always, for the god-given admixture of gold in the soul is not bestowed on some at one time and others at another time, but is always in the same men, and Socrates says that\nmod000087.xml|130|rs at another time, but is always in the same men, and Socrates says that at the moment of birth some men receive an admixture of gold and others of silver and those who are to be the Artisans and Farmers an admixture of copper and iron. And again, although he dep\nmod000087.xml|130|ever completed. Hdt. 1.172. Amasis king of Egypt was despised by his subjects for his low birth, so he had a statue made out of a gold foot-bath and set it up for them to worship, afterwards explaining to them its lowly origin.> >Hom. Il. 1.544.> >This clause seem\nmod000087.xml|130| enough to control them. Better, then, not to give full citizenship to civilians. The mina, 100 drachmas, may be put at 4 pounds \uff08gold\uff09.> >So Hes. WD 108, Pind. N. 6.1.> >So Plat. Laws 676 ff., Plat. Tim. 22 ff. Aristotle believed that man had existed for ever, an\nmod000089.xml|130|lver offerings at Delphi his are more in number than those of any other man; and besides the silver he offered a vast quantity of gold, and especially one offering which is more worthy of mention than the rest, namely six golden mixing-bowls, which are dedicated t\nmod000089.xml|130|he sat before all to decide causes; and this throne, a sight worth seeing, stands in the same place with the bowls of Gyges. This gold and silver which Gyges dedicated is called Gygian by the people of Delphi, after the name of him who offered it.> Now Gyges also,\nmod000089.xml|130| for of all the animals that are fit for sacrifice he offered three thousand of each kind, and he heaped up couches overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and cups of gold, and robes of purple, and tunics, making of them a great pyre, and this he burnt up, h\nmod000089.xml|130|crifice he offered three thousand of each kind, and he heaped up couches overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and cups of gold, and robes of purple, and tunics, making of them a great pyre, and this he burnt up, hoping by these means the more to win over t\nmod000089.xml|130|hem should make sacrifice with that which each man had. And when he had finished the sacrifice, he melted down a vast quantity of gold, and of it he wrought half-plinths 45 making them six palms 46 in length and three in breadth, and in height one palm; and their \nmod000089.xml|130|n length and three in breadth, and in height one palm; and their number was one hundred and seventeen. Of these four were of pure gold 47 weighing two talents and a half 48 each, and others of gold alloyed with silver 49 weighing two talents. And he caused to be m\nmod000089.xml|130|r number was one hundred and seventeen. Of these four were of pure gold 47 weighing two talents and a half 48 each, and others of gold alloyed with silver 49 weighing two talents. And he caused to be made also an image of a lion of pure gold weighing ten talents; \nmod000089.xml|130|48 each, and others of gold alloyed with silver 49 weighing two talents. And he caused to be made also an image of a lion of pure gold weighing ten talents; which lion, when the temple of Delphi was being burnt down, fell from off the half-plinths, for upon these \nmod000089.xml|130|roesus having finished all these things sent them to Delphi, and with them these besides:- two mixing bowls of great size, one of gold and the other of silver, of which the golden bowl was placed on the right hand as one enters the temple, and the silver on the le\nmod000089.xml|130| Croesus sent four silver wine-jars, which stand in the treasury of the Corinthians, and two vessels for lustral water, 55 one of gold and the other of silver, of which the gold one is inscribed \"from the Lacedemonians,\" who say that it is their offering: therein \nmod000089.xml|130|stand in the treasury of the Corinthians, and two vessels for lustral water, 55 one of gold and the other of silver, of which the gold one is inscribed \"from the Lacedemonians,\" who say that it is their offering: therein however they do not speak rightly; for this\nmod000089.xml|130|h he sent to Delphi; and to Amphiaraos, having heard of his valour and of his evil fate, he dedicated a shield made altogether of gold throughout, and a spear all of solid gold, the shaft being of gold also as well as the two points, which offerings were both rema\nmod000089.xml|130|ving heard of his valour and of his evil fate, he dedicated a shield made altogether of gold throughout, and a spear all of solid gold, the shaft being of gold also as well as the two points, which offerings were both remaining even to my time at Thebes in the tem\nmod000089.xml|130|and of his evil fate, he dedicated a shield made altogether of gold throughout, and a spear all of solid gold, the shaft being of gold also as well as the two points, which offerings were both remaining even to my time at Thebes in the temple of Ismenian Apollo.> \nmod000089.xml|130|om of Cyrus, he sent again to Pytho, 58 and presented to the men of Delphi, having ascertained the number of them, two staters of gold for each man: and in for this the Delphians gave to Croesus and to the Lydians precedence in consulting the Oracle and freedom fr\nmod000089.xml|130| Croesus also by some services rendered to them even before this time; since the Lacedemonians had sent to Sardis and were buying gold there with purpose of using it for the image of Apollo which is now set up on Mount Thornax in the Lacedemonian land; and Croesus\nmod000089.xml|130|curse attached to it, that from that time forth no man of the Argives should grow the hair long nor their women wear ornaments of gold, until they should have won back Thyrea. The Lacedemonians however laid down for themselves the opposite law to this, namely that\nmod000089.xml|130|offerings made by Croesus and not only those which have been mentioned: for first at Thebes of the Boeotians there is a tripod of gold, which he dedicated to the Ismenian Apollo; then at Ephesos there are the golden cows and the greater number of the pillars of th\nmod000089.xml|130| said so much. 93. Of marvels to be recorded the land of Lydia has no great store as compared with other lands, 104 excepting the gold-dust which is carried down from Tmolos; but one work it has to show which is larger far than any other except only those in Egypt\nmod000089.xml|130|eption that they prostitute their female children; and they were the first of men, so far as we know, who struck and used coin of gold or silver; and also they were the first retail-traders. And the Lydians themselves say that the games which are now in use among \nmod000089.xml|130| circles coloured with various tints, and the two last have their battlements one of them overlaid with silver and the other with gold.> 99. These walls then De\u00efokes built for himself and round his own palace, and the people he commanded to dwell round about the w\nmod000089.xml|130| within: and as soon as I entered I saw laid out to view an infant child gasping for breath and screaming, which was adorned with gold ornaments and embroidered clothing: and when Harpagos saw me he bade me forthwith to take up the child and carry it away and lay \nmod000089.xml|130|me one of the servants of the house, for never could I have supposed whence it really was; but I marvelled to see it adorned with gold and raiment, and I marvelled also because mourning was made for it openly in the house of Harpagos. And straightway as we went by\nmod000089.xml|130|s are not wont to use markets nor have they any market-place at all. After this he entrusted Sardis to Tabalos a Persian, and the gold both of Croesus and of the other Lydians he gave to Pact\u00ffas a Lydian to take charge of, and himself marched away to Agbatana, tak\nmod000089.xml|130|yas caused the Lydians to revolt from Tabalos and from Cyrus. This man went down to the sea, and having in his possession all the gold that there had been in Sardis, he hired for himself mercenaries and persuaded the men of the sea-coast to join his expedition. So\nmod000089.xml|130|n the cell. 183. There is moreover in the temple at Babylon another cell below, wherein is a great image of Zeus sitting, made of gold, and by it is placed a large table of gold, and his footstool and seat are of gold also; and, as the Chaldeans reported, the weig\nmod000089.xml|130|emple at Babylon another cell below, wherein is a great image of Zeus sitting, made of gold, and by it is placed a large table of gold, and his footstool and seat are of gold also; and, as the Chaldeans reported, the weight of the gold of which these things are ma\nmod000089.xml|130|rein is a great image of Zeus sitting, made of gold, and by it is placed a large table of gold, and his footstool and seat are of gold also; and, as the Chaldeans reported, the weight of the gold of which these things are made is eight hundred talents. Outside thi\nmod000089.xml|130|t is placed a large table of gold, and his footstool and seat are of gold also; and, as the Chaldeans reported, the weight of the gold of which these things are made is eight hundred talents. Outside this cell is an altar of gold; and there is also another altar o\nmod000089.xml|130|ldeans reported, the weight of the gold of which these things are made is eight hundred talents. Outside this cell is an altar of gold; and there is also another altar of great size, where full-grown animals 188 are sacrificed, whereas on the golden altar it is no\nmod000089.xml|130|nour of this god. There was moreover in these precincts still remaining at the time of Cyrus, 189 a statue twelve cubits high, of gold and solid. This I did not myself see, but that which is related by the Chaldeans I relate. Against this statue Dareios the son of\nmod000089.xml|130|ely, or any one of them who might be crippled in any way, and he would make proclamation of her, asking who was willing for least gold to have her in marriage, until she was assigned to him who was willing to accept least: and the gold would be got from the sale o\nmod000089.xml|130|ng who was willing for least gold to have her in marriage, until she was assigned to him who was willing to accept least: and the gold would be got from the sale of the comely maidens, and so those of beautiful form provided dowries for those which were unshapely \nmod000089.xml|130|moreover there are both archers and spearmen, and their custom it is to carry battle-axes; 220 and for everything they use either gold or bronze, for in all that has to do with spear-points or arrow-heads or battle-axes they use bronze, but for head-dresses and gi\nmod000089.xml|130|ints or arrow-heads or battle-axes they use bronze, but for head-dresses and girdles and belts round the arm-pits 221 they employ gold as ornament: and in like manner as regards their horses, they put breast-plates of bronze about their chests, but on their bridle\nmod000089.xml|130|rds their horses, they put breast-plates of bronze about their chests, but on their bridles and bits and cheek-pieces they employ gold. Iron however and silver they use not at all, for they have them not in their land, but gold and bronze in abundance.> 216. These\nmod000089.xml|130|nd bits and cheek-pieces they employ gold. Iron however and silver they use not at all, for they have them not in their land, but gold and bronze in abundance.> 216. These are the customs which they have:- Each marries a wife, but they have their wives in common; \nmod000089.xml|130| that it was richly furnished with many votive offerings besides, and especially there were in it two pillars, 47 the one of pure gold and the other of an emerald stone of such size as to shine by night: 48 and having come to speech with the priests of the god, I \nmod000089.xml|130|ll of them staves of wood, stand in a body opposite to those: and the image, which is in a small shrine of wood covered over with gold, they take out on the day before to another sacred building. The few then who have been left about the image, draw a wain with fo\nmod000089.xml|130|ocodile selected from the whole number, which has been trained to tameness, and they put hanging ornaments of molten stone and of gold into the ears of these and anklets round the front feet, and they give them food appointed and victims of sacrifices and treat th\nmod000089.xml|130| when his father dies; and if he be like the painting, he is of this size and nature, that is to say, some of his feathers are of gold colour and others red, and in outline and size he is as nearly as possible like an eagle. This bird they say (but I cannot believ\nmod000089.xml|130|e throws he overcame her and in others he was overcome by her; and he came back again having as a gift from her a handkerchief of gold: and they told me that because of the going down of Rhampsinitos the Egyptians after he came back celebrated a feast, which I kno\nmod000089.xml|130|him, and desiring to bury his daughter in a manner more remarkable than others, he made a cow of wood, which he covered over with gold, and then within it he buried this daughter who, as I said, had died.> 130. This cow was not covered up in the ground, but it mig\nmod000089.xml|130|down to my time. 132. The cow is covered up with a crimson robe, except only the head and the neck, which are seen, overlaid with gold very thickly; and between the horns there is the disc of the sun figured in gold. The cow is not standing up but kneeling, and in\nmod000089.xml|130|head and the neck, which are seen, overlaid with gold very thickly; and between the horns there is the disc of the sun figured in gold. The cow is not standing up but kneeling, and in size it is equal to a large living cow. Every year it is carried forth from the \nmod000089.xml|130|hem over to himself by wisdom and not wilfulness. Among innumerable other things of price which he had, there was a foot-basin of gold in which both Amasis himself and all his guests were wont always to wash their feet. This he broke up, and of it he caused to be \nmod000089.xml|130|ent back unharmed to Kyrene. 182. Amasis also dedicated offerings in Hellas, first at Kyrene an image of Athene covered over with gold and a figure of himself made like by painting; then in the temple of Athene at Lindson two images of stone and a corslet of linen\nmod000089.xml|130|nd comely of form and the only person left of his house, and her name was Nitetis. This girl Amasis adorned with raiment and with gold, and sent her away to Persia as his own daughter: but after a time, when Cambyses saluted her calling her by the name of her fath\nmod000089.xml|130|ining them what they should say and giving them gifts to bear with them, that is to say a purple garment, and a collar of twisted gold with bracelets, and an alabaster box of perfumed ointment, and a jar of palm-wine. Now these Ethiopians to whom Cambyses was send\nmod000089.xml|130|tissue, he said that the men were deceitful and deceitful also were their garments. Then secondly he asked concerning the twisted gold of the collar and the bracelets; and when the Ichthyophagoi were setting forth to him the manner in which it was fashioned, the k\nmod000089.xml|130| of life. Then when they departed from this spring, he led them to a prison-house for men, and there all were bound in fetters of gold. Now among these Ethiopians bronze is the rarest and most precious of all things. Then when they had seen the prison-house they s\nmod000089.xml|130|t afflicted in his soul to lose; and seeking he found this which I shall say:- he had a signet which he used to wear, enchased in gold and made of an emerald stone; and it was the work of Theodoros the son of Telecles of Samos. 35 Seeing then that he thought it go\nmod000089.xml|130| the corslet also in the year before they took the bowl; and it was of linen with many figures woven into it and embroidered with gold and with cotton; and each thread of this corslet is worthy of admiration, for that being itself fine it has in it three hundred a\nmod000089.xml|130|eir greatest height of prosperity and possessed wealth more than all the other islanders, since they had in their island mines of gold and silver, so that there is a treasury dedicated at Delphi with the tithe of the money which came in from these mines, and furni\nmod000089.xml|130| and those of them who brought in silver were commanded to pay by the standard of the Babylonian talent, but those who brought in gold by the Eubo\u00efc talent; now the Babylonian talent is equal to eight-and-seventy Eubo\u00efc pounds. 74 For in the reign of Cyrus, and ag\nmod000089.xml|130|of men of whom we know; and they brought in a tribute larger than all the rest, that is to say three hundred and sixty talents of gold-dust: this is the twentieth division.> 95. Now if we compare Babylonian with Eubo\u00efc talents, the silver is found to amount to nin\nmod000089.xml|130|ian with Eubo\u00efc talents, the silver is found to amount to nine thousand eight hundred and eighty 82 talents; and if we reckon the gold at thirteen times the value of silver, weight for weight, the gold-dust is found to amount to four thousand six hundred and eight\nmod000089.xml|130|sand eight hundred and eighty 82 talents; and if we reckon the gold at thirteen times the value of silver, weight for weight, the gold-dust is found to amount to four thousand six hundred and eighty Eubo\u00efc talents. These being all added together, the total which w\nmod000089.xml|130|gs. 85 These both together brought every other year, and continue to bring even to my own time, two quart measures 86 of unmelted gold and two hundred blocks of ebony and five Ethiopian boys and twenty large elephant tusks. The Colchians also had set themselves am\nmod000089.xml|130|ankincense every year. Such were the gifts which these brought to the king apart from the tribute. 98. Now this great quantity of gold, out of which the Indians bring in to the king the gold-dust which has been mentioned, is obtained by them in a manner which I sh\nmod000089.xml|130|rought to the king apart from the tribute. 98. Now this great quantity of gold, out of which the Indians bring in to the king the gold-dust which has been mentioned, is obtained by them in a manner which I shall tell:- That part of the Indian land which is towards\nmod000089.xml|130|rly the same as that of the Bactrians: these are the most warlike of the Indians, and these are they who make expeditions for the gold. For in the parts where they live it is desert on account of the sand; and in this desert and sandy tract are produced ants, whic\nmod000089.xml|130| in the land of the Hellenes, which they themselves 93 also very much resemble in form; and the sand which is brought up contains gold. To obtain this sand the Indians make expeditions into the desert, each one having yoked together three camels, placing a female \nmod000089.xml|130| 94 and its organs of generation are between the hind legs, turned towards the tail. 104. The Indians, I say, ride out to get the gold in the manner and with the kind of yoking which I have described, making calculations so that they may be engaged in carrying it \nmod000089.xml|130| the young which they left behind, do not show any slackness in their course. 97 Thus it is that the Indians get most part of the gold, as the Persians say; there is however other gold also in their land obtained by digging, but in smaller quantities.> 106. It see\nmod000089.xml|130| slackness in their course. 97 Thus it is that the Indians get most part of the gold, as the Persians say; there is however other gold also in their land obtained by digging, but in smaller quantities.> 106. It seems indeed that the extremities of the inhabited wo\nmod000089.xml|130|re much larger than in other places (except the horses, which are surpassed by those of Media called Nessaian), but also there is gold in abundance there, some got by digging, some brought down by rivers, and some carried off as I explained just now: and there als\nmod000089.xml|130|ce of the midday, the Ethiopian land is that which extends furthest of all inhabited lands towards the sunset. This produces both gold in abundance and huge elephants and trees of all kinds growing wild and ebony, and men who are of all men the tallest, the most b\nmod000089.xml|130| certainly come to us from the extremity of Europe. 116. Then again towards the North of Europe, there is evidently a quantity of gold by far larger than in any other land: as to how it is got, here again I am not able to say for certain, but it is said to be carr\nmod000089.xml|130|o come, did as follows, that is to say, he filled eight chests with stones except a small depth at the very top of each, and laid gold above upon the stones; then he tied up the chests and kept them in readiness. So Maiandrios came and looked at them and brought b\nmod000089.xml|130|ing him in said to the women that this was he who had restored to the king his life. Then each one of them plunged a cup into the gold-chest 116 and presented Demokedes with so abundant a gift that his servant, whose name was Skiton, following and gathering up the\nmod000089.xml|130|ose name was Skiton, following and gathering up the coins 117 which fell from the cups, collected for himself a very large sum of gold.> 131. This Demokedes came from Croton, and became the associate of Polycrates in the following manner:- at Croton he lived in st\nmod000089.xml|130|is counted with me to be as great as if I should now receive some great thing from some one. Therefore I will give thee in return gold and silver in abundance, that thou mayest not ever repent that thou didst render a service to Dareios the son of Hystaspes.\" To t\nmod000089.xml|130|r repent that thou didst render a service to Dareios the son of Hystaspes.\" To this Syloson replied: \"To me, O king, give neither gold nor silver, but recover and give to me my fatherland Samos, which now that my brother Polycrates has been slain by Oroites is pos\nmod000089.xml|130|ty the things which he had taken with him when he departed, he did as follows:- first, he would set out his cups of silver and of gold, and then while the servants were cleaning them, he would be engaged in conversation with Cleomenes the son of Anaxandrides, then\nmod000089.xml|130|s, Lipoxais and Arpoxais and the youngest Colaxais. In the reign of these 9 there came down from heaven certain things wrought of gold, a plough, a yoke, a battle-axe, 10 and a cup, and fell in the Scythian land: and first the eldest saw and came near them, desiri\nmod000089.xml|130|tle-axe, 10 and a cup, and fell in the Scythian land: and first the eldest saw and came near them, desiring to take them, but the gold blazed with fire when he approached it: then when he had gone away from it, the second approached, and again it did the same thin\nmod000089.xml|130|when he approached it: then when he had gone away from it, the second approached, and again it did the same thing. These then the gold repelled by blazing with fire; but when the third and youngest came up to it, the flame was quenched, and he carried them to his \nmod000089.xml|130|os, to the passing over of Dareios against them, they say that there is a period of a thousand years and no more. Now this sacred gold is guarded by the kings with the utmost care, and they visit it every year with solemn sacrifices of propitiation: moreover if an\nmod000089.xml|130| it every year with solemn sacrifices of propitiation: moreover if any one goes to sleep while watching in the open air over this gold during the festival, the Scythians say that he does not live out the year; and there is given him for this so much land as he sha\nmod000089.xml|130|arge, Colaxais, they say, established three kingdoms for his sons; and of these he made one larger than the rest, and in this the gold is kept. But as to the upper parts which lie on the North side of those who dwell above this land, they say one can neither see n\nmod000089.xml|130| Issedonians being possessed by Phoebus, and that beyond the Issedonians dwelt Arimaspians, a one-eyed race, and beyond these the gold-guarding griffins, and beyond them the Hyperboreans extending as far as the sea: and all these except the Hyperboreans, beginning\nmod000089.xml|130|ese then also are known; but as to the region beyond them, it is the Issedonians who report that there are there one-eyed men and gold-guarding griffins; and the Scythians report this having received it from them, and from the Scythians we, that is the rest of man\nmod000089.xml|130|his horse-keeper, his attendant, and his bearer of messages, and also horses, and a first portion of all things else, and cups of gold; for silver they do not use at all, nor yet bronze. 70 Having thus done they all join together to pile up a great mound, vying wi\nmod000089.xml|130|erve the whole house. This people has its living by plunder and war. 104. The Agathyrsians are the most luxurious of men and wear gold ornaments for the most part: also they have promiscuous intercourse with their women, in order that they may be brethren to one a\nmod000089.xml|130|ing which had not been made by any other king, he imitated him, until at last he received his reward: for whereas Dareios refined gold and made it as pure as possible, and of this caused coins to be struck, Aryandes, being ruler of Egypt, did the same thing with s\nmod000089.xml|130|ives and vines. In it they say there is a pool, from which the native girls with birds' feathers smeared over with pitch bring up gold-dust out of the mud. Whether this is really so I do not know, but I write that which is reported; and nothing is impossible, 177 \nmod000089.xml|130|ships, and after that they raise a smoke; and the natives of the country seeing the smoke come to the sea, and then they lay down gold as an equivalent for the merchandise and retire to a distance away from the merchandise. The Carthaginians upon that disembark an\nmod000089.xml|130| merchandise and retire to a distance away from the merchandise. The Carthaginians upon that disembark and examine it, and if the gold is in their opinion sufficient for the value of the merchandise, they take it up and go their way; but if not, they embark again \nmod000089.xml|130|up and go their way; but if not, they embark again in their ships and sit there; and the others approach and straightway add more gold to the former, until they satisfy them: and they say that neither party wrongs the other; for neither do the Carthaginians lay ha\nmod000089.xml|130|mer, until they satisfy them: and they say that neither party wrongs the other; for neither do the Carthaginians lay hands on the gold until it is made equal to the value of their merchandise, nor do the others lay hands on the merchandise until the Carthaginians \nmod000089.xml|130|de equal to the value of their merchandise, nor do the others lay hands on the merchandise until the Carthaginians have taken the gold.> 197. These are the Libyan tribes whom we are able to name; and of these the greater number neither now pay any regard to the ki\nmod000089.xml|130|hey who occupy that continent have good things in such quantity as not all the other nations of the world together possess; first gold, then silver and bronze and embroidered garments and beasts of burden and slaves; all which ye might have for yourselves, if ye s\nmod000089.xml|130| declare:--the Ionians here; and next to them the Lydians, who not only dwell in a fertile land, but are also exceedingly rich in gold and silver,\" 33--and as he said this he pointed to the map of the Earth, which he carried with him engraved upon the tablet,--\"an\nmod000089.xml|130|ake of land which is not much in extent nor very fertile, and for confines which are but small, though these peoples have neither gold nor silver at all, for the sake of which desire incites one to fight and to die,--can this be, I say, and will ye choose some oth\nmod000089.xml|130|ut them, and not having any way out of the town, flowed together to the market-place and to the river Pactolos, which brings down gold-dust for them from Tmolos, flowing through the middle of their market-place, and then runs out into the river Hermos, and this in\nmod000089.xml|130| and in surrounding their city with a stronger wall. Now the revenues came to them from the mainland and from the mines: from the gold-mines in Scapte Hyle 31 there came in generally eighty talents a year, and from those in Thasos itself a smaller amount than this\nmod000089.xml|130|s soon as day dawned he caused a search to be made of the ships, and finding in a Phenician ship an image of Apollo overlaid with gold, he inquired from whence it had been carried off. Then having been informed from what temple it came, he sailed in his own ship t\nmod000089.xml|130|t to the Oracle that this man did him service, sent for him to Sardis; and when he came, he offered to give him a gift of as much gold as he could carry away at once upon his own person. With a view to this gift, its nature being such, Alcmaion made preparations a\nmod000089.xml|130|s feet the widest boots which he could find, and so went to the treasury to which they conducted him. Then he fell upon a heap of gold-dust, and first he packed in by the side of his legs so much of the gold as his boots would contain, and then he filled the whole\nmod000089.xml|130|to which they conducted him. Then he fell upon a heap of gold-dust, and first he packed in by the side of his legs so much of the gold as his boots would contain, and then he filled the whole fold of the tunic with the gold and sprinkled some of the gold dust on t\nmod000089.xml|130|n by the side of his legs so much of the gold as his boots would contain, and then he filled the whole fold of the tunic with the gold and sprinkled some of the gold dust on the hair of his head and took some into his mouth, and having so done he came forth out of\nmod000089.xml|130|ch of the gold as his boots would contain, and then he filled the whole fold of the tunic with the gold and sprinkled some of the gold dust on the hair of his head and took some into his mouth, and having so done he came forth out of the treasury, with difficulty \nmod000089.xml|130|enrich them greatly if they would go with him, for he would lead them to a land of such a kind that they would easily get from it gold in abundance,--thus saying he asked for the ships; and the Athenians, elated by these words, delivered them over to him..> 133. T\nmod000089.xml|130|t accept that which has been spoken; if however opposite opinions be uttered, this is possible; just as we do not distinguish the gold which is free from alloy when it is alone by itself, but when we rub it on the touchstone in comparison with other gold, then we \nmod000089.xml|130|guish the gold which is free from alloy when it is alone by itself, but when we rub it on the touchstone in comparison with other gold, then we distinguish that which is the better. Now I gave advice to thy father Dareios also, who was my brother, not to march aga\nmod000089.xml|130|to give thee money for the war I ascertained the truth, and calculating I found that I had of silver two thousand talents, and of gold four hundred myriads 29 of daric staters 30 all but seven thousand: and with this money I present thee. For myself I have suffici\nmod000089.xml|130|amarisk-tree and of wheat-flour. By this road went Xerxes and found a plane-tree, to which for its beauty he gave an adornment of gold, and appointed that some one should have charge of it always in undying succession; 31 and on the next day he came to the city of\nmod000089.xml|130|sen out from the remainder of the Persians. This body went on foot; and of these a thousand had upon their spears pomegranates of gold instead of the spikes at the butt-end, and these enclosed the others round, while the remaining nine thousand were within these a\nmod000089.xml|130|Dareios and of Artystone, the daughter of Cyrus, whom Dareios loved most of all his wives, and had an image made of her of beaten gold.> 70. Of the Ethiopians above Egypt and of the Arabians the commander, I say, was Arsames; but the Ethiopians from the direction \nmod000089.xml|130|t men. They had equipment such as has been mentioned, and besides this they were conspicuous among the rest for great quantity of gold freely used; and they took with them carriages, and in them concubines and a multitude of attendants well furnished; and provisio\nmod000089.xml|130|ats of his children, his wife, his concubines and his servants, and threw them into the fire; and after this he scattered all the gold and silver in the city from the wall into the river Strymon, and having so done he threw himself into the fire. Thus he is justly\nmod000089.xml|130|by the walls of these, and keeping Mount Pangaion on the right hand, which is both great and lofty and in which are mines both of gold and of silver possessed by the Pierians and Odomantians, and especially by the Satrians.> 113. Thus passing by the Paionians, Dob\nmod000089.xml|130|he water, in cages or in pools, all for the entertainment of the army. Then again they had drinking-cups and mixing-bowls made of gold and of silver, and all the other things which are placed upon the table: these were made for the king himself and for those who a\nmod000089.xml|130|s the son of Cretines, a Magnesian who held lands about Sepias, this shipwreck proved very gainful; for he picked up many cups of gold which were thrown up afterwards on the shore, and many also of silver, and found treasure-chests 195 which had belonged to the Pe\nmod000089.xml|130|nd many also of silver, and found treasure-chests 195 which had belonged to the Persians, and made acquisition of other things of gold 196 more than can be described. This man however, though he became very wealthy by the things which he found, yet in other respec\nmod000089.xml|130|e ship being lightened came safe to Asia. As soon as they had landed Xerxes, they say, first presented the pilot with a wreath of gold, because he had saved the life of the king, and then cut off his head, because he had caused the death of many of the Persians.> \nmod000089.xml|130| to have come to Abdera on his way back, and to have made with them a guest-friendship and presented them with a Persian sword of gold and a gold-spangled tiara: and as the men of Abdera themselves say (though I for my part can by no means believe it), he loosed h\nmod000089.xml|130|me to Abdera on his way back, and to have made with them a guest-friendship and presented them with a Persian sword of gold and a gold-spangled tiara: and as the men of Abdera themselves say (though I for my part can by no means believe it), he loosed his girdle f\nmod000089.xml|130|ms to be an unworthy fear for men who know so well the spirit of the Athenians, namely that there is neither so great quantity of gold anywhere upon the earth, nor any land so much excelling in beauty and goodness, that we should be willing to accept it and enslav\nmod000089.xml|130|as Masistios (by the Hellenes called Makistios), a man of reputation among the Persians, who had a Nesaian horse with a bridle of gold and in other respects finely caparisoned. So when the horsemen had ridden up to the Hellenes they attacked them by squadrons, and\nmod000089.xml|130|elf, as he made resistance, they slew, though at first they could not, for his equipment was of this kind, - he wore a cuirass of gold scales underneath, and over the cuirass he had put on a crimson tunic. So as they struck upon the cuirass they could effect nothi\nmod000089.xml|130|easts; and that they should settle there quietly and get their business done as follows: - they had, he said, great quantities of gold, both coined and uncoined, and also of silver and of drinking-cups; and these he advised they should send about to the Hellenes w\nmod000089.xml|130|ogether with Leagros the son of Glaucon, he was slain after proving himself a good man by the Edonians at Daton, fighting for the gold mines.> 76. When the Barbarians had been laid low by the Hellenes at Plataia, there approached to these a woman, the concubine of\nmod000089.xml|130| came up to the Lacedemonians while they were yet engaged in the slaughter. This woman had adorned herself with many ornaments of gold, and her attendants likewise, and she had put on the fairest robe of those which she had; and when she saw that Pausanias was dir\nmod000089.xml|130|ed the Helots to collect the things together. They accordingly dispersed themselves about the camp and found tents furnished with gold and silver, and beds overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and mixing-bowls of gold, and cups and other drinking vessels. \nmod000089.xml|130|ther. They accordingly dispersed themselves about the camp and found tents furnished with gold and silver, and beds overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and mixing-bowls of gold, and cups and other drinking vessels. They found also sacks laid upon waggons,\nmod000089.xml|130|he camp and found tents furnished with gold and silver, and beds overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and mixing-bowls of gold, and cups and other drinking vessels. They found also sacks laid upon waggons, in which there proved to be caldrons both of gold \nmod000089.xml|130| gold, and cups and other drinking vessels. They found also sacks laid upon waggons, in which there proved to be caldrons both of gold and of silver; and from the dead bodies which lay there they stripped bracelets and collars, and also their swords 89 if they wer\nmod000089.xml|130|of silver; and from the dead bodies which lay there they stripped bracelets and collars, and also their swords 89 if they were of gold, for as to embroidered raiment, there was no account made of it. Then the Helots stole many of the things and sold them to the Eg\nmod000089.xml|130|, as many of them as they could not conceal; so that the great wealth of the Eginetans first came from this, that they bought the gold from the Helots making pretence that it was brass..> 81. Then having brought the things together, and having set apart a tithe fo\nmod000089.xml|130|hese things, they divided the rest, and each took that which they ought to have, including the concubines of the Persians and the gold and the silver and the other things, and also the beasts of burden. How much was set apart and given to those of them who had pro\nmod000089.xml|130|ad left to Mardonios the furniture of his own tent, and Pausanias accordingly seeing the furniture of Mardonios furnished 91 with gold and silver and hangings of different colours ordered the bakers and the cooks to prepare a meal as they were used to do for Mardo\nmod000089.xml|130|ere used to do for Mardonios. Then when they did this as they had been commanded, it is said that Pausanias seeing the couches of gold and of silver with luxurious coverings, and the tables of gold and silver, and the magnificent apparatus of the feast, was astoni\nmod000089.xml|130|ad been commanded, it is said that Pausanias seeing the couches of gold and of silver with luxurious coverings, and the tables of gold and silver, and the magnificent apparatus of the feast, was astonished at the good things set before him, and for sport he ordere\nmod000089.xml|130|ke to the commanders of the Hellenes. 83. However, 92 in later time after these events many of the Plataians also found chests of gold and of silver and of other treasures; and moreover afterwards this which follows was seen in the case of the dead bodies here, af\nmod000089.xml|130|y her, who even before this had some inkling of the truth, he should thus be discovered in the act; and he offered her cities and gold in any quantity, and an army which no one else should command except herself. Now this of an army is a thoroughly Persian gift. S\nmod000089.xml|130|Elaius in the Chersonese there is the tomb of Protesilaos with a sacred enclosure about it, where there were many treasures, with gold and silver cups and bronze and raiment and other offerings, which things Arta\u00ffctes carried off as plunder, the king having grante\nmod000089.xml|130|g supposed to be square.] 46 [ {exapalaiota}, the palm being about three inches, cp. ii. 149.] 47 [ {apephthou khrusou}, \"refined gold.\"]> 48 [ {triton emitalanton}: the MSS. have {tria emitalanta}, which has been corrected partly on the authority of Valla's trans\nmod000089.xml|130|talanton}: the MSS. have {tria emitalanta}, which has been corrected partly on the authority of Valla's translation.] 49 [ \"white gold.\"]> 50 [ Arranged evidently in stages, of which the highest consisted of the 4 half-plinths of pure gold, the second of 15 half-p\nmod000089.xml|130|translation.] 49 [ \"white gold.\"] 50 [ Arranged evidently in stages, of which the highest consisted of the 4 half-plinths of pure gold, the second of 15 half-plinths, the third of 35, the fourth of 63, making 117 in all: see Stein's note.]> 51 [ {elkon stathmon ei\nmod000089.xml|130|30 [ i.e. \"of the Market-place.\"] 31 [ {periodos}.] 32 [ {kurbasias}: see vii. 64.] 33 [ {poluargurotatoi}: this seems to include gold also, for which Lydia was famous.]> 34 [ {poluprobatotatoi}.]> 35 [ {tende}, pointing to it in the map.]> 36 [ If {anaballesthai}\nmod000089.xml|130|}.] 28 [ Lit. \"the name of which happens to be Catarractes.\"] 29 [ i.e. 4,000,000.] 30 [ The {stater dareikos} was of nearly pure gold (cp. iv. 166), weighing about 124 grains.]> 3001 [ {stele}, i.e. a square block of stone.]> 31 [ {athanato andri}, taken by some \nmod000089.xml|130|t was actually a North-East Wind.] 193 [ i.e. \"Ovens.\"] 194 [ {exebrassonto}.] 195 [ {thesaurous}.] 196 [ The word {khrusea}, \"of gold,\" is omitted by some Editors.]> 197 [ \"in his case also {kai touton} there was an unpleasing misfortune of the slaying of a child\nmod000090.xml|130|l the heuristic use of imaginary experiments is one that forms the heuristic basis of atomism. We imagine that we take a piece of gold, or some other substance, and cut it into smaller and smaller parts 'until we arrive at parts so small that they cannot be any lo\nmod000094.xml|130|t to their friends to do good for them, never harm. I follow you. Someone doesn\u2019t give a lender back what he\u2019s owed by giving him gold, if doing so would be harmful, and both he and the lender are friends. Isn\u2019t that what you think Simonides meant?> It is.> But wh\nmod000094.xml|130|e? Apparently. And when one needs to buy a boat, it\u2019s a boatbuilder or a ship\u2019s captain? Probably. In what joint use of silver or gold, then, is a just person a more useful partner than the others?> When it must be deposited for safekeeping, Socrates.> You mean wh\nmod000094.xml|130|r if Polemarchus and I made an error in our investigation, you should know that we did so unwillingly.   If we were searching for gold, we\u2019d never willingly give way to each other, if by doing so we\u2019d destroy our chance of finding it. So don\u2019t think that in search\nmod000094.xml|130|stroy our chance of finding it. So don\u2019t think that in searching for justice, a thing more valuable than even a large quantity of gold, we\u2019d mindlessly give way to one another or be less than completely serious about finding it. You surely mustn\u2019t think that, but \nmod000094.xml|130|re windowlike openings in it, and, peeping in, he saw a corpse, which seemed to be of more than human size, wearing nothing but a gold ring on its finger. He took the ring and came out of the chasm. He wore the ring at the usual monthly meeting that reported to th\nmod000094.xml|130| with the necessities16 we mentioned at first, such as houses, clothes, and shoes, but painting and embroidery must be begun, and gold, ivory, and the like acquired. Isn\u2019t that so?> Yes.> Then we must enlarge our city, for the healthy one is no longer adequate. We\nmod000094.xml|130|ely so. But Pindar and the tragedians don\u2019t agree with us. They say that Asclepius was the son of Apollo, that he was bribed with gold to heal a rich man, who was already dying, and that he was killed by lightning for doing so. But, in view of what we said before,\nmod000094.xml|130|se and tumult to see if they\u2019re afraid, we must expose our young people to fears and pleasures, testing them more thoroughly than gold is tested by fire. If someone is hard to put under a spell, is apparently gracious in everything, is a good guardian of himself a\nmod000094.xml|130|of the story. \u201cAll of you in the city are brothers,\u201d we\u2019ll say to them in telling our story, \u201cbut the god who made you mixed some gold into those who are adequately equipped to rule, because they are most valuable. He put silver in those who are auxiliaries and ir\nmod000094.xml|130|his nature and drive him out to join the craftsmen and farmers. But if an offspring of these people is found to have a mixture of gold or silver, they will honor him and take > him up to join the guardians or the auxiliaries, for there is an oracle which says that\nmod000094.xml|130|guardianship. Fourth, they\u2019ll have common messes and live together like soldiers in a camp. We\u2019ll tell them that they always have gold and silver of a divine sort in their souls as a gift from the gods and so have no further need of human gold. Indeed, we\u2019ll tell \nmod000094.xml|130|hat they always have gold and silver of a divine sort in their souls as a gift from the gods and so have no further need of human gold. Indeed, we\u2019ll tell them that it\u2019s impious for them to defile this divine possession by any admixture of such gold, because many \nmod000094.xml|130| need of human gold. Indeed, we\u2019ll tell them that it\u2019s impious for them to defile this divine possession by any admixture of such gold, because many impious deeds have been done that involve the currency used by ordinary people, while their own is pure. Hence, for\nmod000094.xml|130|by ordinary people, while their own is pure. Hence, for them alone among the city\u2019s population, it is unlawful to touch or handle gold or silver. They mustn\u2019t be under the same roof as it, wear it as jewelry, or drink from gold or silver goblets. In this way they\u2019\nmod000094.xml|130|n, it is unlawful to touch or handle gold or silver. They mustn\u2019t be under the same roof as it, wear it as jewelry, or drink from gold or silver goblets. In this way they\u2019d save both themselves and the city. But if they acquire private land, houses, and currency t\nmod000094.xml|130|ke their own private sacrifices to the gods, entertain guests, and also, of course, possess what you were talking about just now, gold and silver and all the things that are thought to belong to people who are blessedly happy. But one might well say that your guar\nmod000094.xml|130|ppiness that would make them something other than guardians. We know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes, festoon them with gold jewelry, and tell them to work the land whenever they please. We know how to settle our potters on couches by the fire, feasting \nmod000094.xml|130|or I think what you say is right. What if they sent envoys to another city and told them the following truth: \u201cWe have no use for gold or silver, and it isn\u2019t lawful for us to possess them, so join us in this war, and you can take the property of those who oppose \nmod000094.xml|130|le, if we had to come to an agreement about whether someone similar in nature and training to our city had embezzled a deposit of gold or silver that he had accepted, who do you think would consider him to have done it rather than someone who isn\u2019t like him?> No o\nmod000094.xml|130| saw the swarm and passed the topic by in order to save us a lot of trouble.   Well, said Thrasymachus, are we here to search for gold3 or to listen to an argument?> The latter, I said, but within reason.> It\u2019s within reason, Socrates, Glaucon said, for people wit\nmod000094.xml|130| and all other adversities. Anyone who was incapable of doing so was to be rejected, while anyone who came through unchanged\u2014like gold tested in a fire\u2014 was to be made ruler and receive prizes both while he lived and after his death. These were the sort of things \nmod000094.xml|130|e rulers, your well-governed city will become a possibility,    for only in it will the truly rich rule\u2014not those who are rich in gold but those who are rich in the wealth that the happy must have, namely, a good and rational life. But if beggars hungry for privat\nmod000094.xml|130|he golden, silver, bronze, and iron races, which are Hesiod\u2019s and your own.11 The intermixing of iron with silver and bronze with gold that results will engender lack of likeness and unharmonious inequality, and these always breed war and hostility wherever they a\nmod000094.xml|130| war breaks out, both the iron and bronze types13 pull the constitution towards money-making and the acquisition of land, houses, gold, and silver, while both the gold and silver types14\u2014not being poor, but by nature rich or rich in their souls\u2014lead the constituti\nmod000094.xml|130|d bronze types13 pull the constitution towards money-making and the acquisition of land, houses, gold, and silver, while both the gold and silver types14\u2014not being poor, but by nature rich or rich in their souls\u2014lead the constitution towards virtue and the old ord\nmod000094.xml|130| most of these qualities peculiar to it? Yes. Such people will desire money just as those in oligarchies do, passionately adoring gold and silver in secret. They will possess private treasuries and storehouses, where they can keep it hidden, and have houses to enc\nmod000094.xml|130|hy? Yes. And surely the manner of this transformation is clear even to the blind. What is it like? The treasure house filled with gold, which each possesses, destroys the constitution. First, they find ways of spending money for themselves, then they stretch the l\nmod000094.xml|130| to the savage? Will he agree or what? He will, if he takes my advice. In light of this argument, can it profit anyone to acquire gold unjustly if, by doing so, he enslaves the best part of himself to the most vicious? If he got the gold by enslaving his son or da\nmod000094.xml|130|t profit anyone to acquire gold unjustly if, by doing so, he enslaves the best part of himself to the most vicious? If he got the gold by enslaving his son or daughter to savage and evil men, it wouldn\u2019t profit him, no matter how much gold he got. How, then, could\nmod000094.xml|130|t vicious? If he got the gold by enslaving his son or daughter to savage and evil men, it wouldn\u2019t profit him, no matter how much gold he got. How, then, could he fail to be wretched if he pitilessly enslaves the most divine part of himself to the most godless and\nmod000094.xml|130| would have allowed either him or Hesiod to wander around as rhapsodes? Instead, wouldn\u2019t they have clung tighter to them than to gold and compelled them to live with them in their homes, or, if they failed to persuade them to do so, wouldn\u2019t they have followed th\nmod000094.xml|130|ale as corpses. 11. See 390d. 12. See 432c\u2013433b. 1. This task is taken up in Book VIII. 2. See 423e\u2013424a. 3. Literally: to refine gold. A proverbial expression applied to those who neglect the task at hand for some more fascinating but less profitable pursuit. Thr\nmod000094.xml|130| 6.211. 13. I.e. the rulers into whose souls iron or bronze have been mixed. 14. I.e. the rulers whose souls are either silver or gold.> >15. See 463b.> >16. The line does not occur in the extant plays, but it may be an adaptation of Seven against Thebes 451.> >17\nmod000095.xml|130|that friends owe it to friends to do something good and nothing bad.\" \"I understand,\" I said, \"that whoever gives back to someone gold that's been entrusted to him does not give what's owed if the giving and the getting would be harmful and the people getting it b\nmod000095.xml|130|d surely when it's for a ship, it's the shipbuilder or helmsman?\" \"It seems like it.\" \"Then when there is a need to use silver or gold in common, for what purpose is a just person more useful than anyone else?\"> \"When they need to be entrusted to someone and kept \nmod000095.xml|130|nd this fellow here, you can be assured that we're going astray unwillingly. For don't even imagine, when, if we were looking for gold, we wouldn't be wilting to kowtow to each other in the search and ruin our chances of finding it, that when we're looking for jus\nmod000095.xml|130|each other in the search and ruin our chances of finding it, that when we're looking for justice, a thing more valuable than much gold, > > we'd be so senseless as to defer to each other and not be as serious as possible about bringing it to light. Don't so much a\nmod000095.xml|130|o look through them he saw a dead body inside that appeared bigger than a human being. And this body had on it nothing else but a gold ring around its finger, which he took off and went away.> \"And when the customary gathering of the shepherds came along, so that \nmod000095.xml|130| houses, cloaks, and shoes \u2013 that have to be put in place, but painting and multicolored embroidery have to be set in motion, and gold and ivory and all that sort of thing have to be acquired, don't they?\"> \"Yes,\" he said.> > \"Isn't there a need then to make the c\nmod000095.xml|130|and yet the tragic poets and Pindar, unpersuaded by us, claim that even though Asclepius was the son of Apollo, he was induced by gold to cure a rich man who was already at the > point of death, and that he was struck by a thunderbolt for that reason. But accordin\nmod000095.xml|130|, need to be taken into some terrifying situations and then quickly shifted into pleasant ones, so as to test them much more than gold is tested in a fire. If someone shows himself hard to bewitch and composed in everything, a good guardian of himself and of the m\nmod000095.xml|130|he story is: 'All of you in the city are brothers, but the god, when he molded those of you who are competent to be rulers, mixed gold into them at their formation \u2013 that's why they're the most honorable \u2013 but all the auxiliaries have silver in them, and there's i\nmod000095.xml|130|, for the most part you'll produce children like yourselves, but it's possible for a silver offspring sometimes to be born from a gold parent, and a gold from a silver, and all the others likewise from one another. So the god exhorts the rulers first and foremost \nmod000095.xml|130| you'll produce children like yourselves, but it's possible for a silver offspring sometimes to be born from a gold parent, and a gold from a silver, and all the others likewise from one another. So the god exhorts the rulers first and foremost to be good guardian\nmod000095.xml|130| to its nature, they'll drive it out among the craftsmen or farmers, and if in turn any children are born from those parents with gold or silver mixed in them, they'll honor them and take them up, some to the guardian group, the others to the auxiliary, because th\nmod000095.xml|130|r and nothing lacking each year. Going regularly to public dining halls, they're to live in common like soldiers in a camp. About gold and silver, it's to be said to them that they have the divine sort from gods always in their souls, and have no further need of t\nmod000095.xml|130|ed of the human sort, and that it's not pious to defile their possession of the former by mixing with it the possession of mortal gold, because many impious deeds have occurred over the currency most people use, while the sort they have with them is uncorrupted. A\nmod000095.xml|130|e, while the sort they have with them is uncorrupted. And for them alone of those in the city, it's not lawful to handle or touch gold and silver, or even to go under the same roof with them, or wear them as ornaments, or drink out of silver or gold cups.> \"And in\nmod000095.xml|130|andle or touch gold and silver, or even to go under the same roof with them, or wear them as ornaments, or drink out of silver or gold cups.> \"And in this way they'd keep themselves and the city safe. But whenever they possess private land and houses and currency,\nmod000095.xml|130|ale, offer the gods private sacrifices, entertain foreign visitors, and especially do what you were just talking about, acquiring gold and silver and everything that's regarded as belonging to people who're going to be blessedly happy? Frankly, he might claim, the\nmod000095.xml|130|piness that will make them anything other than guardians. We also know how to dress farmers in magnificent robes, adorn them with gold, and tell them to work the land at their pleasure, and have the potters lie back in front of the fire, feasting and matching drin\nmod000095.xml|130|eaking correctly.\" \"And what if they sent a delegation to the other city and told t hem the truth? They'd say 'we have no use for gold or silver, nor is it even lawful for us, but it is for you; so go to war alongside us and you keep what belongs to the other side\nmod000095.xml|130|about that city and the man who's like that by nature and upbringing, as to whether it seemed such a man would steal a deposit of gold or silver he'd accepted in trust, do you think anyone would imagine he'd be more likely to do that than all those not of his sort\nmod000095.xml|130|in his first words since the first book. He has been won over, at least on this night, from competing with others for things like gold to join them in hearing talk that has roused his interest. And the desire of the group to lead that talk toward lighter topics sh\nmod000095.xml|130|f trouble.\" \"What!\" said Thrasymachus. \"Do you imagine these people have come this far now to fritter away their time looking for gold rather than to listen to arguments?\"> \"All well and good,\" I said, \"but within measure.\"> \"The measure in hearing such arguments,\nmod000095.xml|130|vicissitude, or else the person who's incapable is to be rejected, while the one who comes through untarnished in every way, like gold tested in the fire, is to be established as a ruler and given honors and prizes both while living and at his death. Some such thi\nmod000095.xml|130|ll-governed city to come into being for you, because only in it will the rulers be those who are rich in their very being, not in gold but in that in which someone who's happy needs to be rich: a good and intelligent life. But if beggars and people hungry for priv\nmod000095.xml|130|nd those from among them set up as rulers won't be entirely perceptive about assessing those races of Hesiod 's150 and yours, the gold and silver and bronze and iron. And by the mingling together of iron with silver and bronze with gold, a dissimilarity and inharm\nmod000095.xml|130|Hesiod 's150 and yours, the gold and silver and bronze and iron. And by the mingling together of iron with silver and bronze with gold, a dissimilarity and inharmonious irregularity will be introduced, which, when they come along, always breed war and antagonism w\nmod000095.xml|130|wo strains of iron and bronze in their race each pulled them in the direction of moneymaking and of acquiring land and houses and gold and silver, while the other two strains of gold and silver, inasmuch as they weren't needy but rich in their souls by nature, led\nmod000095.xml|130| pulled them in the direction of moneymaking and of acquiring land and houses and gold and silver, while the other two strains of gold and silver, inasmuch as they weren't needy but rich in their souls by nature, led them toward virtue and the ancient order of thi\nmod000095.xml|130|\" \"Yes.\" \"Such people will in fact be covetous of money,\"153 I said, \"just like those in oligarchies, fiercely doing reverence to gold and silver under cover of darkness, since they're in possession of coffers and household treasuries where they can store away and\nmod000095.xml|130|nto oligarchy?\" \"Yes.\" \"And how it transforms is surely obvious even to a blind person,\" I said. \"How?\" \"That strong room full of gold each one has destroys that sort of polity,\" I said. \"First they come up with ways to spend it on themselves, and alter the laws t\nmod000095.xml|130|cede it if he's persuaded by me,\" he said. \"Then is there any way, based on this argument, for it to be profitable to get hold of gold unjustly,\" I said, \"if something like this happens: by getting hold of the gold, at the same time he enslaves the best part of hi\nmod000095.xml|130| argument, for it to be profitable to get hold of gold unjustly,\" I said, \"if something like this happens: by getting hold of the gold, at the same time he enslaves the best part of himself to the most vicious part? If, by his having carried off the gold he'd ensl\nmod000095.xml|130|ld of the gold, at the same time he enslaves the best part of himself to the most vicious part? If, by his having carried off the gold he'd enslaved a son or daughter, and to wild and evil men at that, it wouldn't have been of profit to him even if he'd gotten col\nmod000095.xml|130|imself a slave to the most godforsaken and polluted part, and has no mercy, is he not a miserable wretch, and does he not get the gold as a payoff for a catastrophe much more horrific than Eriphyle's178 when she accepted a necklace for her husband's life?\"> \"Much \nmod000095.xml|130|eople of his time have allowed him or Hesiod to be itinerant reciters of poetry, and not have hung onto them more tightly than to gold, and made them stay in their homes with them , or, if they > > couldn't persuade them to, have shadowed them like tutors185 where\nmod000095.xml|130| to understand painting or sculpting (on Achilles' shield \"the earth looked like earth that had been plowed though it was made of gold\"). The Republic uses \"imitation\" to understand poetry.> Both the Iliad and the Republic are difficult to grasp, but the Republic \nmod000095.xml|130|would turn again to the furrow. The earth darkened behind them and looked like earth that has been ploughed though it was made of gold. Such was the wonder of the shield's forging.> (XVIII, 369-549, selected)> Horner shows the labor of the imitating; he shows the \nmod000095.xml|130| To answer these questions we need to look at the 'silver' soul (thumos), the kind of soul that Book X wants to \"dry up\", not the gold or bronze soul. The Republic asks us to see the limits of this kind of soul, how it begins in the desire for relishes and ends in\nmod000095.xml|130|r lust. It does not want two pieces of meat; it wants one piece with relish. It does not want two coats; it wants one coat with a gold braid on it. It does not sexually desire two women rather than one, or two men rather than one; it wants a sexual object that is \nmod000095.xml|130|at payment might be. For example, would you return to the risks of war if you were offered \"seven unfired tripods, ten talents of gold, twenty shining cauldrons, twelve horses, seven women of Lesbos, twenty Trojan women, Agamemnon's daughter in marriage and seven \nmod000095.xml|130|the one who praises, the imitator in speech \u2013 above himself in order to recognize himself as elevated above the bronze. So only a gold soul can understand the silver, giving him the recognition in speech or song that he deserves. But now the silver soul, besides b\nmod000095.xml|130| dream and that all men are brothers, having Earth as mother. He believes in the brotherhood of man despite metallic differences (gold, silver, bronze) that are of special concern to him. So when the silver soul believes the noble lie, he is not merely taken in an\nmod000095.xml|130|liad. So [Hephaistos] spoke, and left [Thetis) there. He cast on the fire bronze which is weariless, and tin with it and valuable gold, and silver.> First of all, he forged a shield that was huge and heavy,> elaborating it about, and threw around it a shining trip\nmod000095.xml|130|crates goes to the house of Cephalus, a prosperous manufacturer of armor, and there he forges a new shield from men with souls of gold, silver, and bronze. The Republic is that shield, that mirror, that will replace our Homeric, Olympian armor.> Could anyone reall\nmod000095.xml|130| something like a \"Form\" \u2013 something unique which can't be imitated without distortion. To found the city, one would need to have gold separate from bronze or silver, silver separate from gold or bronze. But in so far as the best city is an image of the soul, all \nmod000095.xml|130| imitated without distortion. To found the city, one would need to have gold separate from bronze or silver, silver separate from gold or bronze. But in so far as the best city is an image of the soul, all of the metals are present in each of us. No one could full\nmod000095.xml|130|eds and can use the protection of the impossible city, a city in speech? In general, the city in speech will try to protect young gold and silver souls from being corrupted, being made cynical and vicious like Thrasymachus, by an uncritical look at the diverse opi\nmod000097.xml|130|nd a sea route to the East Indies. The new products imported from America and the Indies and particularly the large quantities of gold and silver which came into circulation completely changed the position of classes toward each other and dealt a hard blow to feud\nmod000097.xml|130|er discussion the relationships of the nations to one another took on two different forms. In the beginning the small quantity of gold and silver in circulation brought about the ban on the export of these metals. Industry, mostly imported from abroad and needed t\nmod000097.xml|130| from levies later imposed by towns as the most convenient method of raising money for their treasury. The appearance of American gold and silver on the European markets, the gradual development of industry, the rapid expansion of trade, and the consequent rise of\nmod000097.xml|130|ures a different significance. Being from day to day less able to do without money, the state now upheld the ban on the export of gold and silver for fiscal reasons. The bourgeois for whom these masses of money on the market became the chief object of speculation \nmod000097.xml|130|bourgeois. Cf. Adam Smith [The Wealth of Nations]. This period is also characterized by the cancellation of bans on the export of gold and silver, and the beginning of trade in money; by banks, national debts, paper money, speculation in stocks and shares, and job\nmod000098.xml|130|e, that thou shouldst be remiss in doing any of the things which thou hast promised me: neither let\" them be impeded by outlay of gold or silver, nor by number of troops, whithersoever there is need of their coming ; but in conjunction with Artabazus, an honourabl\nmod000098.xml|130|d been taken what was spent on the propylaea of the citadel, and the other buildings, and on Potidaea ;) and besides, of uncoined gold and silver in private and public offerings, and all the sacred utensils for the processions and games, and the Median spoils, and\nmod000098.xml|130|ll resources, even the golden appendages of the goddess herself ; explaining to them that the statue contained 40 talents of pure gold, and that it was all removable; and after using it for their preservation they must,lhe\"said, restore it to w the same amount. Wi\nmod000098.xml|130|. The Peloponnesians, after ravaging the plain, passed into the Paralian territory, as it is called, as far as Laurium, where the gold mines of the Athenians are situated. And first they ravaged the side which looks towards Peloponnese; afterwards, that which lies\nmod000098.xml|130| sum which they paid under Seuthes, who was successor of Sitalces, and raised it to its greatest amount, was about 400 talents in gold and silver. Presents were also made to no less an amount in gold and silver; and besides these there was all the clothing, both f\nmod000098.xml|130|, and raised it to its greatest amount, was about 400 talents in gold and silver. Presents were also made to no less an amount in gold and silver; and besides these there was all the clothing, both figured and plain, and other articles for use; and that not only f\nmod000098.xml|130| meantime Brasidas, being afraid of the naval succour from Thasos, and hearing that Thucydides possessed the right of working the gold mines in those parts of Thrace, and by this means had influence amongst the chief persons on the mainland, made haste to get poss\nmod000098.xml|130|d to carry on the war with spirit and both received Brasidas with other marks of honour, and publicly crowned him with a crown of gold, as the liberator of Greece ; while individually they decked him with garlands, and thronged to him as to a victorious athlete. A\nmod000098.xml|130|ing to a herald; having mixed  bowls of wine through the whole armament, and both seamen and their officers making oblations with gold and silver goblets. They were joined also in their prayers by the rest of the multitude on shore, both the citizens and whoever e\nmod000098.xml|130|ate in some way or other. And they are more able to do it, if they please, than any men of the present day; for they possess most gold and silver; and it is by means of these that war, like every thing else, prospers. Let us likewise send to Lacedaemon and Corinth\nmod000098.xml|130|ifling, a much greater show of wealth. \u2018And in their private receptions of the triremes\u2019 crews, having collected the cups both of gold and silver that were in Segesta itself, and borrowed those in the neighbouring cities, whether Phoenician or Grecian, they each b\nmod000107.xml|130|wever, I know well, that the city has not the wherewithal to deal with everyone who asks, not even if you give them any amount of gold and silver.    >They have also to adjudicate cases when a man does not repair his ship or builds something on public property, an\nmod000108.xml|130|spend money on fine arms and good horses and magnificent houses and establishments, and the women go in for expensive clothes and gold jewelry.> If, on the other hand, the body politic is diseased owing to failure of the harvest or to war, the land goes out of cul\nmod000108.xml|130|d goes out of cultivation and there is a much more insistent demand for cash to pay for food and mercenaries. If anyone says that gold is quite as useful as silver, I am not going to contradict him; but I know this, that when gold is plentiful, silver rises and go\nmod000108.xml|130| mercenaries. If anyone says that gold is quite as useful as silver, I am not going to contradict him; but I know this, that when gold is plentiful, silver rises and gold falls in value.> With these facts before us, we need not hesitate to bring as much labour as \nmod000108.xml|130|ld is quite as useful as silver, I am not going to contradict him; but I know this, that when gold is plentiful, silver rises and gold falls in value.> With these facts before us, we need not hesitate to bring as much labour as we can get into the mines and carry \nmod000109.xml|130|on and folly. And again, when he prayed he asked simply for good gifts,  for the gods know best what things are good. To pray for gold or silver or sovereignty or any other such thing, was just like praying for a gamble or a fight or anything of which the result i\nmod000109.xml|130|e you speak of is the very one which I think makes my work worth a big price. Some, however, prefer to buy the ornamented and the gold-plated breastplates.Still, if the consequence is that they buy misfits, it seems to me they buy ornamented and gold-plated trash.\nmod000109.xml|130|ented and the gold-plated breastplates.Still, if the consequence is that they buy misfits, it seems to me they buy ornamented and gold-plated trash. >However, as the body is not rigid, but now bent, now straight, how can tight breastplates fit? They can\u2019t.You mean\nmod000109.xml|130| to it, to make it as complete as possible. By Hera, retorted Socrates, I do admire you for valuing the treasures of wisdom above gold and silver. For you are evidently of opinion that, while gold and silver cannot make men better, the thoughts of the wise enrich \nmod000109.xml|130|Socrates, I do admire you for valuing the treasures of wisdom above gold and silver. For you are evidently of opinion that, while gold and silver cannot make men better, the thoughts of the wise enrich their possessors with virtue.Now Euthydemus was glad to hear t\nmod000111.xml|130|im; and if this too should prove inadequate, he would go so far as to break up the throne whereon he sat, which was of silver and gold. >The ambassadors thanked him, and urged him to make the wage of each sailor an Attic drachma >a day, explaining that if this wer\nmod000111.xml|130|ould overcome the King, being perplexed to know how to deal with the situation, sent Timocrates the Rhodian to Greece, giving him gold to the value of fifty talents of silver, and bade him undertake, on receipt of the surest pledges, to give this money to the lead\nmod000111.xml|130|laus and Polyanthes; and at Argos to Cylon and his followers. And the Athenians, even though they did not receive a share of this gold, were nevertheless eager for the war, thinking that theirs was the right to rule. Then those who had taken the money set to work \nmod000111.xml|130|atae with him were lying on the ground in a grassy spot awaiting them; Pharnabazus, however, came in a dress which was worth much gold. But when his attendants were proceeding to spread rugs beneath him, upon which the Persians sit softly, he was ashamed to indulg\nmod000111.xml|130|re. As for the prizes, most of them were beautifully wrought arms, both for hoplites and for horsemen; there were also wreaths of gold, and the prizes all told cost not less than four talents. As a >result, however, of the expending of this sum, arms worth a vast \nmod000111.xml|130| of Anaxibius was on the level ground; but when the Abydenes, who were in the van, were now in the plain of Cremaste, where their gold mines are, and the rest of the army as it followed along was on the downward slope, and Anaxibius with his Lacedaemonians was jus\nmod000111.xml|130|heir sway, this also would be a great power added to the Olynthians. Then, if the Thracians were their followers, straightway the gold mines of Mount Pangaeum also would beckon to them. And there is not one of these things which we say which is not also said thous\nmod000111.xml|130|phron also, I ask, guilty under all these heads? In the first place, he found the shrines full of offerings both of silver and of gold, and left them empty of all these treasures. Again, who could be more manifestly a traitor than Euphron, who was the closest of f\nmod000112.xml|130|y wasn\u2019t aware that I understood these things; and so I have been thinking for some time whether my knowledge extends to smelting gold, playing the flute, and painting pictures. For I have never been taught these things any more than I have been taught farming; bu\nmod000113.xml|130|vour, adorned him with necklaces and bracelets; and if he went out for a ride anywhere, he took the boy along upon a horse with a gold-studded bridle, just as he himself was accustomed to go. And as Cyrus was a boy fond of beautiful things and eager for distinctio\nmod000113.xml|130|mbers. Furthermore, the treasurers, both of the Assyrian king and of the other monarchs, have come to me to report that they have gold coin in their possession, by which they referred to certain payments of tribute.  >Notify them, therefore, to deliver all this al\nmod000113.xml|130|s rose to go home, he is reported to have said: I am no longer surprised, Cyrus, that while we possess more cups and clothing and gold than you, we ourselves are worth less than you are. For our whole thought is to have as much of those things as possible, while y\nmod000113.xml|130|not drink from golden goblets. And if we do this, then he would realize that it is possible for men to be gentlemen, even without gold.  >Come then, said Cyrus, turn over to the magi what belongs to the gods, set apart for the army its share, and then call Gobryas\nmod000113.xml|130|serters and confirmed by his prisoners of war, that the Assyrian king had gone off in the direction of Lydia with many talents of gold and silver and with other treasures and jewels of every sort.  >So it became general talk among the rank and file of the soldiers\nmod000113.xml|130|nd eight horses abreast; and his wife, Panthea, with here own money had a golden corselet made for him and a helmet and armlet of gold; and he had the horses of his chariot equipped with armour of solid bronze.  >Such was the work of Abradatas; and when Cyrus saw \nmod000113.xml|130|rned most handsomely; and when he came to put on his linen corselet, such as they used in his country, Panthea brought him one of gold, also a helmet, arm-pieces, broad bracelets for his wrists\u2014all of gold\u2014and a purple tunic that hung down in folds to his feet, an\nmod000113.xml|130|ch as they used in his country, Panthea brought him one of gold, also a helmet, arm-pieces, broad bracelets for his wrists\u2014all of gold\u2014and a purple tunic that hung down in folds to his feet, and a helmet-plume of hyacinth dye. All these she had had made without he\nmod000113.xml|130|ider as well. The arms of Cyrus differed from those of the rest in this only, that while the rest were overlaid with the ordinary gold colour, Cyrus\u2019s arms flashed like a mirror.  >Then, when he had mounted his horse and sat >looking off in the direction he was to\nmod000113.xml|130|ssue.  And at first he did not even answer me; but when I had at last propitiated him, as I thought, by sending many offerings of gold and many of silver and by sacrificing very many victims, then he did answer my question as to what I should do to have sons; and \nmod000113.xml|130| king? Whose gifts are so readily recognized as some of those which the king gives, such as bracelets, necklaces, and horses with gold-studded bridles? For, as everybody knows, no one over there is allowed to have such things except those to whom the king has give\nmod000113.xml|130|him that by giving so much away he would make himself poor, whereas he was in a position to lay up in his house more treasures of gold than any other man. And how much gold, pray, Cyrus is said to have asked, do you think I should have by this time, if I had been \nmod000113.xml|130|ld make himself poor, whereas he was in a position to lay up in his house more treasures of gold than any other man. And how much gold, pray, Cyrus is said to have asked, do you think I should have by this time, if I had been amassing it, as you propose, ever sinc\nmod000113.xml|130|me horses, a sacrifice for the Sun; and after them came a chariot sacred to Zeus; it was drawn by white horses and with a yoke of gold and wreathed with garlands; and next, for the Sun, a chariot drawn by white horses and wreathed with garlands like the other. Aft\nmod000113.xml|130|, and equipped with their customary javelins.  Next-came Cyrus\u2019s private stud of horses, about two hundred in all, led along with gold-mounted bridles and covered over with embroidered housings. Behind these came two thousand spearmen, and after them the original \nmod000113.xml|130|hrysantas he drew to himself and kissed him.  By Zeus, Cyrus, cried Artabazus, the cup which you have given me is not of the same gold as the present you have given Chrysantas! Well said he, I will give you the same gift. When? asked the other. Thirty years from n\nmod000113.xml|130|at, and you would counsel well.  But of this, perhaps, enough. Now as to my body, when I am dead, my sons, lay it away neither in gold nor in silver nor in anything else, but commit it to the earth as soon as may be. For what is more blessed than to be united with\nmod000114.xml|130|ants being aware of it: the money would fill a large space and need a wagon to draw it.  Moreover, there is a right of search for gold and silver, and, in the event of discovery, the possessor is fined. Why, then, should money-making be a preoccupation in a state \nmod000114.xml|130|s of flattery as governors of dependent states.  And I know too that in former days they were afraid to be found in possession of gold; whereas nowadays there are some who even boast of their possessions.  >There were alien acts in former days, and to live abroad \nmod000115.xml|130|edaemonian exile; Cyrus, making his acquaintance, came to admire him, and gave him ten thousand darics. And Clearchus, taking the gold, collected an army by means of this money, and using the Chersonese as a base of operations, proceeded to make war upon the Thrac\nmod000115.xml|130|yrus a large sum of money for his army, while Cyrus gave him gifts which are regarded at court as tokens of honour\u2014a horse with a gold-mounted bridle, a gold necklace and bracelets, a gold dagger and a Persian robe\u2014promising him, further, that his land should not \nmod000115.xml|130|ey for his army, while Cyrus gave him gifts which are regarded at court as tokens of honour\u2014a horse with a gold-mounted bridle, a gold necklace and bracelets, a gold dagger and a Persian robe\u2014promising him, further, that his land should not be plundered any more a\nmod000115.xml|130|ve him gifts which are regarded at court as tokens of honour\u2014a horse with a gold-mounted bridle, a gold necklace and bracelets, a gold dagger and a Persian robe\u2014promising him, further, that his land should not be plundered any more and that they might take back th\nmod000115.xml|130|s us, but that I shall not have enough friends to give to. And as for you men of Greece, I shall give each one of you a wreath of gold besides. >When they heard these words, the officers were far more eager themselves and carried the news away with them to the oth\nmod000115.xml|130|y him upon the body of Cyrus, while others say that he drew his dagger and slew himself with his own hand; for he had a dagger of gold, and he also wore a necklace and bracelets and all the other ornaments that the noblest Persians wear; for he had been honoured b\nmod000115.xml|130|aw plainly what a great amount of fine land they possessed, what an abundance of provisions, what quantities of servants, cattle, gold, and apparel; >but whenever I took thought of the situation of our own soldiers, I saw that we had no share in these good things,\nmod000115.xml|130|e the one at Ephesus, although small as compared with great, and the image of the goddess, although cypress wood as compared with gold, is like the Ephesian image. >Beside the temple stands a tablet with this inscription: The place is sacred to Artemis. He who hol\nmod000115.xml|130|oras who painted the mural paintings in the Lyceum. Eucleides congratulated Xenophon upon his safe return, and asked him how much gold he had got. >He replied, swearing to the truth of his statement, that he would not have even enough money to pay his travelling e\nmod000115.xml|130|ld be translated Persians. See Introd. p. viii. For the reason for his banishment see Xen. Anab. 2.6.2-4. The daric was a Persian gold coin, equivalent in weight of gold to 1 2s. 2 1/2d. or $5.40, but in purchasing power to a much larger sum.> >i.e. the Greeks on \nmod000115.xml|130|od. p. viii. For the reason for his banishment see Xen. Anab. 2.6.2-4. The daric was a Persian gold coin, equivalent in weight of gold to 1 2s. 2 1/2d. or $5.40, but in purchasing power to a much larger sum.> >i.e. the Greeks on the European side of the Hellespont\nmod000115.xml|130|lenus) Midas was granted by Dionysus the fulfilment of any request he might make; he requested that all he touched should turn to gold, and so died of hunger.> >Greek troops were not supplied with rations in the modern way, but bought their provisions from day to \nmod000115.xml|130|ed previously (see notes on i. 9 and iv. 13) is explained by the fact that silver was worth much more at this time, relatively to gold, than at present.> >i.e. the middle of the forenoon.> >i.e. the Greek army as a whole constituted the right wing of Cyrus\u2019 entire\nmod000115.xml|130| uses the term \u03a0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 both of the Euxine Sea and of the region along its south-eastern coast. See below. See Xen. Anab. 1.7.18. A gold coin of Cyzicus, an important Greek city on the Propontis. It was equivalent in weight of gold to l lls. l d. or $7.56; but see n\nmod000115.xml|130|ee below. See Xen. Anab. 1.7.18. A gold coin of Cyzicus, an important Greek city on the Propontis. It was equivalent in weight of gold to l lls. l d. or $7.56; but see note on Xen. Anab. 1.1.9.> >Persian satrap of Lesser Phrygia and Bithynia.> >A Spartan general. \nmod000116.xml|130| earth! By all the gods I swear that I would rather fight that same battle over again than that everything I see should turn into gold.  >What opinion some hold in regard to these matters I know well enough; but for my part I am persuaded that many more men can ga\nmod000116.xml|130|ssessing himself of colossal wealth, he would put all things in subjection to himself. In this belief he tried to engross all the gold, all the silver and all the most costly things in the world. Agesilaus, on the contrary, adopted such a simple style in his home \nmod000147.xml|130|ts to Delphi, as his many silver offerings at the Delphic shrine testify. Besides this silver he gave a vast number of vessels of gold, among which the most worthy of mention are the goblets, six in number, and weighing altogether thirty talents, which stand in th\nmod000147.xml|130|worth looking at. It lies in the same place as the goblets presented by Gyges. The Delphians call the whole of the silver and the gold which Gyges dedicated, after the name of the donor, Gygian.> As soon as Gyges was king he made an in-road on Miletus and Smyrna, \nmod000147.xml|130|thousand of every kind of sacrificial beast, and besides made a huge pile, and placed upon it couches coated with silver and with gold, and golden goblets, and robes and vests of purple; all which he burnt in the hope of thereby making himself more secure of the f\nmod000147.xml|130| of the land to offer a sacrifice according to their means. When the sacrifice was ended, the king melted down a vast quantity of gold, and ran it into ingots, making them six palms long, three palms broad, and one palm in thickness. The number of ingots was a hun\nmod000147.xml|130|palms long, three palms broad, and one palm in thickness. The number of ingots was a hundred and seventeen, four being of refined gold, in weight two talents and a half; the others of pale gold, and in weight two talents. He also caused a statue of a lion to be ma\nmod000147.xml|130|he number of ingots was a hundred and seventeen, four being of refined gold, in weight two talents and a half; the others of pale gold, and in weight two talents. He also caused a statue of a lion to be made in refined gold, the weight of which was ten talents. At\nmod000147.xml|130|o talents and a half; the others of pale gold, and in weight two talents. He also caused a statue of a lion to be made in refined gold, the weight of which was ten talents. At the time when the temple of Delphi was burnt to the ground, this lion fell from the ingo\nmod000147.xml|130| the fire. On the completion of these works Croesus sent them away to Delphi, and with them two bowls of an enormous size, one of gold, the other of silver, which used to stand, the latter upon the right, the former upon the left, as one entered the temple. They t\nmod000147.xml|130| sent to Delphi many others of less account, among the rest a number of round silver basins. Also he dedicated a female figure in gold, three cubits high, which is said by the Delphians to be the statue of his baking-woman; and further, he presented the necklace a\nmod000147.xml|130| Croesus to Delphi. To the shrine of Amphiaraus, with whose valour and misfortune he was acquainted, he sent a shield entirely of gold, and a spear, also of solid gold, both head and shaft. They were still existing in my day at Thebes, laid up in the temple of Ism\nmod000147.xml|130| of Amphiaraus, with whose valour and misfortune he was acquainted, he sent a shield entirely of gold, and a spear, also of solid gold, both head and shaft. They were still existing in my day at Thebes, laid up in the temple of Ismenian Apollo.> The messengers who\nmod000147.xml|130|he empire of the Persians, he sent once more to Pytho, and presented to the Delphians, the number of whom he had ascertained, two gold staters apiece. In return for this the Delphians granted to Croesus and the Lydians the privilege of precedency in consulting the\nmod000147.xml|130|adily as they had previously contracted certain obligations towards him. They had sent to Sardis on one occasion to purchase some gold, intending to use it on a statue of Apollo \u2014 the statue, namely, which remains to this day at Thornax in Laconia, when Croesus, h\nmod000147.xml|130|the statue, namely, which remains to this day at Thornax in Laconia, when Croesus, hearing of the matter, gave them as a gift the gold which they wanted.> This was one reason why the Lacedaemonians were so willing to make the alliance: another was, because Croesus\nmod000147.xml|130|law, to which they attached a curse, binding themselves never more to let their hair grow, and never to allow their women to wear gold, until they should recover Thyrea. At the same time the Lacedaemonians made a law the very reverse of this, namely, to wear their\nmod000147.xml|130|he golden heifers, and most of the columns are his gift; and at Delphi, in the temple of Pronaia, where there is a huge shield in gold, which he gave. All these offerings were still in existence in my day; many others have perished: among them those which he dedic\nmod000147.xml|130|ay about his offerings. Lydia, unlike most other countries, scarcely offers any wonders for the historian to describe, except the gold-dust which is washed down from the range of Tmolus. It has, however, one structure of enormous size, only inferior to the monumen\nmod000147.xml|130| do not bring up their girls in the same way. So far as we have any knowledge, they were the first nation to introduce the use of gold and silver coin, and the first who sold goods by retail. They claim also the invention of all the games which are common to them \nmod000147.xml|130|, of the fifth orange; all these are coloured with paint. The two last have their battlements coated respectively with silver and gold.> All these fortifications Deioces caused to be raised for himself and his own palace. The people were required to build their dw\nmod000147.xml|130|nt in. The moment I stepped inside, what should I see but a baby lying on the floor, panting and whimpering, and all covered with gold, and wrapped in clothes of such beautiful colours. Harpagus saw me, and directly ordered me to take the child my arms and carry h\nmod000147.xml|130|n my arms, and carried him along. I thought it might be the son of one of the household slaves. I did wonder certainly to see the gold and the beautiful baby-clothes, and I could not think why there was such a weeping in Harpagus\u2019s house. Well, very soon, as I cam\nmod000147.xml|130|in the temple every night. Below, in the same precinct, there is a second temple, in which is a sitting figure of Jupiter, all of gold. Before the figure stands a large golden table, and the throne whereon it sits, and the base on which the throne is placed, are l\nmod000147.xml|130|e figure stands a large golden table, and the throne whereon it sits, and the base on which the throne is placed, are likewise of gold. The Chaldaeans told me that all the gold together was eight hundred talents\u2019 weight. Outside the temple are two altars, one of s\nmod000147.xml|130|the throne whereon it sits, and the base on which the throne is placed, are likewise of gold. The Chaldaeans told me that all the gold together was eight hundred talents\u2019 weight. Outside the temple are two altars, one of solid gold, on which it is only lawful to o\nmod000147.xml|130| Chaldaeans told me that all the gold together was eight hundred talents\u2019 weight. Outside the temple are two altars, one of solid gold, on which it is only lawful to offer sucklings; the other a common altar, but of great size, on which the full-grown animals are \nmod000147.xml|130|tival of the God. In the time of Cyrus there was likewise in this temple a figure of a man, twelve cubits high, entirely of solid gold. I myself did not see this figure, but I relate what the Chaldaeans report concerning it. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, plotted t\nmod000147.xml|130|r method is strange to them: they use bows and lances, but their favourite weapon is the battle-axe. Their arms are all either of gold or brass. For their spear-points, and arrow-heads, and for their battle-axes, they make use of brass; for head-gear, belts, and g\nmod000147.xml|130|For their spear-points, and arrow-heads, and for their battle-axes, they make use of brass; for head-gear, belts, and girdles, of gold. So too with the caparison of their horses, they give them breastplates of brass, but employ gold about the reins, the bit, and t\nmod000147.xml|130|ad-gear, belts, and girdles, of gold. So too with the caparison of their horses, they give them breastplates of brass, but employ gold about the reins, the bit, and the cheek-plates. They use neither iron nor silver, having none in their country; but they have bra\nmod000147.xml|130|the reins, the bit, and the cheek-plates. They use neither iron nor silver, having none in their country; but they have brass and gold in abundance.> The following are some of their customs; \u2014 Each man has but one wife, yet all the wives are held in common; for th\nmod000147.xml|130|enerated. I visited the temple, and found it richly adorned with a number of offerings, among which were two pillars, one of pure gold, the other of emerald, shining with great brilliancy at night. In a conversation which I held with the priests, I inquired how lo\nmod000147.xml|130|ons engaged in the performance of their vows. The image of the god, which is kept in a small wooden shrine covered with plates of gold, is conveyed from the temple into a second sacred building the day before the festival begins. The few priests still in attendanc\nmod000147.xml|130|y keep one crocodile in particular, who is taught to be tame and tractable. They adorn his ears with ear-rings of molten stone or gold, and put bracelets on his fore-paws, giving him daily a set portion of bread, with a certain number of victims; and, after having\nmod000147.xml|130| He therefore caused a cow to be made of wood, and after the interior had been hollowed out, he had the whole surface coated with gold; and in this novel tomb laid the dead body of his daughter.> The cow was not placed under ground, but continued visible to my tim\nmod000147.xml|130|eater portion of it is hidden by a scarlet coverture; the head and neck, however, which are visible, are coated very thickly with gold, and between the horns there is a representation in gold of the orb of the sun. The figure is not erect, but lying down, with the\nmod000147.xml|130| head and neck, however, which are visible, are coated very thickly with gold, and between the horns there is a representation in gold of the orb of the sun. The figure is not erect, but lying down, with the limbs under the body; the dimensions being fully those o\nmod000147.xml|130| his guests and himself were wont upon occasion to wash their feet. This vessel he caused to be broken in pieces, and made of the gold an image of one of the gods, which he set up in the most public place in the whole city; upon which the Egyptians flocked to the \nmod000147.xml|130|oned, Amasis also enriched with offerings many of the Greek temples. He sent to Cyrene a statue of Minerva covered with plates of gold, and a painted likeness of himself. To the Minerva of Lindus he gave two statues in stone, and a linen corslet well worth inspect\nmod000147.xml|130|amed Nitetis, a tall and beautiful woman, the last survivor of that royal house. Amasis took this woman, and decking her out with gold and costly garments, sent her to Persia as if she had been his own child. Some time afterwards, Cambyses, as he gave her an embra\nmod000147.xml|130|ing told them what they were to say, forthwith despatched them into Ethiopia with these following gifts: to wit, a purple robe, a gold chain for the neck, armlets, an alabaster box of myrrh, and a cask of palm wine. The Ethiopians to whom this embassy was sent are\nmod000147.xml|130|g-lived. When they quitted the fountain the king led them to a prison, where the prisoners were all of them bound with fetters of gold. Among these Ethiopians copper is of all metals the most scarce and valuable. After they had seen the prison, they were likewise \nmod000147.xml|130|e him most to lose. After much thought he made up his mind that it was a signet-ring which he was wont to wear, an emerald set in gold, the workmanship of Theodore, son of Telecles, a Samian. So he determined to throw this away; and, manning a penteconter, he went\nmod000147.xml|130|he bowl \u2014 it was of linen, and had a vast number of figures of animals inwoven into its fabric, and was likewise embroidered with gold and tree-wool. What is most worthy of admiration in it is that each of the twists, although of fine texture, contains within it t\nmod000147.xml|130|eloponnese. There is a silly tale told that Polycrates struck a quantity of the coin of his country in lead, and, coating it with gold, gave it to the Lacedaemonians, who on receiving it took their departure.> This was the first expedition into Asia of the Lacedae\nmod000147.xml|130|the Siphnians at that time were at the height of their greatness, no islanders having so much wealth as they. There were mines of gold and silver in their country, and of so rich a yield, that from a tithe of the ores the Siphnians furnished out a treasury at Delp\nmod000147.xml|130|e in silver were ordered to pay according to the Babylonian talent; while the Euboic was the standard measure for such as brought gold. Now the Babylonian talent contains seventy Euboic minae. During all the reign of Cyrus, and afterwards when Cambyses ruled, ther\nmod000147.xml|130|ion with which we are acquainted, paid a tribute exceeding that of every other people, to wit, three hundred and sixty talents of gold-dust. This was the twentieth satrapy.> If the Babylonian money here spoken of be reduced to the Euboic scale, it will make nine t\nmod000147.xml|130|n money here spoken of be reduced to the Euboic scale, it will make nine thousand five hundred and forty such talents; and if the gold be reckoned at thirteen times the worth of silver, the Indian gold-dust will come to four thousand six hundred and eighty talents\nmod000147.xml|130| nine thousand five hundred and forty such talents; and if the gold be reckoned at thirteen times the worth of silver, the Indian gold-dust will come to four thousand six hundred and eighty talents. Add these two amounts together and the whole revenue which came i\nmod000147.xml|130|ng-houses are under ground. Every third year these two nations brought \u2014 and they still bring to my day \u2014 two choenices of virgin gold, two hundred logs of ebony, five Ethiopian boys, and twenty elephant tusks. The Colchians, and the neighbouring tribes who dwell \nmod000147.xml|130|were the gifts which the king received over and above the tribute-money. The way in which the Indians get the plentiful supply of gold which enables them to furnish year by year so vast an amount of gold-dust to the kind is the following:\u2014 eastward of India lies a\nmod000147.xml|130|ey. The way in which the Indians get the plentiful supply of gold which enables them to furnish year by year so vast an amount of gold-dust to the kind is the following:\u2014 eastward of India lies a tract which is entirely sand. Indeed of all the inhabitants of Asia,\nmod000147.xml|130| as the Bactrians. They are more warlike than any of the other tribes, and from them the men are sent forth who go to procure the gold. For it is in this part of India that the sandy desert lies. Here, in this desert, there live amid the sand great ants, in size s\nmod000147.xml|130|eek ants, which they very much resemble in shape, throw up sand-heaps as they burrow. Now the sand which they throw up is full of gold. The Indians, when they go into the desert to collect this sand, take three camels and harness them together, a female in the mid\nmod000147.xml|130|legs four thigh-bones and four knee-joints. When the Indians therefore have thus equipped themselves they set off in quest of the gold, calculating the time so that they may be engaged in seizing it during the most sultry part of the day, when the ants hide themse\nmod000147.xml|130|where. Towards evening the coolness increases, till about sunset it becomes very cold. When the Indians reach the place where the gold is, they fill their bags with the sand, and ride away at their best speed: the ants, however, scenting them, as the Persians say,\nmod000147.xml|130|othing in the world like them: if it were not, therefore, that the Indians get a start while the ants are mustering, not a single gold-gatherer could escape. During the flight the male camels, which are not so fleet as the females, grow tired, and begin to drag, f\nmod000147.xml|130|nd, and never give way or flag. Such, according to the Persians, is the manner in which the Indians get the greater part of their gold; some is dug out of the earth, but of this the supply is more scanty.> It seems as if the extreme regions of the earth were bless\nmod000147.xml|130|ere the south declines towards the setting sun lies the country called Ethiopia, the last inhabited land in that direction. There gold is obtained in great plenty, huge elephants abound, with wild trees of all sorts, and ebony; and the men are taller, handsomer, a\nmod000147.xml|130|ertheless, tin and amber do certainly come to us from the ends of the earth. The northern parts of Europe are very much richer in gold than any other region: but how it is procured I have no certain knowledge. The story runs that the one-eyed Arimaspi purloin it f\nmod000147.xml|130|s treasures, contrived as follows:\u2014 he filled eight great chests almost brimful of stones, and then covering over the stones with gold, corded the chests, and so held them in readiness. When Maeandrius arrived, he was shown this as Oroetes\u2019 treasure, and having se\nmod000147.xml|130|quite lost the hope of ever having the use of his foot. Hereupon the king presented Democedes with two sets of fetters wrought in gold; so Democedes asked if he meant to double his sufferings because he had brought him back to health? Darius was pleased at the spe\nmod000147.xml|130|telling them all that this was the man who had saved the king\u2019s life. Then each of the wives dipped with a saucer into a chest of gold, and gave so bountifully to Democedes, that a slave named Sciton, who followed him, and picked up the staters which fell from the\nmod000147.xml|130| a slave named Sciton, who followed him, and picked up the staters which fell from the saucers, gathered together a great heap of gold.> This Democedes left his country and became attached to Polycrates in the following way:\u2014 His father, who dwelt at Crotona, was \nmod000147.xml|130|hing, albeit little? Truly the favour is as great as a very grand present would be nowadays. I will therefore give thee in return gold and silver without stint, that thou mayest never repent of having rendered a service to Darius, son of Hystaspes. \u201cGive me not, O\nmod000147.xml|130| never repent of having rendered a service to Darius, son of Hystaspes. \u201cGive me not, O king,\u201d replied Syloson, \u201ceither silver or gold, but recover me Samos, my native land, and let that be thy gift to me. It belongs now to a slave of ours, who, when Oroetes put m\nmod000147.xml|130|r all the riches which he had brought away from the island, after which he acted as follows. Having placed upon his board all the gold and silver vessels that he had, and bade his servants employ themselves in cleaning them, he himself went and entered into conver\nmod000147.xml|130|olaxais, who was the youngest born of the three. While they still ruled the land, there fell from the sky four implements, all of gold \u2014 a plough, a yoke, a battle-axe, and a drinking-cup. The eldest of the brothers perceived them first, and approached to pick the\nmod000147.xml|130|nd a drinking-cup. The eldest of the brothers perceived them first, and approached to pick them up; when lo! as he came near, the gold took fire, and blazed. He therefore went his way, and the second coming forward made the attempt, but the same thing happened aga\nmod000147.xml|130|re, and blazed. He therefore went his way, and the second coming forward made the attempt, but the same thing happened again. The gold rejected both the eldest and the second brother. Last of all the youngest brother approached, and immediately the flames were ext\nmod000147.xml|130|he second brother. Last of all the youngest brother approached, and immediately the flames were extinguished; so he picked up the gold, and carried it to his home. Then the two elder agreed together, and made the whole kingdom over to the youngest born.> From Leip\nmod000147.xml|130|vasion of their country by Darius, is a period of one thousand years, neither less nor more. The Royal Scythians guard the sacred gold with most especial care, and year by year offer great sacrifices in its honour. At this feast, if the man who has the custody of \nmod000147.xml|130|h most especial care, and year by year offer great sacrifices in its honour. At this feast, if the man who has the custody of the gold should fall asleep in the open air, he is sure (the Scythians say) not to outlive the year. His pay therefore is as much land as \nmod000147.xml|130|y great, Colaxais gave each of his three sons a separate kingdom, one of which was of ampler size than the other two: in this the gold was preserved. Above, to the northward of the farthest dwellers in Scythia, the country is said to be concealed from sight and ma\nmod000147.xml|130|m that wrapt in Bacchic fury he went as far as the Issedones. Above them dwelt the Arimaspi, men with one eye; still further, the gold-guarding griffins; and beyond these, the Hyperboreans, who extended to the sea. Except the Hyperboreans, all these nations, begin\nmod000147.xml|130|d the whole is served up at a banquet. The head of the dead man is treated differently: it is stripped bare, cleansed, and set in gold. It then becomes an ornament on which they pride themselves, and is brought out year by year at the great festival which sons kee\nmod000147.xml|130|ions beyond are known only from the accounts of the Issedonians, by whom the stories are told of the one-eyed race of men and the gold-guarding griffins. These stories are received by the Scythians from the Issedonians, and by them passed on to us Greeks: whence i\nmod000147.xml|130|ey cover the outside with leather. When a man is poor, this is all that he does; but if he is rich, he also lines the inside with gold: in either case the skull is used as a drinking-cup. They do the same with the skulls of their own kith and kin if they have been\nmod000147.xml|130|ction. These people live entirely by war and plundering. The Agathyrsi are a race of men very luxurious, and very fond of wearing gold on their persons. They have wives in common, that so they may be all brothers, and, as members of one family, may neither envy no\nmod000147.xml|130| as no king had ever left before, Aryandes resolved to follow his example, and did so, till he got his reward. Darius had refined gold to the last perfection of purity in order to have coins struck of it: Aryandes, in his Egyptian government, did the very same wit\nmod000147.xml|130|nes and olive trees cover the whole of it, and there is in the island a lake, from which the young maidens of the country draw up gold-dust, by dipping into the mud birds\u2019 feathers smeared with pitch. If this be true, I know not; I but write what is said. It may b\nmod000147.xml|130|d their ships, raise a great smoke. The natives, when they see the smoke, come down to the shore, and, laying out to view so much gold as they think the worth of the wares, withdraw to a distance. The Carthaginians upon this come ashore and look. If they think the\nmod000147.xml|130|as they think the worth of the wares, withdraw to a distance. The Carthaginians upon this come ashore and look. If they think the gold enough, they take it and go their way; but if it does not seem to them sufficient, they go aboard ship once more, and wait patien\nmod000147.xml|130|it does not seem to them sufficient, they go aboard ship once more, and wait patiently. Then the others approach and add to their gold, till the Carthaginians are content. Neither party deals unfairly by the other: for they themselves never touch the gold till it \nmod000147.xml|130|to their gold, till the Carthaginians are content. Neither party deals unfairly by the other: for they themselves never touch the gold till it comes up to the worth of their goods, nor do the natives ever carry off the goods till the gold is taken away.> These be \nmod000147.xml|130|hemselves never touch the gold till it comes up to the worth of their goods, nor do the natives ever carry off the goods till the gold is taken away.> These be the Libyan tribes whereof I am able to give the names; and most of these cared little then, and indeed c\nmod000147.xml|130|e they to vanquish! Know too that the dwellers in these parts have more good things than all the rest of the world put together \u2014 gold, and silver, and brass, and embroidered garments, beasts of burthen, and bond-servants \u2014 all which, if you only wish it, you may \nmod000147.xml|130|gos likewise and of Arcadia, about paltry boundaries and strips of land not so remarkably good, ye contend with those who have no gold, nor silver even, which often give men heart to fight and die. Must ye wage such wars, and when ye might so easily be lords of As\nmod000147.xml|130| themselves upon the banks of the Pactolus This stream, which comes down from Mount Tmolus, and brings the Sardians a quantity of gold-dust, runs directly through the market place of Sardis, and joins the Hermus, before that river reaches the sea. So the Lydians a\nmod000147.xml|130|nue was derived partly from their possessions upon the mainland, partly from the mines which they owned. They were masters of the gold mines at Scapte-Hyle, the yearly produce of which amounted in all to eighty talents. Their mines in Thasos yielded less, but stil\nmod000147.xml|130|ed strict search to be made throughout the whole fleet, and finding on board a Phoenician vessel an image of Apollo overlaid with gold, he inquired from whence it had been taken, and learning to what temple it belonged, he took it with him in his own ship to Delos\nmod000147.xml|130|ho from time to time conveyed his messages to the god, sent for him to Sardis, and when he arrived, made him a present of as much gold as he should be able to carry at one time about his person. Finding that this was the gift assigned him, Alcmaeon took his measur\nmod000147.xml|130| feet the widest buskins that he could anywhere find, followed his guides into the treasure-house. Here he fell to upon a heap of gold-dust, and in the first place packed as much as he could inside his buskins, between them and his legs; after which he filled the \nmod000147.xml|130|ed as much as he could inside his buskins, between them and his legs; after which he filled the breast of his tunic quite full of gold, and then sprinkling some among his hair, and taking some likewise in his mouth, he came forth from the treasure-house, scarcely \nmod000147.xml|130|romising to enrich them if they would accompany him, seeing that it was a right wealthy land, where they might easily get as much gold as they cared to have \u2014 when he told them this, they were quite carried away, and gave him the whole armament which he required.>\nmod000147.xml|130|hatever advice may have been given him; but if opposite speeches are delivered, then choice can be exercised. In like manner pure gold is not recognised by itself; but when we test it along with baser ore, we perceive which is the better. I counselled thy father, \nmod000147.xml|130|d to give thee a sum of money for the war, I made count of my stores, and found them to be two thousand talents of silver, and of gold four millions of Daric staters, wanting seven thousand. All this I willingly make over to thee as a gift; and when it is gone, my\nmod000147.xml|130|ter of Cyrus. This Artystone was the best-beloved of all the wives of Darius; and it was she whose statue he caused to be made of gold wrought with the hammer. Her son Arsames commanded these two nations.> The eastern Ethiopians \u2014 for two nations of this name serv\nmod000147.xml|130|nce, and they were likewise the most valiant. Besides their arms, which have been already described, they glittered all over with gold, vast quantities of which they wore about their persons. They were followed by litters, wherein rode their concubines, and by a n\nmod000147.xml|130|ew his children, his wife, his concubines, and his household slaves, and cast them all into the flames. Then, collecting whatever gold and silver there was in the place, he flung it from the walls into the Strymon; and, when that was done, to crown all, he himself\nmod000147.xml|130|ne of march lay close by the walls, with the long high range of Pangaeum upon his right, a tract in which there are mines both of gold and silver, some worked by the Pierians and Odomantians, but the greater part by the Satrae.> Xerxes then marched through the cou\nmod000147.xml|130|ttened them; and fed poultry and water-fowl in ponds and buildings, to be in readiness for the army; while they likewise prepared gold and silver vases and drinking-cups, and whatsoever else is needed for the service of the table. These last preparations were made\nmod000147.xml|130|nes, a Magnesian, who farmed land near Cape Sepias, found the wreck of these vessels a source of great gain to him; many were the gold and silver drinking-cups, cast up long afterwards by the surf, which he gathered; while treasure-boxes too which had belonged to \nmod000147.xml|130|here he made a contract of friendship with the inhabitants, and presented them with a golden scymitar, and a tiara broidered with gold. The Abderites declare \u2014 but I put no faith in this part of their story \u2014 that from the time of the king\u2019s leaving Athens, he nev\nmod000147.xml|130|rms with the barbarian; but nevertheless It was a base fear in men who knew so well of what temper and spirit we are. Not all the gold that the whole earth contains \u2014 not the fairest and most fertile of all lands \u2014 would bribe us to take part with the Medes and he\nmod000147.xml|130| for the sumpter-beasts. There, he said, they had only to sit quiet, and the war might be brought to an end on this wise:\u2014 Coined gold was plentiful in the camp, and uncoined gold too; they had silver moreover in great abundance, and drinking-cups. Let them not sp\nmod000147.xml|130| had only to sit quiet, and the war might be brought to an end on this wise:\u2014 Coined gold was plentiful in the camp, and uncoined gold too; they had silver moreover in great abundance, and drinking-cups. Let them not spare to take of these, and distribute them amo\nmod000147.xml|130|ader of an Athenian army in conjunction with Leagrus, the son of Glaucon, and in a battle with the Edonians near Datum, about the gold-mines there, he was slain, after displaying uncommon bravery.> As soon as the Greeks at Plataea had overthrown the barbarians, a \nmod000147.xml|130| place. So the Helots went and spread themselves through the camp, wherein were found many tents richly adorned with furniture of gold and silver, many couches covered with plates of the same, and many golden bowls, goblets, and other drinking-vessels. On the carr\nmod000147.xml|130|h things as it was not possible for them to hide. And this was the beginning of the great wealth of the Eginetans, who bought the gold of the Helots as if it had been mere brass.> When all the booty had been brought together, a tenth of the whole was set apart for\nmod000147.xml|130|of whom received less or more according to his deserts; and in this way was a distribution made of the Persian concubines, of the gold, the silver, the beasts of burthen, and all the other valuables. What special gifts were presented to those who had most distingu\nmod000147.xml|130|when he fled away out of Greece, left his war-tent with Mardonius: when Pausanias, therefore, saw the tent with its adornments of gold and silver, and its hangings of divers colours, he gave commandment to the bakers and the cooks to make him ready a banquet in su\nmod000147.xml|130|n such fashion as was their wont for Mardonius. Then they made ready as they were bidden; and Pausanius, beholding the couches of gold and silver daintily decked out with their rich covertures, and the tables of gold and silver laid, and the feast itself prepared \nmod000147.xml|130|bidden; and Pausanius, beholding the couches of gold and silver daintily decked out with their rich covertures, and the tables of gold and silver laid, and the feast itself prepared with all magnificence, was astonished at the good things which were set before him\nmod000147.xml|130| Grecian generals. During many years afterwards, the Plataeans used often to find upon the field of battle concealed treasures of gold, and silver, and other valuables. More recently they likewise made discovery of the following: the flesh having all fallen away f\nmod000147.xml|130|readed Amestris, who already suspected, and would now, he feared, detect his love. So he offered her cities instead, and heaps of gold, and an army which should obey no other leader. (The last of these is a thoroughly Persian gift.) But, as nothing could prevail o\nmod000147.xml|130|For at this place is the tomb of Protesilaus, surrounded by a sacred precinct; and here there was great store of wealth, vases of gold and silver, works in brass, garments, and other offerings, all which Artayctes made his prey, having got the king\u2019s consent by th\nmod000149.xml|130|any offerings to Delphi ; for most of the silver offerings at Delphi are his : and besides the silver, he gave a vast quantity of gold ; and among the rest, what is especially worthy of mention, the bowls of gold, six in number, were dedicated by him : these now s\nmod000149.xml|130| and besides the silver, he gave a vast quantity of gold ; and among the rest, what is especially worthy of mention, the bowls of gold, six in number, were dedicated by him : these now stand in the  > though, to say the truth, this treasury does not belong to the \nmod000149.xml|130|inister justice, a piece of workmanship deserving of admiration. This throne stands in the same place as the bowls of Gyges. This gold and silver, which Gyges dedicated, is by the Delphians called Gygian, from the name of the donor. Now this prince, when he obtain\nmod000149.xml|130|offered three thou sand head of cattle of every kind fit for sacrifice, and having heaped up a great pile, he burnt on it beds of gold and silver, vials of gold, and robes of purple and garments ; hoping by that means more completely to conciliate the god : he als\nmod000149.xml|130|ad of cattle of every kind fit for sacrifice, and having heaped up a great pile, he burnt on it beds of gold and silver, vials of gold, and robes of purple and garments ; hoping by that means more completely to conciliate the god : he also ordered all the Lydians \nmod000149.xml|130|red all the Lydians to offer to the god whatever he was able. When the sacrifice was ended, having melted down a vast quantity of gold, he cast half-bricks from it ; of which the longest were six palms in length, the shortest three, and in thickness one palm : the\nmod000149.xml|130|s in length, the shortest three, and in thickness one palm : their number was one hundred and seven teen : four of these, of pure gold, weighed each two talents and a half ; the other half-bricks of pale gold, weighed two talents each. He made also the figure of a\nmod000149.xml|130|was one hundred and seven teen : four of these, of pure gold, weighed each two talents and a half ; the other half-bricks of pale gold, weighed two talents each. He made also the figure of a lion of fine gold, weighing ten talents. This lion, when the temple of De\nmod000149.xml|130| two talents and a half ; the other half-bricks of pale gold, weighed two talents each. He made also the figure of a lion of fine gold, weighing ten talents. This lion, when the temple of Delphi was burnt down, fell from the half-bricks, for it had been placed on \nmod000149.xml|130| from it. 51. Croesus, having finished these things, sent them to Delphi, and with them these following ; two large bowls, one of gold, the other of silver : that of gold was placed on the right hand as one enters the temple, and that of silver on the left ; but t\nmod000149.xml|130|ed these things, sent them to Delphi, and with them these following ; two large bowls, one of gold, the other of silver : that of gold was placed on the right hand as one enters the temple, and that of silver on the left ; but these also were removed when the temp\nmod000149.xml|130|k. He also sent four casks of silver, which stand in the treasury of the Corinthians ; and he dedicated two lustral vases, one of gold, the other of silver : on the golden one is an inscription, OF THE LACE DAEMONIANS, who say that it was their offering, but wrong\nmod000149.xml|130|us sent many other offerings without an inscription : amongst them some round silver covers ; and moreover a statue of a woman in gold three cubits high, which the Delphians say is the image of Croesus's baking woman ; and to all these things he added the necklace\nmod000149.xml|130|e the offerings he sent to Delphi ; and to Amphiaraus, having ascertained his virtue and sufferings, he dedicated a shield all of gold, and a lance of solid gold, the shaft as well as the points being of gold ; and these are at Thebes in the temple of Ismenian Apo\nmod000149.xml|130|Delphi ; and to Amphiaraus, having ascertained his virtue and sufferings, he dedicated a shield all of gold, and a lance of solid gold, the shaft as well as the points being of gold ; and these are at Thebes in the temple of Ismenian Apollo. 53. To the Lydians app\nmod000149.xml|130|his virtue and sufferings, he dedicated a shield all of gold, and a lance of solid gold, the shaft as well as the points being of gold ; and these are at Thebes in the temple of Ismenian Apollo. 53. To the Lydians appointed to convey these presents to the temples,\nmod000149.xml|130| Cyrus, he again sent to Delphi, and having ascertained the number of the inhabitants, presented each of them with two staters of gold. In return for this, the Delphians gave Croesus and the Lydians the right to consult the oracle before any others, and exemption \nmod000149.xml|130|nd indeed certain favours had been formerly conferred on them by Croesus : for when the Lacedaemonians sent to Sardis to purchase gold, wishing to use it in erecting the statue of Apollo that now stands at Thornax in Laconia, Croesus gave it as a present to them w\nmod000149.xml|130|ng, enacted a law, which was confirmed by a curse, that no Argian should suffer his hair to grow, nor any woman wear ornaments of gold, till they should recover Thyrea. On the other hand, the Lacedaemonians made a contrary law, enjoining all their people to wear l\nmod000149.xml|130|he offerings. 93. The Lydian territory does not present many wonders worthy of description, like some other countries, except the gold dust brought down from Mount Tmolus. It exhibits, however, one work the greatest of all, except those of the Egyptians and Babylo\nmod000149.xml|130|cians, except that they prostitute their females. They are the first of all nations we know of that introduced the art of coining gold and silver; and they were the first retailers. The Lydians themselves say that the games which are now common to themselves and t\nmod000149.xml|130|e circles are painted with different colors; but the two last have their battlements plaited, the one with silver, the other with gold. 99. Deioces then built these fortifications for himself, and round his own palace; and he commanded the rest of the people to fi\nmod000149.xml|130|entations; I, greatly alarmed, went in, and as soon as I entered, I saw an infant lying before me, panting and crying, dressed in gold and a robe of various colors. When Harpagus saw me, he ordered me to take up the child directly, and carry him away, and expose h\nmod000149.xml|130|im to belong to one of the servants; for I had then no suspicion whence he came, though I was astonished at seeing him dressed in gold and fine apparel, and also at the sorrow which evidently prevailed in the house of Harpagus. But soon after, on my way home, I le\nmod000149.xml|130|is, Cyrus, having intrusted Tabalus, a Persian, with the government of Sardis, and appointed Pactyas, a Lydian, to bring away the gold, both that belonging to Croesus and to the other Lydians, took Croesus with him, and departed for Ecbatana, for from the first he\nmod000149.xml|130|ched from Sardis, Pactyas prevailed on the Lydians to revolt from Tabalus and Cyrus; and going down to the sea-coast with all the gold taken from Sardis in his possession, he hired mercenaries and persuaded the inhabitants of the coast to join him; and then, havin\nmod000149.xml|130|ost tower stands a spacious temple, and in this temple is placed, handsomely furnished, a large couch, and by its side a table of gold. No statue has been erected within it, nor does any mortal pass the night there, except only a native woman, chosen by the god ou\nmod000149.xml|130|e below, within the precinct at Babylon; in it is a large golden statue of Jupiter seated, and near it is placed a large table of gold, the throne also and the step are of gold, which together weigh eight hundred talents, as the Chaldaeans affirm. Outside the temp\nmod000149.xml|130|n it is a large golden statue of Jupiter seated, and near it is placed a large table of gold, the throne also and the step are of gold, which together weigh eight hundred talents, as the Chaldaeans affirm. Outside the temple is a golden altar, and another large al\nmod000149.xml|130|e when they celebrate the festival of this god. There was also at that time within the precincts of this temple a statue of solid gold, twelve cubits high: I, indeed, did not see it; I only relate what is said by the Chaldaeans. Darius, son of Hystaspes, formed a \nmod000149.xml|130| both horse and foot; for they have some of each; and bow-men, and javelin-men, who are accustomed to carry battle-axes. They use gold and brass for every thing; for, in whatever concerns spears, and arrow-points, and battle-axes, they use brass; but for the head,\nmod000149.xml|130|rs, and arrow-points, and battle-axes, they use brass; but for the head, and belts, and shoulder-pieces, they are ornamented with gold. In like manner, with regard to the chests of horses, they put on breastplates of brass; but the bridle-bit and cheek-pieces are \nmod000149.xml|130|, with regard to the chests of horses, they put on breastplates of brass; but the bridle-bit and cheek-pieces are ornamented with gold. They make no use of silver or iron, for neither of those metals are found in their country, but they have brass and gold in abun\nmod000149.xml|130|ed with gold. They make no use of silver or iron, for neither of those metals are found in their country, but they have brass and gold in abundance. 216. Their manners are as follows: each man marries a wife, but they use the women promiscuously; for what the Grec\nmod000149.xml|130|ple dedicated to Hercules; and I saw it richly adorned with a great variety of offerings, and in it were two pillars, one of fine gold, the other of emerald stone, both shining exceedingly* at night. Conversing with the priests of this god, I inquired how long thi\nmod000149.xml|130|er them to be very sacred; and they each of them train up a crocodile, which is taught to be quite tame; and they put crystal and gold ear-rings into their ears, and bracelets on their fore paws; and they give them appointed and sacred food, and treat them as well\nmod000149.xml|130|res, and sometimes won, and other times lost; and that he came up again, and brought with him, as a present from her, a napkin of gold. On account of the descent of Ehampsinitus, since he came back again they said that the Egyptians celebrated a festival: this I k\nmod000149.xml|130|o bury her in a more costly manner than usual, caused a hollow wooden image of a cow to be made, and then, having covered it with gold, he put the body of his deceased daughter into it.> 130. This cow was not interred in the ground, but even in my time was exposed\nmod000149.xml|130|y time. 132. The cow is in other parts covered with a purple cloth, but shows the head and the neck, covered over with very thick gold; and the orb of the sun imitated in gold is placed between the horns. The cow is not standing up, but kneeling: in size it is equ\nmod000149.xml|130|vered with a purple cloth, but shows the head and the neck, covered over with very thick gold; and the orb of the sun imitated in gold is placed between the horns. The cow is not standing up, but kneeling: in size it is equal to a large living cow. It is carried e\nmod000149.xml|130|very tall and beautiful, the only survivor of the family; her name was Nitetis. This damsel, Amasis, having adorned with cloth of gold, sent to Persia as his own daughter. After a time, when Cambyses saluted her, addressing her by her father's name, the damsel sai\nmod000149.xml|130| his valuables he should most afflict his soul; and, on inquiry, he discovered the following: he had a seal which he wore, set in gold, made of an emerald, and it was the workmanship of Theodorus, the son of Telecles, a Samian; when, therefore, he had determined t\nmod000149.xml|130|slet the year before they took the bowl. This corslet was made of linen, with many figures of animals inwrought, and adorned with gold and cotton-wool; and on this account each thread of the corslet makes it worthy of admiration; for though it is fine, it contains\nmod000149.xml|130| the Siphnians were at that time in a flourishing condition, and they were the richest of all the islandeis, having in the island gold and silver mines, so that from the tenth of the money accruing from thence, a treasure is laid up at Delphi equal to the richest;\nmod000149.xml|130|of them as contributed silver were required to pay it according to the standard of the Babylonian talent; and such as contributed gold, according to the Euboic talent. The Babylonian talent is equal to seventy Euboic minae. During the reign of Cyrus, and afterward\nmod000149.xml|130|f all nations whom we know of, and they paid a tribute proportionally larger than all the rest\u2014three hundred and sixty talents of gold dust; this was the twentieth division.> 95. Now the Babylonian standard, compared with the Euboic talent, makes the total nine th\nmod000149.xml|130|w the Babylonian standard, compared with the Euboic talent, makes the total nine thousand five hundred and forty talents; and the gold, estimated at thirteen times the value of silver, the gold dust will be found to amount to four thousand six hundred and eighty E\nmod000149.xml|130| makes the total nine thousand five hundred and forty talents; and the gold, estimated at thirteen times the value of silver, the gold dust will be found to amount to four thousand six hundred and eighty Euboic talents. Therefore, if the total of all these are com\nmod000149.xml|130|e in subterraneous dwellings\u2014both these bring every third year, and they continued to do so to my time, two choenices of unmolten gold, two hundred blocks of ebony, five Ethiopian boys, and twenty large elephants' tusks. The Colchians numbered themselves among tho\nmod000149.xml|130|frankincense. These, then, brought to the king the above gifts, besides the tribute. 98. The Indians obtain the great quantity of gold, from which they supply the before-mentioned dust to the king, in the manner presently described. That part of India toward the r\nmod000149.xml|130|of life resembles that of the Bactrians. They are the most warlike of the Indians, and these are they who are sent to procure the gold; for near this part is a desert, by reason of the sand. In this desert, then, and in the sand, there are ants, in size somewhat l\nmod000149.xml|130| as the ants in Greece do, and in the same manner; and they are very like them in shape. The sand that is heaped up is mixed with gold. The Indians, therefore, go to the desert to get this sand, each man having three camels, on either side a male one harnessed to \nmod000149.xml|130|between the hinder legs to the tail. 104. The Indians then, adopting such a plan and such a method of harnessing, set out for the gold, having before calculated the time, so as to be engaged in their plunder during the hottest part of the day; for during the heat \nmod000149.xml|130| of the young they have left, do not slacken their pace. Thus the Indians, as the Persians say, obtain the greatest part of their gold; and they have some small quantity more that is dug in the country. 106. The extreme parts of the inhabited world somehow possess\nmod000149.xml|130|horses; in this respect they are surpassed by the Medic breed called the Nysaean horses. In the next place, there is abundance of gold there, partly dug, partly brought down by the rivers, and partly seized in the manner I have described. And certain wild trees th\nmod000149.xml|130|eclines8 toward the setting sun, the Ethiopian territory reaches, being the extreme part of the habitable world. It produces much gold, huge elephants, wild trees of all kinds, ebony, and men of large stature, very handsome, and long-lived. 115. These, then, are t\nmod000149.xml|130|oth tin and amber come to us from the remotest parts. 116. Toward the north of Europe there is evidently a very great quantity of gold, but how procured I am unable to say with certainty, though it is said that the Arimaspians, \u00bb one-eyed people, steal it from the\nmod000149.xml|130|ector might be expected, did as follows: having filled eight chests with stones, except a very small space round the brim, he put gold on the surface of the stones, and having made the chests fast with cords, he kept them in readiness. But Maeandrius, having come \nmod000149.xml|130|, said to the women that this was the man who had saved the king's life; whereupon each of them, dipping a goblet into a chest of gold, presented Democedes with such a munificent gift, that a servant whose name was Sciton, following behind, picked up the staters t\nmod000149.xml|130|vant whose name was Sciton, following behind, picked up the staters that fell from the goblets, and collected a large quantity of gold. 131. This Democedes visited Polycrates, after having left Crotona on the following account. He was harshly treated at Crotona by\nmod000149.xml|130| was? yet the obligation is the same as if I were now to receive a thing of great value. In return, I will give thee abundance of gold and silver, so that thou shalt never repent having conferred a favor on Darius, son of Hystaspes.\" To this Syloson replied, \"O ki\nmod000149.xml|130| thou shalt never repent having conferred a favor on Darius, son of Hystaspes.\" To this Syloson replied, \"O king, give me neither gold nor silver, but recover and give me back my country, Samos, which now, since my brother Polycrates died by the hands of Oroetes, \nmod000149.xml|130|ll on the Scythian territory; that the eldest, seeing them first, approached, intending to take them up, but as he came near, the gold began to burn; when he had retired the second went up, and it did the same again; accordingly the burning gold repulsed these; bu\nmod000149.xml|130| he came near, the gold began to burn; when he had retired the second went up, and it did the same again; accordingly the burning gold repulsed these; but when the youngest went up the third, it became extinguished, and he carried the things home with him, and tha\nmod000149.xml|130|gitaus to the time that Darius crossed over against them, to be not more than a thousand years, but just that number. This sacred gold the kings watch with the greatest care, and annually approach it with magnificent sacrifices to render it propitious. If he who h\nmod000149.xml|130|ch with the greatest care, and annually approach it with magnificent sacrifices to render it propitious. If he who has the sacred gold happens to fall asleep in the open air on the festival, the Scythians say he can not survive the year, and on this account they g\nmod000149.xml|130|country being very extensive, Colaxais established three of the kingdoms for his sons, and made that one the largest in which the gold is kept. The parts beyond the north of the inhabited districts, the Scythians say, can neither be seen nor passed through, by rea\nmod000149.xml|130|, he came to the Issedones; that beyond the Issedones dwell the Arimaspians, a people that have only one eye; and beyond them the gold-guarding griffins; and beyond these the Hyperboreans, who reach to the sea: that all these, except the Hyperboreans, beginning fr\nmod000149.xml|130|authority with the men. These, then, are well known. 27. Above them, the Issedones affirm, are the men with only one eye, and the gold-guarding griffins. The Scythians repeat this account, having received it from them; and we have adopted it from the Scythians, an\nmod000149.xml|130| the whole household. This people live by rapine and war. 104. The Agathyrsi are a most luxurious people, and wear a profusion of gold. They have promiscuous intercourse with women, to the end that they may be brethren one of another, and being all of one family, \nmod000149.xml|130|d been accomplished by no other king, he imitated him until he received the reward of his presumption; for Darius, having refined gold to the utmost perfection, coined money; and Aryandes, governor of Egypt, made the same in silver; now this Aryandian silver is th\nmod000149.xml|130|, and abounding in olive-trees and vines. They add that in it is a lake, from the mud of which the virgins of the country draw up gold dust by means of feathers daubed with pitch. Whether this is true I know not, but I write what is related; it may be so, however,\nmod000149.xml|130|, go on board their ships, and make a great smoke: that the inhabitants, seeing the smoke, come down to the sea, and then deposit gold in exchange for the merchandise, and withdraw to some distance from the merchandise; that the Carthaginians then, going ashore, e\nmod000149.xml|130|e for the merchandise, and withdraw to some distance from the merchandise; that the Carthaginians then, going ashore, examine the gold, and if the quantity seems sufficient for the merchandise, they take it up and sail away; but if it is not sufficient, they go on\nmod000149.xml|130|d sail away; but if it is not sufficient, they go on board their ships again and wait; the natives then approach and deposit more gold, until they have satisfied them: neither party ever wrongs the other; for they do not touch the gold before it is made adequate t\nmod000149.xml|130|en approach and deposit more gold, until they have satisfied them: neither party ever wrongs the other; for they do not touch the gold before it is made adequate to the value of the merchandise, nor do the natives touch the merchandise before the other party has t\nmod000149.xml|130|t is made adequate to the value of the merchandise, nor do the natives touch the merchandise before the other party has taken the gold. 197. Such are the Libyans, whose names I have been able to mention; and most of these neither now nor at that time paid any rega\nmod000149.xml|130|e treasures belonging to those who inhabit that continent such as are not possessed by all other nations together; beginning from gold, there is silver, brass, variegated garments, beasts of burden, and slaves; all these you may have if you will. They live adjoini\nmod000149.xml|130|of narrow limits, with the Messenians, who are your equals in valor, and with the Arcadians and Argives, who have nothing akin to gold or silver, the desire of which induces men to hazard their lives in battle. But when an opportunity is offered to conquer all Asi\nmod000149.xml|130|o means of escaping from the city, rushed together to the market-place, and to the river Pactolus, which, bringing down grains of gold from Mount Tmolus, flows through the middle of the market-place, and then discharges itself into the river Hermus, and that into \nmod000149.xml|130| war, and fortifying their city with a stronger wall. Their revenues arose both from the continent and from their mines. From the gold mines of Scapte-Hyle proceeded in all eighty talents yearly, and from those in Thasus less indeed than that amount, yet so much t\nmod000149.xml|130|to consult the oracle, that he had done him good service, sent for him to Sardis, and when he arrived, presented him with so much gold as he could carry away at once on his own person. Alcmaeon, for the purpose of such a present, had recourse to the following expe\nmod000149.xml|130|having drawn on the widest boots he could find, he went into the treasury to which they conducted him; and meeting with a heap of gold-dust, he first stuffed around his legs as much gold as the boots would contain; and then, having filled the whole fold with gold,\nmod000149.xml|130|ent into the treasury to which they conducted him; and meeting with a heap of gold-dust, he first stuffed around his legs as much gold as the boots would contain; and then, having filled the whole fold with gold, and having sprinkled the gold-dust over the hair of\nmod000149.xml|130| gold-dust, he first stuffed around his legs as much gold as the boots would contain; and then, having filled the whole fold with gold, and having sprinkled the gold-dust over the hair of his head, and put more into his mouth, he went out of the treasury, dragging\nmod000149.xml|130|ound his legs as much gold as the boots would contain; and then, having filled the whole fold with gold, and having sprinkled the gold-dust over the hair of his head, and put more into his mouth, he went out of the treasury, dragging his boots with difficulty, and\nmod000149.xml|130|em rich if they would follow him, for that he would take them to such a country, from whence they would easily bring abundance of gold; speaking thus, he asked for the ships; and the Athenians, elated by these hopes, granted them. 133. Miltiades, accordingly, havi\nmod000149.xml|130|ary to adopt that which has been advanced; whereas, when various opinions have been given, it is possible: just as with unalloyed gold, we can not distinguish it by itself, but when we have rubbed it by the side of other gold, we do distinguish the better. I warne\nmod000149.xml|130|it is possible: just as with unalloyed gold, we can not distinguish it by itself, but when we have rubbed it by the side of other gold, we do distinguish the better. I warned your father and my brother not to make war upon the Scythians,4 a people who have no city\nmod000149.xml|130|to present you with money for the war, I made inquiry, and found by computation that I had two thousand talents of silver, and of gold four millions of Daric staters, all but seven thousand. These I freely give you; for myself, I have sufficient subsistence from m\nmod000149.xml|130| son of Darius and Artystone, daughter of Cyrus, whom Darius loved more than all his wives, and whose image he had made of beaten gold.> 70. The Ethiopians from the sun-rise (for two kinds served in the expedition) were marshaled with the Indians, and did not at a\nmod000149.xml|130|ravest; their equipment was such as has been described; but, besides this, they were conspicuous from having a great profusion of gold. They also brought with them covered chariots, and concubines in them, and a numerous and well-equipped train of attendants. Came\nmod000149.xml|130|e slew his children and wife, and concubines anfescrv-ants, and then threw their bodies into the fire; after this he cast all the gold and silver that was in the tower from the fort into the Strymon, and, having done this, he threw himself into the fire, so that h\nmod000149.xml|130|rgamus: here he marched close to the very forts, keeping on his right hand Mount Pangaeus, which is vast and lofty, and in it are gold and silver mines, which the Pierians and Odomanti, and especially the Satrae, work. 113. Passing by the Paeonians, Doberes, and P\nmod000149.xml|130| best they could for money, and fed land and water fowl in coops and ponds for the entertainment of the army: moreover, they made gold and silver cups and vessels, and all such things as are placed on a table. But these things were made for the king himself, and t\nmod000149.xml|130|eached Abdera on his way back, and made an alliance of friendship with the people, and presented them with a golden cimeter and a gold-embroidered tiara; and as the Abderites themselves say, saying what is by no means credible to me, he there for the first time lo\nmod000149.xml|130|atural; yet, knowing as you do the mind of the Athenians, you appear to entertain an unworthy dread; for there is neither so much gold any where in the world, nor a country so pre-eminent in beauty and fertility, by receiving which we should be willing to side wit\nmod000149.xml|130| horses; and that, sitting down quietly, they might accomplish their enterprise by doing as follows; for, as they had much coined gold and much uncoined, and much silver and many goblets, they should spare none of these, but distribute them among the Greeks, espec\nmod000149.xml|130|manding the Athenians jointly with Leagrus, son of Glaucon, to die at the hands of the Edoni at Datus, as he was fighting for the gold mines. 76. When the barbarians were overthrown by the Greeks at Plataea, thereupon a woman came voluntarily over to them, who, wh\nmod000149.xml|130|s were victorious, being a concubine of Pharandates, son of Theaspes, a Persian, having decked herself and her attendants in much gold, and in the richest attire she had, alighted from her carriage, and advanced toward the Lacedaemonians, who were still employed i\nmod000149.xml|130|he helots to bring together all the treasures. They, accordingly, dispersing themselves through the camp, found tents decked with gold and silver, and couches gilt, and plated and golden bowls, and cups and other drinking vessels; they also found sacks on the wago\nmod000149.xml|130|t, and plated and golden bowls, and cups and other drinking vessels; they also found sacks on the wagons in which were discovered gold and silver caldrons; and from the bodies that lay dead they stripped bracelets, necklaces, and cimeters of gold; but no account a\nmod000149.xml|130|h were discovered gold and silver caldrons; and from the bodies that lay dead they stripped bracelets, necklaces, and cimeters of gold; but no account at all was taken of the variegated apparel. Here the helots stole a great deal and sold it to the .AEginetae, and\nmod000149.xml|130| such of it as they could not conceal; so that the great wealth of the AEginetae hence had its beginning, for that they purchased gold from the helots as if it had been brass. 81. Having collected the treasures together, and taken from them a tithe for the god at \nmod000149.xml|130|en out these, they divided the rest, and each took the share they were entitled to, as well the concubines of the Persians as the gold, silver, and other treasures, and beasts of burden. Now what choice presents were given to those who most distinguished themselve\nmod000149.xml|130|xes, flying from Greece, left all his own equipage to Mardonius; Pausanias, therefore, seeing Mardonius's equipage furnished with gold, silver, and various-colored hangings, ordered the bakers and cooks to prepare a supper in the same manner as for Mardonius; and \nmod000149.xml|130|o prepare a supper in the same manner as for Mardonius; and when they being ordered had so done, that Pausanias thereupon, seeing gold and silver couches handsomely carved, and gold and silver tables, and magnificent preparations for the supper, being astonished a\nmod000149.xml|130|rdonius; and when they being ordered had so done, that Pausanias thereupon, seeing gold and silver couches handsomely carved, and gold and silver tables, and magnificent preparations for the supper, being astonished at the profusion set before him, in derision ord\nmod000149.xml|130|sanias said this to the generals of the Greeks. 83. A considerable time after these events, many of the Plataeans found chests of gold and silver, and other precious things; and still later than this, the following also was discovered, when the bodies were bared o\nmod000149.xml|130|t, having before suspected what was going on, he should thus be detected; he therefore offered her cities, and a vast quantity of gold, and an army, which no one but herself should command; but an army is a common Persian gift. However, as he could not persuade he\nmod000149.xml|130|hiclus; for in Elaeus of the Chersonesus is a sepulchre of Protesilaus and a precinct around it, where were great treasures, both gold and silver vessels, and brass, and robes, and other offerings, which Artayctes plundered by permission of the king. By speaking a\nmod000152.xml|130|right or pilot is better. It would seem so. That being the case, when does the opportunity arrive for that joint use of silver or gold, in which the just man is more useful than any one else !> When you want to place your money in trust and have it safe, Socrates.\nmod000152.xml|130| examination of the subject, be assured that the error is involuntary. You do not suppose that, if we were looking for a piece of gold, we should ever willingly be so complaisant to one another in the search as to spoil the chance of finding it ; and therefore, pr\nmod000152.xml|130| finding it ; and therefore, pray do not suppose that, in seeking for justice, which is a thing more precious than many pieces of gold, we should give way to one another so weakly as you describe, instead of doing our very best to bring it to light. You, my friend\nmod000152.xml|130|es which we specified at first, I mean houses and clothes and shoes, but we must set painting and embroidery to work, and acquire gold and ivory, and all similar valuables : must we not?> Yes.> Then we shall also have to enlarge our city, for our first or healthy \nmod000152.xml|130|d Pindar, dissent from us; and while they assert that Asclepius was the son of Apollo, declare that Hte was induced by a bribe of gold to raise to life a rich man who was already dead, which was indeed the cause of his being smitten by a thunderbolt. But we, agree\nmod000152.xml|130|ng, into the midst of objects of terror, and presently transfer them to scenes of pleasure, trying them much more thoroughly than gold is tried in the fire, to find whether they shew themselves under all circumstances inaccessible to witchcraft, and seemly in thei\nmod000152.xml|130| our people, in mythical language: You are doubtless all brethren, as many as inhabit the city, but the God who created you mixed gold in the composition of such of you as are qualified to rule, which gives them the highest value ; while in the auxiliaries he made\nmod000152.xml|130|re to thrust it away into the class of artisans or agriculturists ; and if again among these a child be bom with any admixture of gold or silver, when they have assayed it, they are to raise it either to the class of guardians, or to that of auxiliaries : because \nmod000152.xml|130|us nor a deficit for the year's consumption ; and they should attend common messes and live together as men do in a camp : as for gold and silver, we must tell them that they are in perpetual possession of a divine species of the precious metals placed in their so\nmod000152.xml|130|earthly ore ; that in fact it would be profanation to pollute their spiritual riches by mixing them with the possession of mortal gold, because the world's coinage has been the cause of countless impieties, whereas theirs is undefiled: therefore to them, as distin\nmod000152.xml|130| whereas theirs is undefiled: therefore to them, as distinguished from the rest of the people, it is forbidden to handle or touch gold and silver, or enter under the same roof with them, or to wear them on their dresses, or to drink out of the precious metals. If \nmod000152.xml|130|nding style, and perform private sacrifices to the gods, and entertain their friends, and, in fact, as you said just now, possess gold and silver, and everything that is usually considered necessary to happiness ; nay, they appear to be posted in the city, as it m\nmod000152.xml|130| are right. But suppose they were to send an embassy to one of the two cities, and to say, what would be true, 'We make no use of gold and silver, nor is it allowed among us, though it is among you ; therefore join your forces with ours, and let the property of th\nmod000152.xml|130|ure and training resembles it, we were required to declare whet her we think that such an individual would repudiate a deposit of gold or silver committed to his charge, do you suppose that any one v^mld think him more likely to do such a deed than other men who a\nmod000152.xml|130|ubject go by, lest it should occasion us endless trouble. How? exclaimed Thrasymachus ; do you suppose that we are come here on a gold-hunting errand, and not expressly to hear a philosophical discussion 1?> Yes, one of reasonable length, I replied.> True, Socrate\nmod000152.xml|130|of forfeiting their position if their powers of endurance fail ; and that whoever comes forth from the trial without a flaw, like gold tried in the fire, must be appointed to office, and receive, during life and after death, privileges and rewards. This was pretty\nmod000152.xml|130|ing, you may possibly realize a well-governed city : for only in such a city will the rulers be those who are really rich, not in gold, but in a wise and virtuous life, which is the wealth essential to a happy man. But if beggars, and persons who hunger after priv\nmod000152.xml|130|aces and yours, that is to say the golden and silver and brazen and iron. And this mixture of iron with silver, and of brass with gold, will breed inequality and incongruous irregularity ; and, wherever these take root, their growth always produces enmity and war.\nmod000152.xml|130|to diverge rapidly, \u2014 the races of iron and brass inclining to money-making and the acquisition of land and houses, of silver and gold ; while the other two richlyendowed races would, in the absence of all poverty, turn their minds to virtue and the ancient consti\nmod000152.xml|130|, such persons will, like the members of oligarchies, be covetous of wealth, and will have a passionate, but concealed regard for gold and silver, from the fact of their owning storehouses and private treasuries, in which they can deposit and secrete their riches,\nmod000152.xml|130|oligarchy? We ought. Well, no doubt even a blind man could find out how the transition is brought about. How? It is the influx of gold into those private treasuries that ruins the constitution just described. For the first result of this is that the owners invent \nmod000152.xml|130|e will say yes, if he will take my advice. Then according to this argument, I proceeded, can it be profitable for any one to take gold unjustly, since the consequence is, that, in the moment of taking the gold, he is enslaving the best part of him to the most vile\nmod000152.xml|130| I proceeded, can it be profitable for any one to take gold unjustly, since the consequence is, that, in the moment of taking the gold, he is enslaving the best part of him to the most vile? or, it being admitted that, had he taken gold to sell a son or a daughter\nmod000152.xml|130|in the moment of taking the gold, he is enslaving the best part of him to the most vile? or, it being admitted that, had he taken gold to sell a son or a daughter into slavery, and a slavery among wild and wicked masters, it could have done him no good to receive \nmod000152.xml|130|ffered by their contemporaries to travel about reciting? Is it not more likely that they would have been hugged more closely than gold, and constrained to stay at home with their countrymen? or else, if this favour were refused, that they w r ould have been escort\nmod000152.xml|130|ect that they were all originally fashioned in the bowels of the earth, their common mother ; and that it pleased the gods to mix gold in the composition of some of them, silver in that of others, iron and copper in that of others. The first are to be Guardians, t\nmod000153.xml|130|nly not; for he thinks that a friend ought always to do good to a friend and never evil. You mean that the return of a deposit of gold which is to the injury of the receiver, if the two parties are friends, is not the repayment of a debt,\u2014that is what you would im\nmod000153.xml|130|nly. And when you want to buy a ship, the shipwright or the pilot would be better? True. Then what is that joint use of silver or gold in which the just man is to be preferred?> When you want a deposit to be kept safely.> You mean when money is not wanted, but all\nmod000153.xml|130|y of a little mistake in the argument, but I can assure you that the error was not intentional. If we were seeking for a piece of gold, you would not imagine that we were 'knocking under to one another,' and so losing our chance of finding it. And why, when we are\nmod000153.xml|130|her,' and so losing our chance of finding it. And why, when we are seeking for justice, a thing more precious than many pieces of gold, do you say that we are weakly yielding to one another and not doing our utmost to get at the truth? Nay, my good friend, we are \nmod000153.xml|130| at which he stooping and looking in saw a dead body of stature, as appeared to him, more than human, and having nothing on but a gold ring; this he took from the finger of the dead and reascended. Now the shepherds met together, according to custom, that they mig\nmod000153.xml|130| speaking, such as houses, and clothes, and shoes: the arts of the painter and the embroiderer will have to be set in motion, and gold and ivory and all sorts of materials must be procured.> True, he said.> Then we must enlarge our borders; for the original health\nmod000153.xml|130|ure, so must we take our youth amid terrors of some kind, and again pass them into pleasures, and prove them more thoroughly than gold is proved in the furnace, that we may discover whether they are armed against all enchantments, and of a noble bearing always, go\nmod000153.xml|130|others, yet God has framed you differently. Some of you have the power of command, and in the composition of these he has mingled gold, wherefore also they have the greatest honour; others he has made of silver, to be auxiliaries; others again who are to be husban\nmod000153.xml|130| has to descend in the scale and become a husbandman or artisan, just as there may be sons of artisans who having an admixture of gold or silver in them are raised to honour, and become guardians or auxiliaries. For an oracle says that when a man of brass or iron \nmod000153.xml|130|the source of many unholy deeds, but their own is undefiled. And they alone of all the citizens may not touch or handle silver or gold, or be under the same roof with them, or wear them, or drink from them. And this will be their salvation, and they will be the sa\nmod000153.xml|130|ffering sacrifices to the gods on their own account, and practising hospitality; moreover, as you were saying just now, they have gold and silver, and all that is usual among the favourites of fortune; but our poor citizens are no better than mercenaries who are q\nmod000153.xml|130|f happiness which will make them anything but guardians; for we too can clothe our husbandmen in royal apparel, and set crowns of gold on their heads, and bid them till the ground as much as they like, and no more. Our potters also might be allowed to repose on co\nmod000153.xml|130| suppose that, before engaging, our citizens send an embassy to one of the two cities, telling them what is the truth: Silver and gold we neither have nor are permitted to have, but you may; do you therefore come and help us in war, and take the spoils of the othe\nmod000153.xml|130|, or the man who is trained in the principles of such a State, will be less likely than the unjust to make away with a deposit of gold or silver? Would any one deny this?> No one, he replied.> Will the just man or citizen ever be guilty of sacrilege or theft, or t\nmod000153.xml|130|w this gathering trouble, and avoided it. For what purpose do you conceive that we have come here, said Thrasymachus,\u2014to look for gold, or to hear discourse?> Yes, but discourse should have a limit.> Yes, Socrates, said Glaucon, and the whole of life is the only l\nmod000153.xml|130|any other critical moment were to lose their patriotism\u2014he was to be rejected who failed, but he who always came forth pure, like gold tried in the refiner's fire, was to be made a ruler, and to receive honours and rewards in life and after death. This was the sor\nmod000153.xml|130| you may have a well-ordered State; for only in the State which offers this, will they rule who are truly rich, not in silver and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life. Whereas if they go to the administration of public affairs, poor\nmod000153.xml|130|ers will be appointed who have lost the guardian power of testing the metal of your different races, which, like Hesiod's, are of gold and silver and brass and iron. And so iron will be mingled with silver, and brass with gold, and hence there will arise dissimila\nmod000153.xml|130|t races, which, like Hesiod's, are of gold and silver and brass and iron. And so iron will be mingled with silver, and brass with gold, and hence there will arise dissimilarity and inequality and irregularity, which always and in all places are causes of hatred an\nmod000153.xml|130|n discord arose, then the two races were drawn different ways: the iron and brass fell to acquiring money and land and houses and gold and silver; but the gold and silver races, not wanting money but having the true riches in their own nature, inclined towards vir\nmod000153.xml|130| two races were drawn different ways: the iron and brass fell to acquiring money and land and houses and gold and silver; but the gold and silver races, not wanting money but having the true riches in their own nature, inclined towards virtue and the ancient order\nmod000153.xml|130|nd men of this stamp will be covetous of money, like those who live in oligarchies; they will have, a fierce secret longing after gold and silver, which they will hoard in dark places, having magazines and treasuries of their own for the deposit and concealment of\nmod000153.xml|130|archy arises? Yes. Well, I said, no eyes are required in order to see how the one passes into the other. How? The accumulation of gold in the treasury of private individuals is the ruin of timocracy; they invent illegal modes of expenditure; for what do they or th\nmod000153.xml|130| of others: the money-maker will contrast the vanity of honour or of learning if they bring no money with the solid advantages of gold and silver?> True, he said.> And the lover of honour\u2014what will be his opinion? Will he not think that the pleasure of riches is v\nmod000153.xml|130|d for my opinion. But, if he agree so far, we may ask him to answer another question: 'Then how would a man profit if he received gold and silver on the condition that he was to enslave the noblest part of him to the worst? Who can imagine that a man who sold his \nmod000153.xml|130|apsodists, if they had really been able to make mankind virtuous? Would they not have been as unwilling to part with them as with gold, and have compelled them to stay at home with them? Or, if the master would not stay, then the disciples would have followed him \nmod000153.xml|130|, and the force of grief and pain may compel him. And therefore our guardians must be men who have been tried by many tests, like gold in the refiner's fire, and have been passed first through danger, then through pleasure, and at every age have come out of such t\nmod000153.xml|130|here is more behind. These brothers and sisters have different natures, and some of them God framed to rule, whom he fashioned of gold; others he made of silver, to be auxiliaries; others again to be husbandmen and craftsmen, and these were formed by him of brass \nmod000153.xml|130|hey have from God, and this divine gift in their souls they must not alloy with that earthly dross which passes under the name of gold. They only of the citizens may not touch it, or be under the same roof with it, or drink from it; it is the accursed thing. Shoul\nmod000153.xml|130|d, and the analogy of Greek tradition, are a sufficient verification of the 'monstrous falsehood.' Ancient poetry had spoken of a gold and silver and brass and iron age succeeding one another, but Plato supposes these differences in the natures of men to exist tog\nmod000153.xml|130|over of litigation and the valetudinarian, the satirical jest about the maxim of Phocylides, the manner in which the image of the gold and silver citizens is taken up into the subject, and the argument from the practice of Asclepius, should not escape notice.> BOO\nmod000153.xml|130|wo stout opponents at least? Suppose also, that before engaging we send ambassadors to one of the two cities, saying, 'Silver and gold we have not; do you help us and take our share of the spoil;'\u2014who would fight against the lean, wiry dogs, when they might join w\nmod000153.xml|130|ave just heard, are resolved to have a further explanation.' Thrasymachus said, 'Do you think that we have come hither to dig for gold, or to hear you discourse?' Yes, I said; but the discourse should be of a reasonable length. Glaucon added, 'Yes, Socrates, and t\nmod000153.xml|130|l in time become the rulers; the State will decline, and education fall into decay; gymnastic will be preferred to music, and the gold and silver and brass and iron will form a chaotic mass\u2014thus division will arise. Such is the Muses' answer to our question. 'And \nmod000153.xml|130|nd a true answer, of course:\u2014but what more have they to say?' They say that the two races, the iron and brass, and the silver and gold, will draw the State different ways;\u2014the one will take to trade and moneymaking, and the others, having the true riches and not c\nmod000153.xml|130|avagant love of gain\u2014get another man's and save your own, is their principle; and they have dark places in which they hoard their gold and silver, for the use of their women and others; they take their pleasures by stealth, like boys who are running away from thei\nmod000153.xml|130|which the rule is of the rich only; nor is it difficult to see how such a State arises. The decline begins with the possession of gold and silver; illegal modes of expenditure are invented; one draws another on, and the multitude are infected; riches outweigh virt\nmod000153.xml|130|east to the man, or rather to the God in man; the ignoble, that which subjects the man to the beast? And if so, who would receive gold on condition that he was to degrade the noblest part of himself under the worst?\u2014who would sell his son or daughter into the hand\nmod000153.xml|130|intending to found an Hellenic State (Book V). Many of his regulations are characteristically Spartan; such as the prohibition of gold and silver, the common meals of the men, the military training of the youth, the gymnastic exercises of the women. The life of Sp\nmod000153.xml|130|ble to bribery; several of the greatest of them might be described in the words of Plato as having a 'fierce secret longing after gold and silver.' Though not in the strict sense communists, the principle of communism was maintained among them in their division of\nmod000153.xml|130|s. He prefers public duties to private, and is somewhat impatient of the importunity of relations. His citizens have no silver or gold of their own, but are ready enough to pay them to their mercenaries. There is nothing of which he is more contemptuous than the l\nmod000153.xml|130|ey. Gold is used for fetters of criminals, and diamonds and pearls for children's necklaces (When the ambassadors came arrayed in gold and peacocks' feathers 'to the eyes of all the Utopians except very few, which had been in other countries for some reasonable ca\nmod000154.xml|130|citizen of Sicilian Megara), who says: In the day of grievous feud, O Cyrnus, the loyal warrior is worth his weight in silver and gold. Theognis 5.77-8 Bergk> Such a man, in a war much more grievous, is, we say, ever so much better than the other\u2014nearly as much be\nmod000154.xml|130|s the other cords are hard and steely and of every possible shape and semblance, this one is flexible and uniform, since it is of gold. With that most excellent leading-string of the law we must needs co-operate always; for since calculation is excellent, but gent\nmod000154.xml|130|poor, nor were they constrained by stress of poverty to quarrel one with another; and, on the other hand, since they were without gold and silver, they could never have become rich. Now a community which has no communion with either poverty or wealth is generally \nmod000154.xml|130|cts they declare that the things reputed to be honorable and noble in a State are never anything but dross compared to silver and gold.> Megillus:> Very true.> Athenian:> So let this be the conclusion of our account of the Persian empire, and how its present evil \nmod000154.xml|130| cannot be highly productive as well as all-productive; if it were, and supplied many exports, it would be flooded in return with gold and silver money\u2014the one condition of all, perhaps, that is most fatal, in a State, to the acquisition of noble and just habits o\nmod000154.xml|130|gifts pay honor to his soul,\u2014far from it, in sooth!\u2014for what is honorable therein and noble he is bartering away for a handful of gold; yet all the gold on earth, or under it, does not equal the price of goodness. To speak shortly:\u2014in respect of the things which t\nmod000154.xml|130| his soul,\u2014far from it, in sooth!\u2014for what is honorable therein and noble he is bartering away for a handful of gold; yet all the gold on earth, or under it, does not equal the price of goodness. To speak shortly:\u2014in respect of the things which the lawgiver enumer\nmod000154.xml|130| riches from any such source. Furthermore, upon all this there follows also a law which forbids any private person to possess any gold or silver, only coin for purposes of such daily exchange as it is almost necessary for craftsmen> to make use of, and all who nee\nmod000154.xml|130|ire that the State, for which he is benevolentIy legislating, should be as large and as rich as possible, possessed of silver and gold, and bearing rule over as many people as possible both by land and sea; and they would add that he should desire the State to be \nmod000154.xml|130|d frequent illegal acts, but rather where these are the fewest and least possible. We say that in the State there must be neither gold nor silver, nor must there be much money-making by means of vulgar trading or usury or the fattening of gelded beasts, but only s\nmod000154.xml|130| being restricted for life to fixed and limited amounts of property and to families such as we have stated, and being deprived of gold and of the other things which the lawgiver is clearly obliged by our regulations to forbid, and will submit also to the arrangeme\nmod000154.xml|130|a ludicrous blunder. Clinias: Of course. Athenian: Did not our argument convince us, a little while ago, that no Plutus either in gold or in silver should dwell enshrined within the State?> Clinias:> It did.> Athenian:> What then shall we say that this statement s\nmod000154.xml|130|king them alternately or consecutively, in their natural order. Moreover, by way of play, the teachers mix together bowls made of gold, bronze, silver and the like, and others distribute them, as I said, by groups of a single kind, adapting the rules of elementary\nmod000154.xml|130|out this, or any other, fine and noble pursuit; and why, on the other hand, every individual, because of his greed for silver and gold, is willing to toil at every art and device, noble or ignoble, if he is likely to get rich by it,\u2014willing, too, to perform action\nmod000154.xml|130|) ball contest between opposing sides (something like our hockey or polo matches). Cp. Plat. Laws 691b, Plat. Rep. 410c. i.e. for gold. Cp. Virgil's \u201cauri sacra fames.\u201d> > Plat. Laws 712c ff., Plat. Laws 713e ff.> >Cp. Plat. Laws 806d, Plat. Laws 828d, Plat. Laws \nmod000157.xml|130|ugliness and disease in earth and stones and animals and plants. And the earth there is adorned with all the jewels and also with gold and silver and everything of the sort. For there they are in plain sight, abundant and large and in many places, so that the eart\nmod000159.xml|130|ore closely akin to the kingly class and is also harder to recognize. I think we are in somewhat the same position as refiners of gold.> Younger Socrates:> How so?> Stranger:> Why, the refiners first remove earth and stones and all that sort of thing; and after th\nmod000159.xml|130| remove earth and stones and all that sort of thing; and after that there remain the precious substances which are mixed with the gold and akin to it and can be removed only by fire\u2014copper and silver and sometimes adamant.> These are removed by the difficult proce\nmod000159.xml|130|mes adamant. These are removed by the difficult processes of smelting and tests, leaving before our eyes what is called unalloyed gold in all its purity.> Younger Socrates:> Yes, that is said, at least, to be the process.> Stranger:> By the same method I think all\nmod000159.xml|130|good, and when lawless less bad, than either of the others. 291 A. Plat. Tim. 59 B, defines adamant as XRUSOU= O)/ZOS\u201ca branch of gold.\u201d It was, then, a substance akin to gold. Platinum has been suggested.> >Cf. 303 C.> >See 287-290, 303-305.> >The word A)NDREI/A \nmod000159.xml|130|her of the others. 291 A. Plat. Tim. 59 B, defines adamant as XRUSOU= O)/ZOS\u201ca branch of gold.\u201d It was, then, a substance akin to gold. Platinum has been suggested.> >Cf. 303 C.> >See 287-290, 303-305.> >The word A)NDREI/A has a much wider meaning than the English\nmod000161.xml|130|trial, or if he does, we must contrive that our enemy shall escape and not be punished; nay, if he has carried off a great lot of gold, that he shall not refund it but keep and spend it on himself and his, unjustly and godlessly, or if he has committed crimes that\nmod000161.xml|130|obe these trifles, but who have means and repute and other good things in plenty. Socrates: If my soul had happened to be made of gold, Callicles, do you not think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, and the best one\nmod000161.xml|130|ned to be made of gold, Callicles, do you not think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, and the best one; which, if I applied it, and it confirmed to me that my soul had been properly tended, would give me full assur\nmod000161.xml|130|that might be made, in a particular case, to this theory of what a really thorough enmity would be: if our enemy has robbed us of gold, of course we cannot, as is presently urged, take care that \u201che shall not refund it.\u201d> >Pyrilampes\u00d5 son was named Demus, and was \nmod000162.xml|130| Meno: I do. Socrates: And do you not mean by goods such things as health and wealth? Meno: Yes, and I include the acquisition of gold and silver, and of state honors and offices.> Socrates:> Are there any things besides this sort, that you class as goods?> Meno:>\nmod000162.xml|130|gs besides this sort, that you class as goods? Meno: No, I refer only to everything of that sort.  Socrates: Very well: procuring gold and silver is virtue, according to Meno, the ancestral friend of the Great King. Tell me, do you add to such procuring, Meno, tha\nmod000162.xml|130|be virtue, though it provides one with goods. Meno: Yes, for how, without these, could it be virtue? Socrates: And not to procure gold and silver, when it would be unjust\u2014what we call the want of such things\u2014is virtue, is it not?> Meno:> Apparently.> Socrates:> So\nmod000162.xml|130|ing them out we should have taken them over and kept them safe in the citadel, having set our mark on them far rather than on our gold treasure, in order that none might have tampered with them, and that when they came to be of age, they might be useful to their c\nmod000165.xml|130| is made up of them, and they are brighter far and clearer than ours; there is a purple of wonderful lustre, also the radiance of gold, and the white which is in the earth is whiter than any chalk or snow. Of these and other colours the earth is made up, and they \nmod000165.xml|130|isease both in earth and stones, as well as in animals and plants. They are the jewels of the upper earth, which also shines with gold and silver and the like, and they are set in the light of day and are large and abundant and in all places, making the earth a si\nmod000165.xml|130|othing to show in comparison of the other world. But the heavenly earth is of divers colours, sparkling with jewels brighter than gold and whiter than any snow, having flowers and fruits innumerable. And the inhabitants dwell some on the shore of the sea of air, o\nmod000166.xml|130| do them some good and no evil.\u201d \u201cI see,\u201d said I; \u201cyou mean that he does not render what is due or owing who returns a deposit of gold if this return and the acceptance prove harmful and the returner and the recipient are friends. Isn't that what you say Simonides\nmod000166.xml|130|f the question, rest assured that it is unwillingly that we err. For you surely must not suppose that while if our quest were for gold> we would never willingly truckle to one another and make concessions in the search and so spoil our chances of finding it, yet t\nmod000166.xml|130|e search and so spoil our chances of finding it, yet that when we are searching for justice, a thing more precious than much fine gold, we should then be so foolish as to give way to one another and not rather do our serious best to have it discovered. You surely \nmod000166.xml|130|, and that he peeped in and saw a corpse within, as it seemed, of more than mortal stature, and that there was nothing else but a gold ring on its hand, which he took off and went forth. And when the shepherds held their customary assembly to make their monthly re\nmod000166.xml|130|s and garments and shoes, will no longer be confined to necessities, but we must set painting to work and embroidery, and procure gold and ivory and similar adornments, must we not?\u201d \u201cYes,\u201d he said. \u201cThen we shall have to enlarge the city again. For that healthy s\nmod000166.xml|130|et in disregard of our principles the tragedians and Pindar affirm that Asclepius, though he was the son of Apollo, was bribed by gold to heal a man already at the point of death, and that for this cause he was struck by the lightning. But we in accordance with th\nmod000166.xml|130| we must bring these lads while young into fears and again pass them into pleasures, testing them much more carefully than men do gold in the fire, to see if the man remains immune to such witchcraft and preserves his composure throughout, a good guardian of himse\nmod000166.xml|130| of you in the city are brothers, we will say in our tale, yet God in fashioning those of you who are fitted to hold rule mingled gold in their generation,> for which reason they are the most precious\u2014but in the helpers silver, and iron and brass in the farmers an\nmod000166.xml|130|to his nature and thrust them out among the artisans or the farmers. And again, if from these there is born a son with unexpected gold or silver in his composition they shall honor such and bid them go up higher, some to the office of guardian, some to the assista\nmod000166.xml|130| the metal of men nor does holiness suffer them to mingle and contaminate that heavenly possession with the acquisition of mortal gold, since many impious deeds have been done about the coin of the multitude, while that which dwells within them is unsullied. But f\nmod000166.xml|130|, while that which dwells within them is unsullied. But for these only of all the dwellers in the city it is not lawful to handle gold and silver and to touch them nor yet to come under the same roof> with them, nor to hang them as ornaments on their limbs nor to \nmod000166.xml|130|uch them nor yet to come under the same roof with them, nor to hang them as ornaments on their limbs nor to drink from silver and gold. So living they would save themselves and save their city.> But whenever they shall acquire for themselves land of their own and \nmod000166.xml|130|e favor of the gods by private sacrifices and entertaining guests and enjoying too those possessions which you just now spoke of, gold and silver and all that is customary for those who are expecting to be happy? But they seem, one might say, to be established in \nmod000166.xml|130|s that will make them anything but guardians. For in like manner we could clothe the farmers in robes of state and deck them with gold and bid them cultivate the soil at their pleasure, and we could make the potters recline on couches from left to right> before th\nmod000166.xml|130| I believe you are right.\u201d \u201cWell then, if they send an embassy to the other city and say what is in fact true: \u2018We make no use of gold and silver nor is it lawful for us but it is for you: do you then join us in the war and keep the spoils of the enemy,\u2019>\u2014do you s\nmod000166.xml|130|city and the man whose birth and breeding was in harmony with it, whether we believe that such a man, entrusted with a deposit of gold or silver, would withhold it and embezzle it, who do you suppose would think that he would be more likely so to act than men of a\nmod000166.xml|130|aw and evaded to save us no end of trouble.\u201d \u201cWell,\u201d said Thrasymachus,\u201cdo you suppose this company has come here to prospect for gold> and not to listen to discussions?\u201d \u201cYes,\u201d I said, \u201cin measure.\u201d \u201cNay, Socrates,\u201d said Glaucon, \u201cthe measure> of listening to suc\nmod000166.xml|130|e, and that anyone who could not keep that faith must he rejected, while he who always issued from the test pure and intact, like gold tried in the fire,> is to be established as ruler and to receive honors in life and after death and prizes as well.> Something of\nmod000166.xml|130|r future rulers, a well-governed city becomes a possibility. For only in such a state will those rule who are really rich, not in gold, but in the wealth that makes happiness\u2014a good and wise life. But if, being beggars and starvelings> from lack of goods of their \nmod000166.xml|130|ure; and the rulers selected from them will not approve themselves very efficient guardians for testing Hesiod's and our races of gold, silver, bronze and iron.> And this intermixture of the iron with the silver and the bronze with the gold will engender unlikenes\nmod000166.xml|130|esiod's and our races of gold, silver, bronze and iron. And this intermixture of the iron with the silver and the bronze with the gold will engender unlikeness> and an unharmonious unevenness, things that always beget war and enmity wherever they arise. \u2018Of this l\nmod000166.xml|130|e two groups were pulling against each other, the iron and bronze towards money-making and the acquisition of land and houses and gold and silver, and the other two, the golden and silvern, not being poor, but by nature rich in their souls,> were trying to draw th\nmod000166.xml|130|tself?\u201d \u201cYes.\u201d \u201cSuch men,\u201d said I, \u201cwill be avid of wealth, like those in an oligarchy, and will cherish a fierce secret lust for gold> and silver, owning storehouses> and private treasuries where they may hide them away, and also the enclosures> of their homes, l\nmod000166.xml|130| manner of the change is plain even to the proverbial blind man.\u201d \u201cHow so?\u201d \u201cThat treasure-house which each possesses filled with gold destroys that polity; for first they invent ways of expenditure for themselves and pervert the laws to this end, and neither they\nmod000166.xml|130|hat throne the principle of appetite and avarice, and set it up as the great king in his soul, adorned with tiaras and collars of gold, and girt with the Persian sword?\u201d \u201cI do,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd under this domination he will force the rational and high-spirited princ\nmod000166.xml|130| wild? Will he assent or not?\u201d \u201cHe will if he is counselled by me.\u201d \u201cCan it profit any man in the light of this thought to accept gold unjustly if the result is to be that by the acceptance he enslaves the best part of himself to the worst? Or is it conceivable th\nmod000166.xml|130| that by the acceptance he enslaves the best part of himself to the worst? Or is it conceivable that, while, if the taking of the gold enslaved his son or daughter and that too to fierce and evil men, it would not profit him,> no matter how large the sum, yet that\nmod000166.xml|130|xcellence, would have suffered him or Hesiod to roam about rhapsodizing and would not have clung to them far rather than to their gold,> and constrained them to dwell with them> in their homes, or failing to persuade them, would themselves have escorted them where\nmod000166.xml|130|B-C, Phaedo 68 A, Thompson on Meno 91 E. Cf. Heracleitus fr. 22 Diels, and Ruskin, King's Treasuries\u201cThe physical type of wisdom, gold,\u201dPsalms xix. 10.> >Cf. Symposium 216 E, and Gomperz, Greek Thinkers iii. p. 277.> >In \u201cAmerican,\u201d \u201cnerve.\u201d Socrates' statement th\nmod000166.xml|130|,\u201d and Lucian, Piscator 14 \u201cNo harm can be done by a joke; that on the contrary, whatever is beautiful shines brighter . . . like gold cleansed,\u201d Harmon in Loeb translation, iii. 22. There was a literature for and against custom (sometimes called SUNH/QEIA) of whi\nmod000166.xml|130| MOLI/BDW| XRUSO/S, ibid., 447-452, 1105-1106, Herod. vii. 10, Eurip. fr. 955 (N.). Cf. Zechariah xii. 9 \u201c . . . will try them as gold is tried,\u201d Job xxiii. 10 \u201cWhen he hath tried me I shall come forth as Gold.\u201d Cf. also 1Peter i. 7, Psalm xii. 6, lxvi. 10, Isaiah\nmod000166.xml|130| frequent in Polybius. Cf. also Boethius iv. chap. 2. Cf. 1Maccabees xv. 32, \u201cWhen he saw the glory of Simon, and the cupboard of gold and silver plate, and his great attendance [PARA/STASIN].\u201d Cf. also Isoc. ii. 32O)/YIN, and Shakes.Measure for MeasureII. ii. 59 \nmod000167.xml|130|ters of words, and emulate only the man of substance and honour, who is well to do. SOCRATES: If my soul, Callicles, were made of gold, should I not rejoice to discover one of those stones with which they test gold, and the very best possible one to which I might \nmod000167.xml|130|do. SOCRATES: If my soul, Callicles, were made of gold, should I not rejoice to discover one of those stones with which they test gold, and the very best possible one to which I might bring my soul; and if the stone and I agreed in approving of her training, then \nmod000167.xml|130|t Minos alone has a golden sceptre and is seated looking on, as Odysseus in Homer declares that he saw him: 'Holding a sceptre of gold, and giving laws to the dead.'> Now I, Callicles, am persuaded of the truth of these things, and I consider how I shall present m\nmod000167.xml|130| practice of Aeacus; and Minos overlooks them, holding a golden sceptre, as Odysseus in Homer saw him      'Wielding a sceptre of gold, and giving laws to the dead.'> My wish for myself and my fellow-men is, that we may present our souls undefiled to the judge in \nmod000168.xml|130| a witness, Theognis, citizen of Megara in Sicily: 'Cyrnus,' he says, 'he who is faithful in a civil broil is worth his weight in gold and silver.'> And such an one is far better, as we affirm, than the other in a more difficult kind of war, much in the same degre\nmod000168.xml|130|s mankind were not very poor; nor was poverty a cause of difference among them; and rich they could not have been, having neither gold nor silver:\u2014such at that time was their condition. And the community which has neither poverty nor riches will always have the no\nmod000168.xml|130|aim by their actions that the ordinary distinctions of right and wrong which are made in a state are a trifle, when compared with gold and silver.> MEGILLUS: Quite true.> ATHENIAN: And now enough of the Persians, and their present mal-administration of their gover\nmod000168.xml|130|roviding anything in great abundance. Had there been abundance, there might have been a great export trade, and a great return of gold and silver; which, as we may safely affirm, has the most fatal results on a State whose aim is the attainment of just and noble s\nmod000168.xml|130|cquire dishonest gains, does he then honour his soul with gifts\u2014far otherwise; he sells her glory and honour for a small piece of gold; but all the gold which is under or upon the earth is not enough to give in exchange for virtue. In a word, I may say that he who\nmod000168.xml|130|ains, does he then honour his soul with gifts\u2014far otherwise; he sells her glory and honour for a small piece of gold; but all the gold which is under or upon the earth is not enough to give in exchange for virtue. In a word, I may say that he who does not estimate\nmod000168.xml|130|d should never want to acquire riches by any such means. Further, the law enjoins that no private man shall be allowed to possess gold and silver, but only coin for daily use, which is almost necessary in dealing with artisans, and for payment of hirelings, whethe\nmod000168.xml|130|ely, that the state for the true interests of which he is advising should be as great and as rich as possible, and should possess gold and silver, and have the greatest empire by sea and land;\u2014this they imagine to be the real object of legislation, at the same tim\nmod000168.xml|130|one, can never be friends to one another, but only those among whom crimes and lawsuits are few and slight. Therefore we say that gold and silver ought not to be allowed in the city, nor much of the vulgar sort of trade which is carried on by lending money, or rea\nmod000168.xml|130|y fixed at a moderate limit, and to beget children in accordance with our ordinances, and will allow themselves to be deprived of gold and other things which the legislator, as is evident from these enactments, will certainly forbid them; and will endure, further,\nmod000168.xml|130|ng which will be appropriate if we have such strains at all; and let the apparel of the singers be, not circlets and ornaments of gold, but the reverse. Enough of all this. I will simply ask once more whether we shall lay down as one of our principles of song\u2014> CL\nmod000168.xml|130| remain over, and show how their turns come in natural order. Another mode of amusing them is to distribute vessels, sometimes of gold, brass, silver, and the like, intermixed with one another, sometimes of one metal only; as I was saying they adapt to their amuse\nmod000168.xml|130|on why a city will not be in earnest about such contests or any other good and honourable pursuit. But from an insatiable love of gold and silver, every man will stoop to any art or contrivance, seemly or unseemly, in the hope of becoming rich; and will make no ob\nmod000168.xml|130| second-best, in which the land and houses are to be distributed among 5040 citizens divided into four classes. There is to be no gold or silver among them, and they are to have moderate wealth, and to respect number and numerical order in all things.> In the firs\nmod000168.xml|130|heroes, Tyrtaeus, concerning whom another poet, Theognis the Sicilian, says that 'in a civil broil they are worth their weight in gold and silver.' For in a civil war, not only courage, but justice and temperance and wisdom are required, and all virtue is better t\nmod000168.xml|130|as well as of commerce. But as the country is only moderately fertile there will be no great export trade and no great returns of gold and silver, which are the ruin of states. Is there timber for ship-building? 'There is no pine, nor much cypress; and very little\nmod000168.xml|130|n our state, in which all illiberal occupations are forbidden to freemen. The law also provides that no private person shall have gold or silver, except a little coin for daily use, which will not pass current in other countries. The state must also possess a comm\nmod000168.xml|130|e if they are always at law and injuring each other in the pursuit of gain. And therefore we say that there is to be no silver or gold in the state, nor usury, nor the rearing of the meaner kinds of live-stock, but only agriculture, and only so much of this as wil\nmod000168.xml|130|tages of which we have been speaking will never concur. The citizens will not tolerate a settlement in which they are deprived of gold and silver, and have the number of their families regulated, and the sites of their houses fixed by law. It will be said that our\nmod000168.xml|130|ld be reserved for evil days, and should be uttered only by hired mourners; and let the singers not wear circlets or ornaments of gold. To avoid every evil word, then, shall be our first type. 'Agreed.' Our second law or type shall be, that prayers ever accompany \nmod000168.xml|130|equests, they shall be only for good; this the poets must be made to understand. 'Certainly.' Have we not already decided that no gold or silver Plutus shall be allowed in our city? And did not this show that we were dissatisfied with the poets? And may we not fea\nmod000168.xml|130|ious combinations which are possible among a set of boxers or wrestlers; or they distribute cups among the children, sometimes of gold, brass, and silver intermingled, sometimes of one metal only. The knowledge of arithmetic which is thus acquired is a great help,\nmod000168.xml|130|y other pursuit. Knowledge is valued by him only as it tends to the attainment of wealth. All is lost in the desire of heaping up gold and silver; anybody is ready to do anything, right or wrong, for the sake of eating and drinking, and the indulgence of his anima\nmod000169.xml|130|e power of attaining goods? MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: And the goods which you mean are such as health and wealth and the possession of gold and silver, and having office and honour in the state\u2014those are what you would call goods?> MENO: Yes, I should include all those\nmod000169.xml|130|ose. SOCRATES: Then, according to Meno, who is the hereditary friend of the great king, virtue is the power of getting silver and gold; and would you add that they must be gained piously, justly, or do you deem this to be of no consequence? And is any mode of acqu\nmod000169.xml|130|re acquisition of good will not be virtue. MENO: Why, how can there be virtue without these? SOCRATES: And the non-acquisition of gold and silver in a dishonest manner for oneself or another, or in other words the want of them, may be equally virtue?> MENO: True.>\nmod000169.xml|130|t them, we should have kept them in the citadel out of the way of harm, and set a stamp upon them far rather than upon a piece of gold, in order that no one might tamper with them; and when they grew up they would have been useful to the state?> MENO: Yes, Socrate\nmod000171.xml|130|he creation and offspring of many other arts, may I not rank sixth? YOUNG SOCRATES: What do you mean? STRANGER: I am referring to gold, silver, and other metals, and all that wood-cutting and shearing of every sort provides for the art of carpentry and plaiting; a\nmod000171.xml|130|e more nearly akin to the king, and more difficult to discern; the examination of them may be compared to the process of refining gold.> YOUNG SOCRATES: What is your meaning?> STRANGER: The workmen begin by sifting away the earth and stones and the like; there rem\nmod000171.xml|130|he workmen begin by sifting away the earth and stones and the like; there remain in a confused mass the valuable elements akin to gold, which can only be separated by fire,\u2014copper, silver, and other precious metal; these are at last refined away by the use of test\nmod000171.xml|130|nly be separated by fire,\u2014copper, silver, and other precious metal; these are at last refined away by the use of tests, until the gold is left quite pure.> YOUNG SOCRATES: Yes, that is the way in which these things are said to be done.> STRANGER: In like manner, a\nmod000171.xml|130|ictures or other playthings, as they may be fitly called, for they have no serious use. Then (6) there are the arts which furnish gold, silver, wood, bark, and other materials, which should have been put first; these, again, have no concern with the kingly science\nmod000171.xml|130| remain some other and better elements, which adhere to the royal science, and must be drawn off in the refiner's fire before the gold can become quite pure. The arts of the general, the judge, and the orator, will have to be separated from the royal art; when the\nmod000171.xml|130|e general analogy of the arts is constantly employed by him as well as the comparison of particular arts\u2014weaving, the refining of gold, the learning to read, music, statuary, painting, medicine, the art of the pilot\u2014all of which occur in this dialogue alone: thoug\nmod000174.xml|130|their friends, never something bad. SOCRATES: I understand. You mean someone does not give a lender what he is owed by giving him gold, when the giving and taking would be harmful, and both he and the lender are friends. Isn\u2019t that what you say Simonides meant?> P\nmod000174.xml|130| when it is a boat, a boat builder or a ship\u2019s captain? POLEMARCHUS: It would seem so. 5 SOCRATES: In what joint use of silver or gold, then, is a just person a more useful partner than anyone else?> POLEMARCHUS: When it must be deposited for safekeeping, Socrates\nmod000174.xml|130|rchus and I made an error in our investigation of the accounts, you may be sure we did so involuntarily. If we were searching for gold, we would never voluntarily give way to each other, if by doing so we would destroy our chance of finding it. So do not think tha\nmod000174.xml|130| destroy our chance of finding it. So do not think that in searching for justice, a thing more honorable than a large quantity of gold, we would foolishly give way to one another or be less than completely serious about finding it. You surely must not think that, \nmod000174.xml|130|ere windowlike openings in it and, peeping in, he saw a corpse, which seemed to be of more than human size, wearing nothing but a gold ring on its finger. He took off the ring and came out of the chasm. He wore the ring at the usual monthly meeting of shepherds th\nmod000174.xml|130|tioned at first, such as houses, clothes, and shoes; no, instead we will have to get painting and 5 embroidery going, and procure gold and ivory and all sorts of everything of that sort. Isn\u2019t that so? 15 See Glossary of Terms s.v. relish. 16 See 558d8-559d2. Glau\nmod000174.xml|130|Pindar and the tragedians are not persuaded by us. They say that Asclepius, even though he was the son of Apollo, was bribed with gold to heal a rich man who was already dying, and that that is why he was struck c by lightning. But, in view of what we said before,\nmod000174.xml|130|ung people to fears and then plunge them 10 once again into pleasures, so as to test them much more thoroughly than e people test gold in a fire. And if any of them seems to be immune to sorcery, preserves his composure throughout, is a good guardian of himself an\nmod000174.xml|130|\u201cAlthough all of you in the city are brothers,\u201d we will say to them in telling our story, \u201cwhen the god was forming you, he mixed gold into those of you who are capable of ruling, which is why they are the most honorable; silver into the auxiliaries; and iron and \nmod000174.xml|130|rive him out to join the craftsmen or the farmers. On the other hand, if an offspring of the latter is found to have a mixture of gold or silver, they will honor him and take him up to join the guardians or the auxiliaries. For there is an oracle that the city wil\nmod000174.xml|130|year. They should have common messes to go to, and should live together like soldiers in a camp. We will tell them that they have gold and 5 silver of a divine sort in their souls as a permanent gift from the gods, and have no need of human gold in addition. And w\nmod000174.xml|130|hem that they have gold and 5 silver of a divine sort in their souls as a permanent gift from the gods, and have no need of human gold in addition. And we will add that it is impious for them to defile this divine possession by possessing an admixture of mortal go\nmod000174.xml|130|ld in addition. And we will add that it is impious for them to defile this divine possession by possessing an admixture of mortal gold, because many impious deeds have been done for the sake of the 417a currency of the masses, whereas their sort is pure. No, they \nmod000174.xml|130|asses, whereas their sort is pure. No, they alone among the city\u2019s population are forbidden by divine law to handle or even touch gold and silver. They must not be under the same roof as these metals, wear them as jewelry, or drink from gold or silver goblets. And\nmod000174.xml|130|o handle or even touch gold and silver. They must not be under the same roof as these metals, wear them as jewelry, or drink from gold or silver goblets. And by behaving in 5 that way, they would save both themselves and the city. But if they acquire private land,\nmod000174.xml|130|ke their own private sacrifices to the gods, entertain guests, and also, of course, possess what you were talking about just now: gold and silver and all the things that those who are going to be blessedly happy are thought to require. Instead of that, he might sa\nmod000174.xml|130|that would make them something other than guardians.You see, we know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes, festoon them with gold jewelry, and tell them to work the land whenever they please. We know we could have our potters recline on couches from right to \nmod000174.xml|130|at you say is right. SOCRATES: Well, then, what if they sent an envoy to another city with the following true message: \u201cWe use no gold or silver. It is against divine law for us to do so, but not for you. So join us in this war and you can have the property of our\nmod000174.xml|130|ample, if we had to come to an agreement about whether a man similar in nature and training to this city of ours would 5 embezzle gold or silver he had accepted for deposit, who do you think would consider him more likely to do so than men of a different sort? 443\nmod000174.xml|130|nd all other adversities. Anyone who was incapable of doing so was to be rejected, while anyone who always came through pure\u2014like gold tested in a fire\u2014 5 was to be made ruler and receive gifts and prizes, both while he lived and after his death. These were the so\nmod000174.xml|130|o rule, your well-governed city will become a possibility.You see, in it alone the truly rich will rule\u2014those who are rich not in gold, but in the wealth the happy must have: namely, a good and rational life. But if beggars\u2014people hungry for private goods of their\nmod000174.xml|130|l become more unmusical. And rulers chosen from among them won\u2019t be able to guard well the testing of Hesiod\u2019s and your own races\u2014gold, silver, bronze, and iron .11 The intermixing of iron with silver and bronze with gold will engender lack of likeness and unharmo\nmod000174.xml|130|the testing of Hesiod\u2019s and your own races\u2014gold, silver, bronze, and iron .11 The intermixing of iron with silver and bronze with gold will engender lack of likeness and unharmonious inequality, and these always breed war and hostility wherever they arise. We must\nmod000174.xml|130|each of these two races, the iron and the bronze, pulled the constitution toward moneymaking and the acquisition of land, houses, gold, and silver. The other two, by contrast, the gold and silver races\u2014since they are not poor, but naturally rich in their souls13\u2014l\nmod000174.xml|130|pulled the constitution toward moneymaking and the acquisition of land, houses, gold, and silver. The other two, by contrast, the gold and silver races\u2014since they are not poor, but naturally rich in their souls13\u2014led toward virtue and the old political system. Str\nmod000174.xml|130|uch unique? GLAUCON: Yes. SOCRATES: Such men will have an appetite for money just like those in oligarchies, passionately adoring gold and silver in secret, owning storehouses and private treasuries where they can deposit them and keep them hidden; and they will h\nmod000174.xml|130|SOCRATES: And surely the way it is transformed is clear even to the blind. ADEIMANTUS: How? SOCRATES: That storehouse filled with gold we mentioned,16 which each possesses, destroys such a constitution. First, you see, the timocrats find ways of spending their mon\nmod000174.xml|130|hat? GLAUCON: He will if he takes my advice. SOCRATES: Is there anyone, then, in light of this argument, who profits by acquiring gold unjustly, if the result is something like this: in taking the gold, he simultaneously enslaves the best element in himself to the\nmod000174.xml|130|one, then, in light of this argument, who profits by acquiring gold unjustly, if the result is something like this: in taking the gold, he simultaneously enslaves the best element in himself to the most wicked? If he got the gold by enslaving his son or daughter t\nmod000174.xml|130|something like this: in taking the gold, he simultaneously enslaves the best element in himself to the most wicked? If he got the gold by enslaving his son or daughter to savage and evil men, it would not profit him, no matter how much he got for doing it. So, if \nmod000174.xml|130|anions would have allowed either him or Hesiod to wander around as rhapsodes, and wouldn\u2019t have clung far tighter to them than to gold and compelled them to come home and live with them? And if persuasion failed, wouldn\u2019t they have followed them wherever they went\nmod000174.xml|130|make the Trojan Horse. 620cl Er The son of Armenius. May be a Platonic creation. 614b3 Eriphyle Wife of Amphiaraus. Bribed with a gold necklace, she sent her husband to his death in Aeschylus\u2019 Seven against Thebes. 590al Eros God of love. 573b7, d4, e6, 574d8, e2,\nmod000174.xml|130|Helen. 408a3 Midas Legendary king of Phrygia (now central Turkey). As the result of a foolish wish, everything he touched turn to gold. 408b4 Milesian Pertaining to Miletus, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. 600a6 Momus The god of criticism, blame, and censure. 487a6 \nmod000174.xml|130|h) of Athens. 328b7 Palamedes Greek hero of the Trojan War credited with the invention of numbers, writing, and law. Odysseus hid gold in his tent, forged a letter that compromised him, accused him of treason, and had him stoned to death. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and\nmod000175.xml|130|idas people tell the story about, that because of the insatiable greed of  his prayer, everything set in front of him turned into gold. Hence people look for some other sort of wealth and provisioning, and they are right to look for it. For there is a different so\nmod000175.xml|130|t it is obvious that he had to make the same people rule, since it is not sometimes in some people and other times in others that gold from the god is mixed in their souls, but in the same people permanently. He claims the god mixed gold in some right when they we\nmod000175.xml|130|other times in others that gold from the god is mixed in their souls, but in the same people permanently. He claims the god mixed gold in some right when they were born, silver in others, and bronze and iron in those who are meant to be craftsmen and farmers. And \nmod000175.xml|130|em over to himself by wisdom and not willfulness. Among innumerable other things of price which he had, there was a foot-basin of gold in which both Amasis himself and all his guests were wont always to wash their feet. This he broke up, and of it he caused to be \nmod000175.xml|130|tation that there is no inherent difference between high birth and low birth, just as there is no inherent difference between the gold made into a footpan and the gold made into a statue. When Aristotle applies this story to the relations of male and female, the m\nmod000175.xml|130|difference between high birth and low birth, just as there is no inherent difference between the gold made into a footpan and the gold made into a statue. When Aristotle applies this story to the relations of male and female, the moral does appear to be that there\nmod000175.xml|130|jects, helps bring to light two crucial points about the political world and the world of inanimate objects. First, the inanimate gold is indifferent to whether it is made into a footpan or a statue, but Amasis is not indifferent to whether he is a commoner or kin\nmod000177.xml|130|heognis as a witness, a citizen ol Megara in Sicily, who says, The man, who, when the strife of party 's high, Is faithful, is in gold and silver worth His weight.> Now, such a one we say is in a more difficult war altogether superior to the other, by nearly as mu\nmod000177.xml|130|ey, compelled by poverty, any differences with each other. But neither would they ever have become rich, being without silver and gold, \" which was then present in them. Now in any association, where neither riches nor poverty dwell, in this manners nearly the mos\nmod000177.xml|130|ming by their acts, that the things constantly called honourable or beautiful in a state are a trifle as compared with silver and gold.> Megil. Entirely so.> [14.] Athen. Let then the subject of the affairs of the Persians, which are now administered not correctly\nmod000177.xml|130|oductive at the same time. For possessing this (advantage), by possessing a great export-trade, it would in return be filled with gold and silver coin in abundance ; than which a greater evil cannot, so to say, exist, (comparing) one thing with another, in a state\nmod000177.xml|130|oul with gifts ? He fails of it entirely. For he sells what is honourable and at the same time beautiful in his soul for a little gold ; for all the gold both on the earth and under the earth is of no value against virtue. And, to speak comprehensively, he, who is\nmod000177.xml|130| fails of it entirely. For he sells what is honourable and at the same time beautiful in his soul for a little gold ; for all the gold both on the earth and under the earth is of no value against virtue. And, to speak comprehensively, he, who is neither willing by\nmod000177.xml|130|y and fitness in all things it renders our life free from pain. It is meet then to leave to children abundance of modesty, not of gold. And we think we shall accomplish this by reproving impudent young men, when they act shamelessly. This, however, is not effected\nmod000177.xml|130|at all by such means. [12.] In addition to this a law still follows all these, that no private person be permitted to possess any gold or silver ; but that (there be) a coin for the sake of daily exchange, which it is almost necessary for handicrafts to change, an\nmod000177.xml|130|how the state, \" for which he is with correct thoughts legislating,' may be the greatest and the wealthiest possible, and possess gold and silver money, and rule over as many as possible by sea and land ; and they would add, that the person legislating correctly o\nmod000177.xml|130|h other and much injustice ; but (most so) where the least and fewest are found. We have said too, that there ought to be neither gold nor silver in the state ; nor, again, much moneymaking through handicraft trades and usury, or ugly cattle, but what agriculture \nmod000177.xml|130|te through the whole of life ; and the procreation of children to be such as we have mentioned ; and to be deprived of silver and gold, and other things, which the legislator is clearly, from what has been said, about to forbid ; and (endure) further the equalizat\nmod000177.xml|130| I think, be ridiculous. Clin. How not ? Athen. Were we not a little while ago convinced, that a Plutus, neither of silver nor of gold, ought to dwell in a state, as if settled there ?> Clin. Entirely so.> Athen. Of what then shall we say that this discourse has b\nmod000177.xml|130|o-allotments in turn and in successive order, and \" how they exist naturally ; \" and, moreover, v/ben playing, they mix phials of gold, and copper, and silver, and other things of this kind, and some distribute them whole, adapting, as I said before, to their spor\nmod000177.xml|130|illing to engage seriously in this or any other honourable and excellent pursuit ; but through an insatiable desire of silver and gold is willing for every man to undergo' every art and artifice, both the. more beautiful and the more base, if he is about to become\nmod000177.xml|130|e holy hearth of the whole ' domicile of all the gods. Let no one then consecrate (the same thing) a second time to the gods. But gold and silver in [other] states, both privately and in temples, is an invidious possession. And ivory, as belonging \" to a body, tha\nmod000178.xml|130|ll-various species, the offspring of many other arts. Soc. jun. \u2014 Of what (art) are you speaking? Guest. \u2014 That (which furnishes) gold and silver, and other substances found as metals, and whatever the art of felling trees, and the whole of the clipping art, furni\nmod000178.xml|130|nus, and at the same time more difficult to understand. And we appear to me to be affected in a manner similar to those that wash gold.> Soc. jun. \u2014 How so ?> Guest. \u2014 Those workmen first of all separate earth, stones, and many other things; but after this there a\nmod000178.xml|130|. \u2014 Those workmen first of all separate earth, stones, and many other things; but after this there are left substances, allied to gold, mixed together and of value, and to be separated only by fire, such as brass and silver, and sometimes a diamond; which being wi\nmod000178.xml|130| difficulty separated by the experiments of fusion (in the crucible), suffer us to see itself by itself that which is called pure gold.> Soc. jun. \u2014 It is said that such things are so done.> [42.] Guest. \u2014 After the same manner then it seems that things different \nmod000181.xml|130| him, we should contrive so that our enemy may escape, and not suffer punishment ; and if he has robbed us of a great quantity of gold, that he should not restore it, but should retain it, and spend it on himself and his associates unjustly and impiously; and if h\nmod000181.xml|130|ppened to have a golden soul, Callicles, do you not think I should gladly find one of the best of those stones by which they test gold, to which applying it, if it should allow that my soul was well cultivated, I should then know for a certainty that I was in a go\nmod000182.xml|130|stones and the earth, and in other things, even animals and plants. But that earth is adorned with all these, and, moreover, with gold and silver, and other things of the kind: for they are naturally conspicuous, being numerous and large, and in all parts of the e\nmod000185.xml|130|hollows, and brings to the stones and the earth and all animals and plants deformity and disease. All these things, and with them gold and silver and the like, adorn the real earth : and they 11L are conspicuous from their multitude and size, and the many places w\nmod000186.xml|130|rchus] err in the working out of our arguments, be well assured we err unwittingly: for, think not, that if we were searching for gold, we would ever wittingly yield to one another in the search, thus frustrating all chance of discovering it, and yet searching for\nmod000186.xml|130|er in the search, thus frustrating all chance of discovering it, and yet searching for justice, \u2014 a matter far more valuable than gold, foolishly make concessions to each other, and not labor with the utmost ardor for its discovery: think you so, friend ? Nay, met\nmod000186.xml|130|nst which, he beheld inside a dead body, apparently larger than that of a man, and that it had nothing else except that it wore a gold ring on its hand, which he took off and came out. And when there was a meeting of the shepherds, as usual, for making their month\nmod000186.xml|130| \u2014 namely, houses, and clothes, and shoes; but we must set in operation  painting too, and all the refined arts, and must possess gold and ivory, and all things of that kind ; must we not ? Yes, said he.> Chap. XIV. Must we not, then, increase the size of our city\nmod000186.xml|130| though in opposition to us, the tragedy-writers, and Pindar also, say that Aesculapius was the son of Apollo, and was induced by gold to undertake the cure of a rich man, already in a dying state, \u2014 for which indeed he was struck with a thunderbolt: but we, in ac\nmod000186.xml|130|e yet young, they must be led into various fearful situations, and again be thrown back into pleasures, trying them far more than gold in the fire, whether a person appears hard to be beguiled by mountebank tricks, and is of composed demeanor amidst all, because h\nmod000186.xml|130|he fable. All of you in the state truly are brethren (as we shall tell them by way of fable) ; but the god, in forming you, mixed gold in the formation of such of you as are able to govern; on which account they are the most honorable; in such as are auxiliaries, \nmod000186.xml|130| kindred, you would for the most part beget children resembling yourselves; and sometimes perhaps silver will be generated out of gold, and out of silver there might be a golden offspring; and thus in all other ways [are they generated] out of one another. Governo\nmod000186.xml|130|t public meals, as in camps, and live in common; and we must tell them, that they have ever in their souls from the gods a divine gold and silver, and therefore have no need of that which is human ; and that it were profane to pollute the possession of the divine \nmod000186.xml|130| deeds, while that which they have is pure ; and that of all men in the city, they alone should not be allowed to handle or touch gold or silver, or harbor it under their roof, or carry it about, nor to drink out of silver or gold. By such means they will be likel\nmod000186.xml|130|not be allowed to handle or touch gold or silver, or harbor it under their roof, or carry it about, nor to drink out of silver or gold. By such means they will be likely to preserve both themselves and the state ; but whenever they shall possess private lands and \nmod000186.xml|130|able furniture, offer sacrifices to the gods at their own expense, entertain strangers, and, as you were just now saying, possess gold and silver, and everything generally supposed to contribute toward making men happy. Aye, doubtless, he may say, they seem, like \nmod000186.xml|130|shall make them anything rather than guardians: for we know too, how to dress out the husbandmen in fine robes and gird them with gold, and bid them till the ground with a view to pleasure only, \u2014 and in like manner, those who make earthenware, to lie at their eas\nmod000186.xml|130|ing they were to send an embassy to another state, informing them of their true situation, telling them. We make no use either of gold or silver, neither is it lawful for us to use them, while for you it is so: if then you become our allies in war, you shall recei\nmod000186.xml|130|mpelled to declare, concerning such a state and a man bom and educated conformably thereto, whether such a man, if intrusted with gold or silver, is likely to embezzle it, \u2014 who do you think would imagine, that such an one would do it sooner than those of a diflfe\nmod000186.xml|130|hat time, for fear of making a great disturbance. What, then, said Thrasymachus, think you that these are now come hither to melt gold, and not to hear reasonings ? Aye, said I, but in moderation. As for moderation, Socrates, said Glaucon, the whole of life serves\nmod000186.xml|130|ears or any other change; and that he who cannot do this should be rejected; while as for him who comes forth altogether pure, as gold tried in the fire, we should appoint him ruler, and endow him with honors and rewards both during life and after death. Such was \nmod000186.xml|130|of their office, then your state may possibly be well settled; as in that alone will the really wealthy govern, not those rich in gold, but as happy men should be rich, in a life of virtue and good sense; whereas, should they be poor, and destitute of property of \nmod000186.xml|130|al species of talents, the golden, the silver, the brazen, and the iron. Where iron, however, mingles with silver, and brass with gold, then there arises a dissimilitude and unharmonious unevenness; (and when this is the case, wherever it prevails, it perpetually \nmod000186.xml|130| arisen, said I, two classes of genius, the iron and the brazen, will be allured to gain, and the acquisition of land and houses, gold and silver, while the golden and silver, not being in poverty but naturally rich, will lead souls to virtue and their original co\nmod000186.xml|130|h as these, said I, will ever be lovers of wealth, just like those in oligarchies, and will have a wild though disguised love for gold and silver, as if they possessed treasuries of their own and domestic storehouses in which to hoard and hide them, and circularly\nmod000186.xml|130|way, in which this change is made, said I, is manifest even to the blind I How ? That treasury, said I, which each one fills with gold destroys such a state ; for, first of all, they discover for themselveg modes of expense, for which they set aside the laws, both\nmod000186.xml|130|, or how ? He will, if he be advised by me, said he. Is there then any one, said, I, whom it avails, from this reasoning, to take gold unjustly, supposing something of this kind to happen, if, while taking the money, he at the same time subjects the best part of h\nmod000186.xml|130|is kind to happen, if, while taking the money, he at the same time subjects the best part of himself to the worst ? Or if, taking gold, he should enslave a son or daughter, and that even to savage and wicked men, shall we not say this would not avail him, not thou\nmod000186.xml|130|part of himself to the most impious and most polluted part, without any pity, is he not wretched ? and does he not take a gift of gold to his far more dreadful ruin, than Eriphyle did when she received the necklace for her husband's life ? By far, said Glaucon; fo\nmod000186.xml|130|go about singing their songs, if he could have done men service in the way of virtue, and not rather have kept him with offers of gold, and so obliged him to stay with them ; or, had they been unable to prevail on him, would they not as disciples have followed him\nmod000187.xml|130| admirers said of him, that he had hidden the words of God in his heart. The dust of his golden verses perhaps, but certainly the gold\u2212dust of his thoughts, lies scattered all along Greek literature from Plato to the latest of the Greek Fathers of the Church. You \nmod000187.xml|130|here, the whole world is formed of such, and far brighter and purer than they; part sea\u2212purple of a wonderful beauty; a part like gold; a part whiter than alabaster or snow; aye, composed thus of other colours also of like quality, of greater loveliness than ours \nmod000187.xml|130|y moment, man truly lives, beholding the absolute beautythe which, so you have once seen it, will appear beyond the comparison of gold, or raiment, or those beautiful young persons, seeing whom now, like many another, you are so overcome that you are ready, behold\nmod000187.xml|130|c service, and sometimes much petted in the house, though by no means freely conceded to the \"golden youth\" of Lacedaemonyouth of gold, or gilded steel. The traditional Helot, drunk perforce to disgust his young master with the coarseness of vice, is probably a fa\nmod000187.xml|130|d book of The Republic he introduces such a fable: phoinikikon pseudos, he calls it, a miner's story, about copper and silver and gold, such as may really [248] have been current among the primitive inhabitants of the island from which metal and the art of working\nmod000187.xml|130|ey. All ye in the city, therefore, are brothers, we shall say to them proceeding with our story; but God, when he made you, mixed gold in the generation of those among you fit to be our kings, for which cause they are the most precious of all; and silver in those \nmod000187.xml|130| ye would beget offspring like to yourselves; but at times a silver child will come of one golden, and from the silver a child of gold, and so forth, interchangeably. To those who rule, then, first and above all God enjoins that of nothing shall they be so careful\nmod000187.xml|130|ch befits its nature, they shall thrust it into the class of husbandmen or artisans. And if, again, of these a child be born with gold or silver in him, with due estimate they shall promote such to wardenship or to arms, inasmuch as an oracular saying declares tha\nmod000187.xml|130|ill observe a singular precept which forbids them so much as to come under the same roof with vessels or other objects wrought of gold or silverthey \"who are most worthy of it,\" precisely because while \"many iniquities have come from the world's coinage, they have\nmod000187.xml|130|or silverthey \"who are most worthy of it,\" precisely because while \"many iniquities have come from the world's coinage, they have gold in them undefiled.\" Yet again we are not to suppose in Platonic Greece how could we indeed anywhere within the range of Greek con\nmod000187.xml|130|verywhere at a conscientious nicety of workmanship, will suppose that. If kings and knights never drink from vessels of silver or gold, their earthen cups and platters, we may be sure, would be what we can [254] still see; and the iron armour on their bodies exqui\nmod000187.xml|130| white and grey, give their utmost value for the eye (so much is obvious) to the scarlet flower, the lighted candle, the cloth of gold. And Platonic aesthetics, remember! as such, are ever in close connexion with Plato's ethics. It is life itself, action and chara\nmod000188.xml|130| he do, we must devise means that the enemy may effect his escape and not suffer punishment ; but if he have stolen large sums of gold we must contrive that he may not refund it, but keep and spend it, on him and his, lawlessly and godlessly ; or if again he have \nmod000188.xml|130|rivial debates, but those whose portion is wealth and fame and many other good things. Soc. If my soul had happened to be made of gold, Callicles, don't you think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, the best of them,\nmod000188.xml|130|ened to be made of gold, Callicles, don't you think I should have been delighted to find one of those stones with which they test gold, the best of them, which would enable me by the application of it \u2014 provided, that is, it bore me witness that my soul had been d\nmod000188.xml|130| sits alone overlooking the proceedings holding a golden sceptre, as Ulysses in Homer says that he saw him, Wielding a sceptre of gold, and judging amongst the Departed.'> Now for my part, Callicles, I am convinced by these stories, and I consider how I may appear\nmod000189.xml|130|urs even far more brilliant and purer than these; for part of it is of purple and of marvellous beauty, and part of the colour of gold, and the part that is white whiter than chalk or snow, and of all the other colours it is composed in like manner, yet still more\nmod000189.xml|130|n stones and earth and animals and plants as well. But the real earth is embellished, not only with all these ornaments, but with gold besides and silver and everything else of that kind: for from their great number and size and the multitude of places where they \nmod000194.xml|130|t is declared to be a real fact: the essence is abstracted from real objects in the sense of an extraction, as one might say that gold is extracted (or abstracted, i.e., separated) from the dross of earth and sand in which it is held and contained. Just as gold, b\nmod000194.xml|130|at gold is extracted (or abstracted, i.e., separated) from the dross of earth and sand in which it is held and contained. Just as gold, before its abstraction, exists as gold unseparated from its dross in the dross itself, so the essence of the real exists as a re\nmod000194.xml|130|., separated) from the dross of earth and sand in which it is held and contained. Just as gold, before its abstraction, exists as gold unseparated from its dross in the dross itself, so the essence of the real exists as a real essence in the real which contains it\nmod000194.xml|130| it, as the very condition of this operation. The real: it is structured as a dross of earth containing inside it a grain of pure gold, i.e., it is made of two real essences, the pure essence and the impure essence, the gold and the dross, or, if you like (Hegelia\nmod000194.xml|130|th containing inside it a grain of pure gold, i.e., it is made of two real essences, the pure essence and the impure essence, the gold and the dross, or, if you like (Hegelian terms), the essential and the inessential. The inessential may be the form of individual\nmod000194.xml|130|e money is accumulated in all hands, and therefore the smaller the quantity annually added to this hoard by the production of new gold, etc. (Capital, Vol. II, p. 473 \u2013 modified).> This is a very important point, for it shows that only in the \u2018time\u2019 of the dynamic\nmod000198.xml|130|e devised plots was that others might carry them out. And that which is scarcer is a greater good than that which is abundant, as gold than iron, although it is less useful, but the possession of it is more valuable, since it is more difficult of acquisition. From\nmod000198.xml|130|nd the bad appear less, as Aristophanes in the Babylonians jestingly uses \u201cgoldlet, cloaklet, affrontlet, diseaselet\u201d instead of \u201cgold, cloak, affront, disease.\u201d But one must be careful to observe the due mean in their use as well as in that of epithets.> > > Frig\nmod000200.xml|130|stimate upon itself, - what it is, what are its powers, what its value and likewise all the rest.  For what is it else that says, gold is beautiful? since the gold itself does not speak.  Evidently, that faculty which judges of the appearances of things.> What els\nmod000200.xml|130|t is, what are its powers, what its value and likewise all the rest.  For what is it else that says, gold is beautiful? since the gold itself does not speak.  Evidently, that faculty which judges of the appearances of things.> What else distinguishes music, gramma\nmod000200.xml|130| and it will remain just as well. And, pray, what remembrance will there be of you out of Nicopolis? \"But I shall wear a crown of gold.\" If your heart is quite set upon a crown, make and put on one of roses; for it will make the prettier appearance.> >In what mann\nmod000200.xml|130| dependent on my own will?  Why, every one will laugh at me. Some gray-headed old fellow will come, with his fingers covered with gold rings, and will shake his head, and say, \"Hark ye, child, it is fit you should learn philosophy; but it is fit, too, you should h\nmod000200.xml|130| know your value, for you will recommend yourself. We ought, therefore, in life also to have something analogous to this skill in gold; that one may be able to say, like the assayer, Bring me whatever piece you will, and I will find out its value; or, as I would s\nmod000200.xml|130| you exercise? You carry a God about with you, poor wretch, and know nothing of it. Do you suppose I mean some god without you of gold or silver? It is within yourself that you carry him; and you do not observe that you profane him by impure thoughts and unclean a\nmod000200.xml|130|rtist has conveyed into its structure those very faculties which are shown in shaping it? Is it anything but marble, or brass, or gold, or ivory? And the Athena of Phidias, when its hand is once extended, and a Victory placed in it, remains in that attitude foreve\nmod000200.xml|130|rtainly.\" Is it then to any one indifferently, though he be ignorant of horsemanship?  \"By no means.\" To whom do you intrust your gold or your silver or your clothes? \"Not to any one indifferently;\"  And did you ever consider to whom you committed the care of your\nmod000200.xml|130|ld man a sight which he has never yet seen. Do you suppose that you are to show the Zeus or Athena of Phidias, a work of ivory or gold?  Let any of you show me a human soul desiring to be in unity with God; not to accuse either God or man; not to be disappointed o\nmod000200.xml|130|tal city. You are to govern and judge uprightly, and to refrain from what belongs to others. No one's wife or child, or silver or gold plate, is to have any charms for you, except your own. Provide yourself with principles consonant to these truths; and setting ou\nmod000200.xml|130|y, and to keep us constant in natural operations. \"But I am rich and want nothing.\" Then why do you pretend to philosophize? Your gold and silver plate is enough for you. What need have you of principles?> \" Besides, I am Judge of the Greeks.\"> Do you know how to \nmod000200.xml|130|her than you; I am not anxious what Caesar will think of me; I flatter no one on that account. This I have, instead of silver and gold plate. You have your vessels of gold; but your discourse, your principles, your opinions, your pursuits, your desires, are of mer\nmod000200.xml|130|aesar will think of me; I flatter no one on that account. This I have, instead of silver and gold plate. You have your vessels of gold; but your discourse, your principles, your opinions, your pursuits, your desires, are of mere earthen ware. When I have all these\nmod000200.xml|130|n. Is my father bad? To himself; but not to me. \"This is the rod of Hermes. Touch with it whatever you please, and it will become gold.\" No; but bring whatever you please, and I will turn it into good. Bring sickness, death, want, reproach, trial for life. All the\nmod000200.xml|130|t leaps forth from my bosom.\" Why, which of your affairs goes ill, poor wretch, your possessions? No. Your body? No. But you have gold and brass in abundance. What then goes ill? That part of you is neglected and corrupted, whatever it be called, by which we desir\nmod000200.xml|130|eatest contempt. -C. Crinis was a Stoic philosopher. The circumstances of his death are not now known. - C. And how they quaff in gold, Crystal and myrrhine cups, imbossed with gems. Paradise Regained, iv. 181. Myrrhine cups were probably a kind of agate described\nmod000201.xml|130| it on a stone, and it will remain. But come, what remembrance of you will there be beyond Nicopolis?\u2014But I shall wear a crown of gold.\u2014If you desire a crown at all, take a crown of roses and put it on, for it will be more elegant in appearance.>   >About reason, \nmod000201.xml|130|ce the good somewhere among the things which depend on the will: all will laugh at me. There will come some greyhead wearing many gold rings on his fingers, and he will shake his head and say, Hear, my child. It is right that you should philosophize; but you ought\nmod000201.xml|130|sing a god? Wretch, you are carrying about a god with you, and you know it not. Do you think that I mean some God of silver or of gold, and external? You carry him within yourself, and you perceive not that you are polluting him by impure thoughts and dirty deeds.\nmod000201.xml|130|work of an artist, for instance, has in itself the faculties, which the artist shows in making it? Is it not marble or bronze, or gold or ivory? and the Athena of Phidias when she has once extended the hand and received in it the figure of Victory> stands in that \nmod000201.xml|130|person indifferently and to one who has no experience of horses?\u2014By no means.\u2014Well then; can you tell me to whom you entrust your gold or silver things or your vestments? I don't entrust even these to any one indifferently. Well; your own body, have you already co\nmod000201.xml|130|eing a sight which I have not seen yet. Do you think that you must show me the Zeus of Phidias or the Athena, a work of ivory and gold?> Let any of you show me a human soul ready to think as God does, and not to blame> either God or man, ready not to be disappoint\nmod000201.xml|130| handsome. Are you then more handsome than Achilles? But I have also beautiful hair. But had not Achilles more beautiful hair and gold coloured? and he did not comb it elegantly nor dress it. But I am also strong. Can you then lift so great a stone as Hector or Aj\nmod000201.xml|130| belongs to others; no woman ought to seem beautiful to you except your own wife, and no youth, no vessel of silver, no vessel of gold (except your own). Seek for doctrines which are consistent with what I say, and by making them your guide you will with pleasure \nmod000201.xml|130| anxious what Caesar will think of me: for this reason, I flatter no man. This is what I possess instead of vessels of silver and gold. You have utensils of gold; but your discourse, your opinions, your assents, your movements (pursuits), your desires are of earth\nmod000201.xml|130|hink of me: for this reason, I flatter no man. This is what I possess instead of vessels of silver and gold. You have utensils of gold; but your discourse, your opinions, your assents, your movements (pursuits), your desires are of earthen ware. But when I have th\nmod000201.xml|130|ad? Bad to himself, but to me good. This is the rod of Hermes: touch with it what you please, as the saying is, and it will be of gold. I say not so: but bring what you please, and I will make it good.> Bring disease, bring death, bring poverty, bring abuse, bring\nmod000201.xml|130|m Is leaping.'  Iliad x. 91. Wretch, which of your affairs goes badly? Your posses- sions? No. Your body? No. But you are rich in gold and copper. What then is the matter with you? That part of you, whatever it is, has been neglected by you and is corrupted, the p\nmod000201.xml|130|he Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, a colossal chryselephantine statue, that is, a frame work of wood, covered with ivory and gold (Pausanias, i. 24). The figure of Victory stood on the hand of the goddess, as we frequently see in coins. See. i. 6, 23, and the\nmod000201.xml|130|sage that the manumitted slave paid the tax out of his savings (peculium). See ii. 1. note 7. The reader may guess the meaning. A gold ring was worn by the Equites; and accordingly to desire the gold ring is the same as to desire to be raised to the Equestrian cla\nmod000201.xml|130|eculium). See ii. 1. note 7. The reader may guess the meaning. A gold ring was worn by the Equites; and accordingly to desire the gold ring is the same as to desire to be raised to the Equestrian class.> >The colophon. See ii. 14. note 5. After the words 'most spl\nmod000207.xml|130|an utility. The clothes themselves are a luxury there. In Naples you see men strolling everyday along the Posilippo decked out in gold-embroidered coats and bare legged. It is the same with buildings; magnificence is the sole consideration when there is nothing to\nmod000208.xml|130| and important, I believe that it is the one that I have chosen. Nevertheless it may be that I am wrong, and that what I take for gold and diamonds is but a bit of copper and glass. I know how we are subject to mistakes in what concerns ourselves, and also how the\nmod000208.xml|130|sually become rounded. And following this we can understand the nature of that extremely acrid and strong water which can corrode gold, and which the alchemists call the spirit or oil of salt. For inasmuch as it is extracted only by the violence of a very hot fire\nmod000210.xml|130|f superiority disputes naturally occur (for a small amount is not of importance in some matters, as in weighing timber, though in gold plate it is; but people judge smallness of amount badly, since one's own good because of its nearness appears big and that of oth\nmod000211.xml|130|tuation doubly valuable, both as being close upon the bridge over the Strymon, and as a convenient centre for the ship-timber and gold and silver mines of the neighboring region,\u2014and distant about three English miles from the Athenian settlement of Eion at the mou\nmod000211.xml|130|the years immediately preceding the Peloponnesian war. The effect produced by this stupendous work, sixty feet high, in ivory and gold, embodying in visible majesty some of the grandest conceptions of Grecian poetry and religion, upon the minds of all beholders fo\nmod000211.xml|130|rence due to the gods: marble was rejected as too common for the statue of Ath\u00ean\u00ea, and ivory employed in its place;[47] while the gold with which it was surrounded weighed not less than forty talents.[48] A large expenditure for such purposes, considered as pious \nmod000211.xml|130|ved himself aggrieved by the historian Thucydid\u00eas, either as commander of the Athenian fleet off the station, or as proprietor of gold mines in Thrace, he had his remedy against the latter by accusation before the Athenian dikasteries, to which the most powerful A\nmod000211.xml|130|t very imperfect data, that the trial of the great sculptor Pheidias, for alleged embezzlement in the contract for his celebrated gold and ivory statue of Ath\u00ean\u00ea,[177] took place nearly at this period. That statue had been finished and dedicated in the Parthenon i\nmod000211.xml|130|ing the pecuniary probity of Pheidias, and the latter was put in prison, awaiting the day for his trial before the dikastery. The gold employed and charged for in the statue, however, was all capable of being taken off and weighed, so as to verify its accuracy, wh\nmod000211.xml|130|n five hundred talents; while the great statue of the goddess recently set up by Pheidias in the Parthenon, composed of ivory and gold, included a quantity of the latter metal not less than forty talents in weight,\u2014equal in value to more than four hundred talents \nmod000211.xml|130|ephew and successor Seuthes, under whom the revenue increased and attained its maximum, received four hundred talents annually in gold and silver as tribute, and the like sum in various presents, over and above many other presents of manufactured articles and orna\nmod000211.xml|130|nd by the Athenians about 465 B.C., both of which lamentably failed. So valuable, however, was the site, from its vicinity to the gold and silver mines near Mount Pang\u00e6us and to large forests of ship-timber, as well as for command of the Strymon, and for commerce \nmod000211.xml|130|er before the reinforcement should arrive; the rather, as he was apprized that Thucydid\u00eas, being a large proprietor and worker of gold mines in the neighboring region, possessed extensive personal influence among the Thracian tribes, and would be able to bring the\nmod000212.xml|130|bundant in number, and striking to the eye, yet composed mostly of silver-gilt vessels, which, though falsely passed off as solid gold, were in reality of little pecuniary value. Moreover, the Egest\u00e6an citizens were profuse in their hospitalities and entertainment\nmod000212.xml|130|hospitalities and entertainments both to the commissioners and to the crews of the triremes.[219] They collected together all the gold and silver vessels, dishes, and goblets, of Egesta, which they farther enlarged by borrowing additional ornaments of the same kin\nmod000212.xml|130|en in Egesta; and the Athenian seamen, while their hearts were won by the caresses, saw with amazement this prodigious display of gold and silver, and were thoroughly duped by the fraud.[220] To complete the illusion, by resting it on a basis of reality and prompt\nmod000212.xml|130|every deck were seen bowls of wine prepared, out of which the officers and the epibat\u00e6 made libations, with goblets of silver and gold. At length the final signal was given, and the whole fleet quitted Peir\u00e6us in single file, displaying the exuberance of their yet\nmod000212.xml|130|ara from the Athenian attack. This would not be a very quiet time for the peaceable Athenian visitors, with the costly display of gold and silver plate and the ostentatious the\u00f4ry, to pass by, on its way to Olympia. During the time when the Spartans occupied Dekel\nmod000212.xml|130| \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1f75\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1f77\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd, etc. Such loans of gold and silver plate betoken a remarkable degree of intimacy among the different cities.> [220] Thucyd. vi, 46; Diodor. xii, 83.> [22\nmod000213.xml|130|subversion of the Athenian democracy and restoration of Alkibiad\u00eas, on one hand, against hearty co\u00f6peration, and a free supply of gold from Persia, on the other. But what security was there that such bargain would be realized, or that when the first part should ha\nmod000213.xml|130|tion. Their object was to put down the democracy, and get possession of the government for themselves; and the promise of Persian gold, if they could get it accredited, was inestimable as a stepping-stone towards this goal, whether it afterwards turned out to be a\nmod000213.xml|130|, under the protection of the satrap, and out of the power of the Laced\u00e6monians, but Astyochus, a traitor to his duty through the gold of Tissaphern\u00eas, went up thither to show the letter of Phrynichus to the very person whom it was intended to expose. Alkibiad\u00eas f\nmod000213.xml|130|o chance of achieving the first step. Now, however, that first step had been achieved, before the delusive expectation of Persian gold was dissipated. The Athenian people had been familiarized with the idea of a subversion of their constitution, in consideration o\nmod000213.xml|130|hat they could make head against enemies, increased in number by revolts among their own allies, and farther sustained by Persian gold. Upon this sentiment of despair is brought to bear the treacherous delusion of Alkibiad\u00eas, offering them the Persian aid; that is\nmod000213.xml|130|ng the people with the idea of such a change of constitution. The ulterior success of the conspiracy\u2014when all prospect of Persian gold, or improved foreign position, was at an end\u2014is due to the combinations, alike nefarious and skilful, of Antiphon, wielding and o\nmod000213.xml|130|achery of Tissaphern\u00eas as well as the weariness of Pharnabazus, and supplying the enemies of Athens with a double flow of Persian gold at a moment when the stream would otherwise have dried up, was a paramount item in that sum of causes which concurred to determin\nmod000213.xml|130| he would resort to the private funds which his father had given him; and if more still were needed, he would coin into money the gold and silver throne on which he sat.[205]> Lysander and the envoys returned the warmest thanks for these magnificent promises, whic\nmod000213.xml|130|se human sympathy stand here so prominently marked, that it is not simply superfluous but even misleading, to look behind for the gold and machinations of a political instigator. Theramen\u00eas might do all that he could to turn the public displeasure against the gene\nmod000213.xml|130|inistered to him, without delay, without trial, and without liberty of defence. While his house was plundered of a large stock of gold, silver, furniture, and rich ornaments; while the golden earrings were torn from the ears of his wife; and while seven hundred sh\nmod000213.xml|130|y of Lysander; because there was a considerable party at Sparta itself, who protested altogether against the reception of so much gold and silver, as contrary to the ordinances of Lykurgus, and fatal to the peculiar morality of Sparta. An ancient Spartan, Skiraphi\nmod000213.xml|130|pecial proviso, that it should be for the exclusive purposes of the government, and that no private citizen should ever circulate gold or silver.[410] The existence of such traditionary repugnance among the Spartans would have seemed likely to induce them to be ju\nmod000214.xml|130|he western entrance of the Acropolis. But the most renowned of his works was the gigantic statue of the Olympian Zeus, wrought in gold and ivory, which was the chief glory of the temple at Olympia. Of this sublime creation, the highest expression of divinity achie\nmod000214.xml|130|k colonial enterprise, being the key to the richest district in Thrace, with unrivalled facilities for commerce, and close to the gold-mines of Mount Pangeus. A previous attempt which was made by the Athenians to occupy the position had ended in ruinous disaster; \nmod000214.xml|130|ast, is the highly probable conjecture of Classen.] and through this connexion he was the owner of valuable working rights in the gold-mines of Mount Pangaeus, and a man of great power and, influence in these districts. When the message arrived from Amphipolis, he\nmod000214.xml|130| greeted Brasidas as a deliverer, and vied with one another who should honour him most. He was publicly presented with a crown of gold, as the liberator of Greece; and in private houses he was wreathed with garlands, and surrounded with worship, like a victorious \nmod000214.xml|130|possessed of fabulous riches. At every house where they had been entertained, the tables and the sideboards had been one blaze of gold and silver plate. The fact was that the Egestaeans had collected all the gold and silver vessels in the town, and others borrowed\nmod000214.xml|130|the tables and the sideboards had been one blaze of gold and silver plate. The fact was that the Egestaeans had collected all the gold and silver vessels in the town, and others borrowed from the neighbouring cities, and by passing them on from house to house, whe\nmod000214.xml|130|p by the whole multitude on sea and on shore, while the captains and soldiers poured libations of wine from goblets of silver and gold. When this act of worship was ended, the crews raised the paean, and at a given signal the whole fleet was set in motion, and pas\nmod000214.xml|130|d on for nine years more, against the whole power of Peloponnesus, and their own revolted allies, backed by the influence and the gold of Persia. They gained great victories, and under prudent leaders they might still have been saved from the worst consequences of\nmod000215.xml|130|ty of the merchant denizens (metoikoi) is a constantly recurring type. \"In Borneo there developed from the settlements of Chinese gold diggers separate states.\"[88] Properly speaking, the entire history of colonization by Europeans is a series of examples of the l\nmod000215.xml|130|rses, since they may be used by any one at some time; but the ship owner can not load with cattle as a means of payment, and thus gold and silver become recognized as \"money.\"> From centralization and from the use of money, which are the necessary properties of th\nmod000217.xml|130|light of the sun, being devoid of parts and so not beautiful by symmetry, must be ruled out of the realm of beauty. And how comes gold to be a beautiful thing? And lightning by night, and the stars, why are these so fair?> In sounds also the simple must be proscri\nmod000217.xml|130|oul is in its ceasing to be clean and apart. Gold is degraded when it is mixed with earthy particles; if these be worked out, the gold is left and is beautiful, isolated from all that is foreign, gold with gold alone. And so the Soul; let it be but cleared of the \nmod000217.xml|130| it is mixed with earthy particles; if these be worked out, the gold is left and is beautiful, isolated from all that is foreign, gold with gold alone. And so the Soul; let it be but cleared of the desires that come by its too intimate converse with the body, eman\nmod000217.xml|130|ed with earthy particles; if these be worked out, the gold is left and is beautiful, isolated from all that is foreign, gold with gold alone. And so the Soul; let it be but cleared of the desires that come by its too intimate converse with the body, emancipated fr\nmod000217.xml|130|r of Good, it is not Evil only: it appears, necessarily, bound around with bonds of Beauty, like some captive bound in fetters of gold; and beneath these it is hidden so that, while it must exist, it may not be seen by the gods, and that men need not always have e\nmod000217.xml|130| its being one of the corporeal entities in nature? Hardness is another matter, a property confined to earth-stuff. Remember that gold -- which is water -- becomes dense by the accession not of earth but of denseness or consolidation: in the same way fire, with So\nmod000217.xml|130|hich shows the destructible to be a compound is borne out by practical examples of reduction: a drinking vessel is reduced to its gold, the gold to liquid; analogy forces us to believe that the liquid too is reducible.> The basic-constituents of things must be eit\nmod000217.xml|130| the destructible to be a compound is borne out by practical examples of reduction: a drinking vessel is reduced to its gold, the gold to liquid; analogy forces us to believe that the liquid too is reducible.> The basic-constituents of things must be either their \nmod000217.xml|130|sed upon it the images of its primal state; what was one mass of rust from long neglect it has restored to purity. Imagine living gold: it files away all that is earthy about it, all that kept it in self-ignorance preventing it from knowing itself as gold; seen no\nmod000217.xml|130|e living gold: it files away all that is earthy about it, all that kept it in self-ignorance preventing it from knowing itself as gold; seen now unalloyed it is at once filled with admiration of its worth and knows that it has no need of any other glory than its o\nmod000217.xml|130|ng, from all sides pouring in its light. As the rays of the sun throwing their brilliance upon a lowering cloud make it gleam all gold, so the soul entering the material expanse of the heavens has given life, has given immortality: what was abject it has lifted up\nmod000217.xml|130|ing identity; what conceivable shape or character can they have? They are being presented to us as some collection of figures, in gold or some other material substance, the work of some unknown sculptor or graver: but at once the Intellectual-Principle which conte\nmod000217.xml|130|Only from itself can we take an image of it; that is, there can be no representation of it, except in the sense that we represent gold by some portion of gold -- purified, either actually or mentally, if it be impure -- insisting at the same time that this is not \nmod000217.xml|130|take an image of it; that is, there can be no representation of it, except in the sense that we represent gold by some portion of gold -- purified, either actually or mentally, if it be impure -- insisting at the same time that this is not the total thing-gold, bu\nmod000217.xml|130| of gold -- purified, either actually or mentally, if it be impure -- insisting at the same time that this is not the total thing-gold, but merely the particular gold of a particular parcel. In the same way we learn in this matter from the purified Intellect in ou\nmod000217.xml|130|ually or mentally, if it be impure -- insisting at the same time that this is not the total thing-gold, but merely the particular gold of a particular parcel. In the same way we learn in this matter from the purified Intellect in ourselves or, if you like, from th\nmod000217.xml|130| henads offering a stay for what was to be based upon them. Here with us a man will say \"I wish I had such and such a quantity of gold\" -- or \"such and such a number of houses.\" Gold is one thing: the wish is not to bring the numerical quantity into gold but to br\nmod000217.xml|130|antity of gold\" -- or \"such and such a number of houses.\" Gold is one thing: the wish is not to bring the numerical quantity into gold but to bring the gold to quantity; the quantity, already present in the mind, is to be passed on to the gold so that it acquire t\nmod000217.xml|130|\"such and such a number of houses.\" Gold is one thing: the wish is not to bring the numerical quantity into gold but to bring the gold to quantity; the quantity, already present in the mind, is to be passed on to the gold so that it acquire that numerical value.> \nmod000217.xml|130|erical quantity into gold but to bring the gold to quantity; the quantity, already present in the mind, is to be passed on to the gold so that it acquire that numerical value.> If the Beings preceded the number and this were discerned upon them at the stirring, to\nmod000218.xml|130|y differ from each other and from everything else, - and to leave such questions as \u201cWhether a king is happy because he owns much gold', for inquiries about the nature of sovereignty, and of human happiness and misery in general what these two things really are, a\nmod000219.xml|130|y have done so voluntarily and deliberately. In the capture of a town those who are first to mount the walls are presented with a gold crown.    >So too those who have covered and saved any citizens or allies are distinguished by the Consul with certain presents; \nmod000219.xml|130|s; if a censor, whole purple   if he had also celebrated a triumph or performed any exploit of that kind, a toga embroidered with gold.    >These representatives also ride themselves in chariots, while the fasces and axes, and all the other customary insignia of t\nmod000220.xml|130| from them directly, he took another course, and overcame their avarice by political devices. In the first place, he withdrew all gold and silver money from currency, and ordained the use of iron money only. Then to a great weight and mass of this he gave a trifli\nmod000220.xml|130|ught freight into their harbours; no rhetoric teacher set foot on Laconian soil, no vagabond soothsayer, no keeper of harlots, no gold- or silver-smith, since there was no money there.    >But luxury, thus gradually deprived of that which stimulated and supported \nmod000220.xml|130|   Nor is any man so vulgar and senseless as to introduce into a simple and common house silver-footed couches, purple coverlets, gold drinking-cups, and all the extravagance which goes along with these, but one must of necessity adapt and proportion his couch to \nmod000220.xml|130|hey regard the devotion to the mechanical arts and to money-making. And law-suits, of course, vanished from among them with their gold and silver coinage, for they knew neither greed nor want, but equality in well-being was established there, and easy living based\nmod000220.xml|130|ught to have been done in the interests of the people, it really made the aristocracy more powerful.    But in the reign or Agis, gold and silver money first flowed into Sparta, and with money, greed and a desire for wealth prevailed through the agency of Lysander\nmod000220.xml|130|ency of Lysander, who, though incorruptible himself, filled his country with the love of riches and with luxury, by bringing home gold and silver from the war, and thus subverting the laws of Lycurgus.    >While these remained in force, Sparta led the life, not of\nmod000221.xml|130| might have a pretext for getting a beneficial share of the public wealth.    The materials to be used were stone, bronze, ivory, gold, ebony, and cypress-wood; the arts which should elaborate and work up these materials were those of carpenter, moulder, bronze-sm\nmod000221.xml|130| which should elaborate and work up these materials were those of carpenter, moulder, bronze-smith, stone-cutter, dyer, worker in gold and ivory, painter, embroiderer, embosser, to say nothing of the forwarders and furnishers of the material, such as factors, sail\nmod000221.xml|130|ts besides. And still further, Pissouthnes, the Persian satrap, who had much good-will towards the Samians, sent him ten thousand gold staters and interceded for the city. However, Pericles took none of these bribes, but treated the Samians just as he had determin\nmod000221.xml|130|ed the man\u2019s proposal, and formal prosecution of Pheidias was made in the assembly. Embezzlement, indeed, was not proven, for the gold of the statue, from the very start, had been so wrought upon and cast about it by Pheidias, at the wise suggestion of Pericles, t\nmod000223.xml|130|ds, went in revel rout to the house of Anytus, took his stand at the door of the men\u2019s chamber, and, observing the tables full of gold and silver beakers, ordered his slaves to take half of them and carry them home for him. He did not deign to go in, but played th\nmod000223.xml|130|hing with delight at this, and invited the man to dinner. After feasting him and showing him every kindness, he gave him back his gold, and charged him on the morrow to compete with the farmers of the public revenues and outbid them all.    >The man protested, bec\nmod000223.xml|130|ritten by Phaeax   Against Alcibiades, wherein, among other things, it is written that the city\u2019s numerous ceremonial utensils of gold and silver were all used by Alcibiades at his regular table as though they were his own.    >Now there was a certain Hyperbolus, \nmod000223.xml|130|he vain hopes which their enemies were cherishing, and wrought his hearers up to courage. At last they crowned him with crowns of gold, and elected him general with sole powers by land and sea.    >They voted also that his property be restored to him, and that the\nmod000224.xml|130|ose whom God willed to be blessed or cursed. That is why he answered Balak, \u201cIf Balak should give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do good or ill as I will. What the Lord saith, that shall I speak.\u201d As for the\nmod000225.xml|130|For the excellence of a work is not the same as that of a possession, since a possession that is worth the highest price, such as gold, is the most valued, but the work that is valued most is one that is great and beautiful (for the contemplation of such a thing i\nmod000225.xml|130|int does what he believes one ought not to do. One who gives away things that belong to him, as Homer says Glaucus gave Diomedes \"gold for bronze, worth a hundred cattle for what was worth nine,''135 does not have injustice done to him, since giving it is up to hi\nmod000225.xml|130|ferent sorts of pleasure belong to a horse, a dog, and a human being; as Heracleitus says, donkeys would rather have garbage than gold, 289 since food is more pleasant than gold to donkeys. So the pleasures of different species of animals are themselves different \nmod000225.xml|130| a dog, and a human being; as Heracleitus says, donkeys would rather have garbage than gold, 289 since food is more pleasant than gold to donkeys. So the pleasures of different species of animals are themselves different in species, and it would be reasonable for \nmod000226.xml|130|ehind at Marathon with his own tribe, to guard the captives and the booty. Nor did he belie his reputation, but though silver and gold lay about in heaps, and though there were all sorts of raiment and untold wealth besides in the tents and captured utensils, he n\nmod000226.xml|130|and the headband that he wore, made obeisance to him, and taking him by the hand in suppliant fashion, showed him a great mass of gold buried up in a sort of pit. Callias, most savage and lawless of men, took up the gold; but the man, to prevent his betraying the \nmod000226.xml|130|ppliant fashion, showed him a great mass of gold buried up in a sort of pit. Callias, most savage and lawless of men, took up the gold; but the man, to prevent his betraying the matter to others, he slew. From this circumstance, they say, his descendants are calle\nmod000226.xml|130| his descendants are called by the comic poets Laccopluti, or Pit-wealthies, in sly allusion to the place where Callias found his gold.    >Aristides at once received the office of Archon Eponymous. And yet Demetrius of Phalerum says that it was a little while bef\nmod000226.xml|130|d had introduced the waiting embassies into the Assembly, he bade the Lacedaemonians tell their people that there was not bulk of gold above or below ground so large that the Athenians would take it in payment for the freedom of the Hellenes; and to the messengers\nmod000226.xml|130|to the Athenians, though they pressed upon him and smote him. For not only his chest and head, but also his limbs were encased in gold and bronze and iron. But at last, with the spike of a javelin, through the eye-hole of his helmet, he was smitten to the death, a\nmod000226.xml|130|and with no braver spirits than at Marathon, nay, with the same kind of archery as then, and with the same variegated vesture and gold adornments to cover soft bodies and unmanly spirits; while we have not only like arms and bodies with our brethren of that day, b\nmod000227.xml|130|ness exceeded their hopes. For whereas Cassius, about the same time, compelled the Rhodians individually to pay in to him all the gold and silver they possessed (thus accumulating about eight hundred talents), and fined the city as a whole five hundred talents mor\nmod000227.xml|130|of Octavius, but in the splendid decoration of its arms it presented a wonderful sight. For most of their armour was covered with gold and silver, with which Brutus had lavishly supplied them, although in other matters he accustomed his officers to adopt a tempera\nmod000228.xml|130|ntil the early 1970s. Two important steps in its dismantlement were the delinking of the value of the US dollar from the price of gold, and the move towards deregulation of financial markets.> In the face of the Bretton Woods decline and the ensuing instability, E\nmod000228.xml|130|ssion has proposed that the stability bonds to be used in this option would be supported with guarantees that could include cash, gold reserves and the earmarking of some taxes for debt repayments.> The Commission has proposed that these options be implemented in \nmod000228.xml|130|n at Versailles the treaty containing this damning admission. Its share of the reparations for \u2018war guilt\u2019 was set at 226 billion gold marks around half of all the known gold in the world at the time. Paying this debt would have taken most of the century. The debt\nmod000228.xml|130|is damning admission. Its share of the reparations for \u2018war guilt\u2019 was set at 226 billion gold marks around half of all the known gold in the world at the time. Paying this debt would have taken most of the century. The debt was renegotiated several times. During \nmod000228.xml|130|ts that were arranged on terms highly favourable to West Germany, and also favourable was the delinking of the old debts from the gold standard. Under the terms of the London Agreement, West Germany would repay debts of 11 billion marks on a thirty-year plan, and \nmod000228.xml|130|y, that the Nazis started it themselves. 19. Nazi economic policy, which included cessation of debt payments, detachment from the gold standard, deficit budgets, land reforms, social reforms, job creation programmes, dissolution of trade unions, massive infrastruc\nmod000229.xml|130|ked at from the outside, that is to.say, relatively to other things, it becomes, in relation to these signs which express it, the gold coin for which we never seem able to finish giving small change. Now, that which lends itself at the same time both to an indivis\nmod000234.xml|130|t there is no good in possessing wealth--that we should gain nothing by knowing how to acquire wealth or even to turn stones into gold, unless we at the same time knew how to use it rightly. Nor should we gain any thing by knowing how to make ourselves healthy, or\nmod000234.xml|130|om a father: therefore he was not a father. You are different from a stone, therefore you are not a stone: you are different from gold, therefore you are not gold. By parity of reasoning, Sophroniskus is different from a father--therefore he is not a father. Accor\nmod000234.xml|130|s not a father. You are different from a stone, therefore you are not a stone: you are different from gold, therefore you are not gold. By parity of reasoning, Sophroniskus is different from a father--therefore he is not a father. Accordingly, you, Sokrates, have \nmod000234.xml|130|Certainly he is. A man cannot be at the same time a father, and not a father. He cannot be at the same time a man, and not a man--gold, and not gold.[53]> > You have got a dog (Euthyd\u00eamus says to Ktesippus).--Yes.--The dog is the father of puppies?--Yes.--The dog,\nmod000234.xml|130|s. A man cannot be at the same time a father, and not a father. He cannot be at the same time a man, and not a man--gold, and not gold.[53]> > You have got a dog (Euthyd\u00eamus says to Ktesippus).--Yes.--The dog is the father of puppies?--Yes.--The dog, being a fathe\nmod000236.xml|130|s to be tolerably good; inasmuch as the city need not become commercial and maritime, and cannot have the means of acquiring much gold and silver--which is among the greatest evils that can befall a city, since it corrupts justice and goodness in the citizens.[138\nmod000236.xml|130|me disclaims all purpose of making his community either richer or more powerful.[170] He forbids every private citizen to possess gold and silver. The magistrates must hold a certain stock of it in reserve, in case of public dealing with foreign cities: but they w\nmod000236.xml|130|p at Sparta.[274]   Plato enters now upon the economical and proprietary rules proper for his community. As there will be neither gold and silver nor foreign commerce, he is dispensed from the necessity of making laws about shipments, retailing, interest, mine-dig\nmod000236.xml|130|Legg. v. pp. 744-745, vi. p. 754 E. Census of the citizens--four classes, with graduated scale of property. No citizen to possess gold or silver. No loans or interest. No debts enforced by law.> >168: Plato, Legg. v. p. 744 B, vi. p. 754 E.> >169: Plato, Legg. v. \nmod000241.xml|130|on be once sharpened so that he can see beauty pure and absolute, he will have no eyes for the individual manifestations of it in gold, fine raiment, brilliant colours, or beautiful youths.[13] Herein we have the climax or consummation of that erotic aspiration wh\nmod000243.xml|130|se, mouth, ears--each part not only distinct from the rest, but having its own peculiar properties? Or are they like the parts of gold, homogeneous with each other and with the whole, differing only in magnitude?  Prot. --The former.  Sokr. --Then some men may pos\nmod000244.xml|130|l brethren; that the earth which they inhabit is also their mother: but that there is this difference among them--the Rulers have gold mingled with their constitution, the other Guardians have silver, the remaining citizens have brass or iron. This bold fiction mu\nmod000244.xml|130|niversal mutual affection among themselves as brothers--and of deference, on the part of the iron and brazen variety, towards the gold and silver. At least such must be the established creed of all the other citizens except the few Rulers. It ought also to be impa\nmod000244.xml|130| be in public barracks and their meals at a common mess: they must be taught to regard it as a disgrace to meddle in any way with gold and silver.[95] Men and women will live all together, or distributed in a few fractional companies, but always in companionship, \nmod000244.xml|130|ommunity. For Plato admits that there may be accidental births both ways: brass and iron may by occasional accident give birth to gold or silver--and  vice vers\u00e2 .> > It is in this manner that Plato constitutes his body of Guardians; one thousand adult persons of \nmod000244.xml|130|ride in their own training, and a proportionally mean estimate of the untrained multitude alongside of them. The sentiment of the gold and silver men, towards the brass and iron men, will have in it too much of contempt to be consistent with civic fraternity: like\nmod000244.xml|130|now to find the chiefs from whom they will receive it. How are philosophers to be formed? None but a chosen Few have the precious gold born with them, empowering them to attain this elevation. To those Few, if properly trained, the privilege and right to exercise \nmod000244.xml|130|inions, prescribed by authority: including among those opinions deliberate ethical and political fictions, such as that about the gold and silver earthborn men. Free-thinking minds, who take views of their own, and enquire into the evidence of these beliefs, becom\nmod000248.xml|130|butions from the remaining community: they lived in perpetual drill, having neither separate property, nor separate families, nor gold nor silver: lastly, their procreation was strictly regulated, and their numbers kept from either increase or diminution.[152] The\nmod000249.xml|130|nature of a universal, can only fall to the lot of those who are lucky enough. But the boundary line of what, like elephant, oak, gold, is markedly distinctive, the line of demarcation of what is genus and species passes through many stages into the endless partic\nmod000249.xml|130|t, was bound to be that the question is pointless, because it is impossible to deceive a people in this matter. Brass in place of gold, counterfeit instead of genuine coin may doubtless have swindled individuals many a time; lots of people have stuck to it that a \nmod000250.xml|130|e question, whether, if I have fashioned an object, its material is also mine. According to his view, if I have made a cup out of gold, any one may take the gold, provided that he does no injury to my handiwork. Though we may imagine that form and substance are se\nmod000250.xml|130|ave fashioned an object, its material is also mine. According to his view, if I have made a cup out of gold, any one may take the gold, provided that he does no injury to my handiwork. Though we may imagine that form and substance are separable in that way, the di\nmod000250.xml|130|er alteration in the institutions than to command that the king\u2019s horses and wives should not be too numerous, or his treasure of gold and silver too large (Deut. xvii. 16, and fol.).\u2014 Further, it is true that in one sense these three forms are even for the idea a\nmod000250.xml|130| in the case of a great philosophy. Nor, again, can the different works of a genuine philosopher be separated into those that are gold and those that are alloy. His work as a whole becomes a common possession, and in that way makes ready, as Dr. Grans say, for a h\nmod000253.xml|130|eliberately thrown themselves into the danger. 5 To the first man to mount the wall at the assault on a city, he gives a crown of gold. 6 So also those who have shielded and saved any of the citizens or allies receive honorary gifts from the consul, and the men th\nmod000253.xml|130|s wear togas, with a purple border if the deceased was a consul or praetor, whole purple if he was a censor, and embroidered with gold if he had celebrated a triumph or achieved anything similar. 8 They all ride in chariots preceded by the fasces, axes, and other \nmod000254.xml|130|elling sovran is also used, suggesting that the word is derived from the Italian sovrano, which means not only sovereign but also gold coin. We are all familiar with currency bearing the visages of our sovereigns, yet of interest here is that the sovereign is link\nmod000255.xml|130|his conduct then and afterwards, there was one   who wrote that he passed the ashes of the dead through a sieve, in search of the gold that had been melted down. So confidently did the writer attribute, not only to his sword, but also to his pen, freedom from acco\nmod000255.xml|130|to both discharged the other duties of the office and managed the spectacles in the theatre. He gave to the actors crowns, not of gold, but of wild olive, as was done at Olympia, and inexpensive gifts,\u2014to the Greeks, beets, lettuce, radishes, and pears; and to the\nmod000256.xml|130|them a banquet in the stadium of the Zacynthians, where, as they reclined on their couches, they wondered at the splendour of the gold and silver beakers, and of the tables, for it passed the limits set by a private man's fortune; they reasoned, too, that a man wh\nmod000256.xml|130|nt one, and the Syracusans rewarded Dion's mercenaries with a hundred minas, while the mercenaries honoured Dion with a wreath of gold. And now heralds came down from Dionysius bringing letters to Dion from the women of his family. There was also one addressed out\nmod000257.xml|130|n empty one; the rest had drunk up the wine which they took into Sardinia, and had come back to Rome with their wine-jars full of gold and silver.    >   >After this, other fresh charges and indictments were brought against him, on the ground that he had caused th\nmod000257.xml|130| a certain friend of Opimius, Septimuleius; for proclamation had been made at the beginning of the battle that an equal weight of gold would be paid the men who brought the head of Caius or Fulvius. So Septimuleius stuck the head of Cams on a spear and brought it \nmod000259.xml|130|y things; and he was not an admirer of wealth, but actually says that two men are alike wealthy of whom one much silver hath, And gold, and wide domains of wheat-bearing soil, Horses and mules; while to the other only enough belongs To give him comfort of food, an\nmod000259.xml|130|l he was brought to the king himself, who was decked out with everything in the way of precious stones, dyed raiment, and wrought gold that men deem remarkable, or extravagant, or enviable, in order that he might present a most august and gorgeous spectacle.    >B\nmod000259.xml|130| in behalf of his country. Croesus at once judged Solon to be a strange and uncouth fellow, since he did not make an abundance of gold and silver his measure of happiness, but admired the life and death of an ordinary private man more than all this display of powe\nmod000262.xml|130|ur name and reputation can be widely circulated? And then our estates and edifices, our cattle, and the enormous treasures of our gold and silver, can they be esteemed or denominated as desirable goods by him who observes their perishable profit, and their contemp\nmod000262.xml|130|or he subdued all Latium; he captured Suessa Pometia, a powerful and wealthy city, and, becoming possessed of an immense spoil of gold and silver, he accomplished his father\u2019s vow by the building of the Capitol. He established colonies, and, faithful to the instit\nmod000262.xml|130|ious, for in this political field of exertion our greatest men have reaped their honors, like the invincible Curius, Whom neither gold nor iron could subdue. IV. * * * that wisdom existed still. There existed this general difference between these two classes, that\nmod000262.xml|130|: Very well; I obey you, and wilfully, with my eyes open, I will undertake this dirty business; because, since those who seek for gold do not flinch at the sight of the mud, so we who are searching for justice, which is far more precious than gold, are bound to sh\nmod000262.xml|130|ose who seek for gold do not flinch at the sight of the mud, so we who are searching for justice, which is far more precious than gold, are bound to shrink from no annoyance. And I wish, as I am about to make use of the antagonist arguments of a foreigner, I might\nmod000262.xml|130|a rogue, notwithstanding, because he will be deceiving his neighbors. Again, let us suppose that one man meets another, who sells gold and silver, conceiving them to be copper or lead; shall he hold his peace that he may make a capital bargain, or correct the mist\nmod000263.xml|130|us concourse? He who believes this may as well believe that if a great quantity of the one-and-twenty letters, composed either of gold or any other matter, were thrown upon the ground, they would fall into such order as legibly to form the Annals of Ennius. I doub\nmod000263.xml|130|hs of caves, the cragginess of rocks, the heights of impending mountains, and the boundless extent of plains, the hidden veins of gold and silver, and the infinite quarries of marble.> What and how various are the kinds of animals, tame or wild? The flights and no\nmod000263.xml|130|th we dig iron, a thing entirely necessary for the cultivation of the ground. We discover the hidden veins of copper, silver, and gold, advantageous for our use and beautiful as ornaments. We cut down trees, and use every kind of wild and cultivated timber, not on\nmod000263.xml|130|rtful fellow, who counterfeited the handwriting of the six officers. Let us call to mind other trials: that on the subject of the gold of Tolosa, or the conspiracy of Jugurtha. Let us trace back the informations laid against Tubulus for bribery in his judicial off\nmod000264.xml|130|a manner as not to be slave not only to any man, but not even to any passion; to despise all capricious desires; to covet neither gold nor silver, nor anything else; to form one's opinions in the senate with freedom; to consider the real interests of the people, r\nmod000267.xml|130|to Delphi offerings not a few; for of all the offerings of silver at Delphi his are the most, and besides the silver he dedicated gold in abundance; and among the rest the most worthy to be mentioned are six golden bowls which he dedicated. These, which have a wei\nmod000267.xml|130| state to give judgement, and marvellous it is to see; and this throne standeth in the same place as the bowls of Gyges.) And the gold and silver which Gyges dedicated is called by the men of Delphi Gygean, being named after him that dedicated it. The same, after \nmod000267.xml|130|with great sacrifices; for he sacrificed full three thousand sacrificial beasts, and heaping in a great pile couches covered with gold and with silver, and basons of gold, and purple cloaks and tunics, he burned them, thinking that he should thereby gain the god\u2019s\nmod000267.xml|130|iced full three thousand sacrificial beasts, and heaping in a great pile couches covered with gold and with silver, and basons of gold, and purple cloaks and tunics, he burned them, thinking that he should thereby gain the god\u2019s favour more. And he proclaimed to a\nmod000267.xml|130|o all the Lydians that every man of them should sacrifice what soever each could. And when the sacrifice was over, he melted down gold in abundance and cast half-bricks therewith, making them of six hands\u2019 breadth upon the longer sides, and three hands\u2019 breath upo\nmod000267.xml|130|ath upon the shorter, and a hand\u2019s breath in thickness, and an hundred and seventeen in number. And four of these were of refined gold, weighing each two talents and a half; but the residue were of white gold,* and the weight thereof two talents. He caused also to\nmod000267.xml|130| seventeen in number. And four of these were of refined gold, weighing each two talents and a half; but the residue were of white gold,* and the weight thereof two talents. He caused also to be made an image of a lion weighing ten talents. This same lion, in the d\nmod000267.xml|130|ore. These offerings he sent to Delphi ; but to Amphiaraus, hearing of his valour and his calamity, he dedicated a buckler all of gold and a spear of solid gold, the shaft being golden like the head. And both these offerings were yet lying in Thebes, in the temple\nmod000267.xml|130|nt to Delphi ; but to Amphiaraus, hearing of his valour and his calamity, he dedicated a buckler all of gold and a spear of solid gold, the shaft being golden like the head. And both these offerings were yet lying in Thebes, in the temple of Apollo Ismenius, even \nmod000267.xml|130|le the empire of Cyrus; and he sent again to Delphi, and learning the number of the people, he presented them with two staters of gold apiece. And the people of Delphi in return gave Croesus and the Lydians the first asking of the oracle, and freedom of tax, and s\nmod000267.xml|130|were already under obligation for certain benefits done to them by Croesus formerly; for the Lacedaemonians sent to Sardis to buy gold, wishing to use it for the image of Apollo which is now established at Thornax in Laconia; and when they would have bought it, Cr\nmod000267.xml|130|long; and they made a law under a curse, that none of the Argives should suffer his hair to grow, neither should their women wear gold, till they recovered Thyreae. But the Lacedaemonians established a contrary law thereto, that whereas before they wore not their \nmod000267.xml|130|laces spoken of. Now let thus much be said concerning offerings. But the land of Lydia hath no marvels to describe, excepting the gold dust that is washed down from Tmolus; but it containeth the greatest work of man by far, saving the works in Egypt and in Babylon\nmod000267.xml|130|s, save in that they cause their female offspring to be harlots. And they are the first men whereof we know that minted money of  gold and silver, and the first that became traffickers. And the Lydians themselves also say that the sports which are now customary am\nmod000267.xml|130|e of the rings are coloured with pigments; but the two last have their battlements covered the one with silver and the other with gold. These walls Deioces made for himself about his own house. But the rest of the people he commanded to dwell round about the castl\nmod000267.xml|130|nd I was astonished and went within. And so soon as I entered, I saw a babe lying there, shaking itself and howling, adorned with gold and with a garment of many colours. And Harpagus, when he saw me, commanded me with all speed to take up the babe and be gone wit\nmod000267.xml|130|one of the servants; for I should never have supposed from whence it came. Howbeit I wondered when I saw that it was adorned with gold and fine raiment and that there was open mourning in the house of Harpagus. And haply I heard the whole story on the road hither \nmod000267.xml|130|elves are not wont to traffick, neither have they any marketplace at all. Then he entrusted Sardis to Tabalus, a Persian, and the gold of Croesus and the other Lydians to Pactyes a Lydian, to convey it; and he himself rode away to Agbatana, taking Croesus with him\nmod000267.xml|130|de away from Sardis, Pactyes caused the Lydians to rebel against Tabalus and Cyrus; and he went down to the sea, and with all the gold of Sardis hired soldiers and persuaded the men of the coast to join his army. And he marched against Sardis and besieged Tabalus,\nmod000267.xml|130| night inside the shrine. But the precinct in Babylon hath also another shrine below, wherein is a great sitting image of Zeus in gold ; and beside it is set a great table of gold; and the base thereof and the throne are of gold. And according to the Chaldeans, th\nmod000267.xml|130| Babylon hath also another shrine below, wherein is a great sitting image of Zeus in gold ; and beside it is set a great table of gold; and the base thereof and the throne are of gold. And according to the Chaldeans, these things are made of eight hundred talents \nmod000267.xml|130|is a great sitting image of Zeus in gold ; and beside it is set a great table of gold; and the base thereof and the throne are of gold. And according to the Chaldeans, these things are made of eight hundred talents of gold. And without the shrine is a golden altar\nmod000267.xml|130|nd the base thereof and the throne are of gold. And according to the Chaldeans, these things are made of eight hundred talents of gold. And without the shrine is a golden altar. And there is also another altar, a great one, whereon are sacrificed the full-grown be\nmod000267.xml|130| the feast of this god. Moreover at the time of Cyrus there was yet in this precinct an idol of twelve cubits in height, of solid gold. I saw it not, but I tell what things are told by the Chaldeans. Against this idol Darius the son of Hystaspes made a design, yet\nmod000267.xml|130|for their spears and arrowheads and axes they use brass, but their heads and their girdles and their breast-bands they adorn with gold; and likewise about the chests of .their horses they put breastplates of brass, but adorn with gold the bridles and the bits and \nmod000267.xml|130| breast-bands they adorn with gold; and likewise about the chests of .their horses they put breastplates of brass, but adorn with gold the bridles and the bits and the bosses. Iron and silver they use not at all; for they have them not in their country, but gold a\nmod000267.xml|130|h gold the bridles and the bits and the bosses. Iron and silver they use not at all; for they have them not in their country, but gold and brass abound. And they have customs of this fashion. Each marrieth a wife, but they use them in common. For that which the Gr\nmod000267.xml|130|e of Heracles there. And I found it was richly adorned with many offerings, and therein were also two pillars, the one of refined gold and the other of emerald, which shineth by night with a great light. And I entered into converse with the priests of the god, and\nmod000267.xml|130|s, who have vows to perform, with staves of wood likewise. (Now the image, which is in a little shrine of wood, covered over with gold, they have brought forth to another house on the day before.) Then the few that remained about the image draw thither the shrine \nmod000267.xml|130|ng sacred, and both of them keep one special crocodile that is taught to eat from the hand, and they put earrings of glass and of gold in its ears, and rings about its forefeet. And they give them offerings and a set portion of food, and intreat them kindly while \nmod000267.xml|130|n the parent-bird dieth;) but if it be like the picture, it is of this size and appearance: the feathers are partly the colour of gold, and partly red; and in shape and size it is exceeding like an eagle. And thus they say that it contriveth, albeit that which the\nmod000267.xml|130|the cow is covered over with a purple cloth, excepting the neck and the head, which are bare and gilded over with exceeding thick gold; and betwixt the horns the circle of the sun is represented in gold. And the cow standeth not upright, but sitteth on its knees, \nmod000267.xml|130|the head, which are bare and gilded over with exceeding thick gold; and betwixt the horns the circle of the sun is represented in gold. And the cow standeth not upright, but sitteth on its knees, and is as large in size as a large live cow. And it is borne forth f\nmod000267.xml|130|terwards Amasis gained them over to him with subtilty, not harshness. Among his countless other precious things he had a laver of gold, wherein he himself and all his guests washed their feet when they came in. This he brake in pieces and made therefrom the image \nmod000267.xml|130|m her who she was. And Amasis also dedicated offerings in Greece. Firstly, in Cyrene he dedicated an image of Athena covered with gold, and a likeness of himself executed in painting; and moreover he dedicated to Athena in Lindus two stone images and a marvellous \nmod000267.xml|130|nd comely daughter, who alone remained of all his house; and her name was Nitetis. This girl Amasis adorned with fine raiment and gold, and sent her to Persia as his own daughter. But after a while, when Cambyses addressed her by the father\u2019s name, she said to him\nmod000267.xml|130|rple and the dye, he said that it was a deceitful people, and their garments were deceitful also. And secondly he asked about the gold. And when the Ichthyophagi shewed him how the ornaments were put on, then, supposing them to be fetters, the king laughed and sai\nmod000267.xml|130|live long, using it alway.) And as they went away from the fountain, he led them into a prison where all were bound in fetters of gold; for the most rare and precious thing of all among these Ethiopians is brass. And when they had viewed the prison they viewed als\nmod000267.xml|130|essions he would most be vexed at heart to lose. And as he considered, he hit upon this: he had a signet which he carried, set in gold, which was of emerald and the work of Theodorus the son of Telecles of Samos.> He resolved therefore to lose this, and did thus: \nmod000267.xml|130|e year before they took the bowl the Samians carried off this corselet, which was of linen, having sundry figures worked on it in gold and cotton; and the marvel thereof is that each thread of the corselet, though fine, containeth itself three hundred and sixty th\nmod000267.xml|130|d money and the men of Siphnos prospered at that time and were the richest of the' people of the isles, because they had mines of gold and silver in their island, even so that -with the tithe of the money that came from thence they established at Delphi a treasure\nmod000267.xml|130|atest of all the nations that we know of, brought more tribute than any of the rest, even threescore and three hundred talents of gold dust; and this was the twentieth province. And those that brought silver were commanded to pay their tribute in Babylonian talent\nmod000267.xml|130|entieth province. And those that brought silver were commanded to pay their tribute in Babylonian talents, and those that brought gold, in Eubcean talents. Now the Babylonian talent is worth one talent and eighteen minae of Euboea. Thus the silver, if the Babyloni\nmod000267.xml|130| if the Babylonian talents be converted into Eubcean talents, is nine thousand eight hundred and fourscore talents; and reckoning gold to be worth thirteen times as much, the gold dust is found to be worth four thousand, six hundred and fourscore Euboean talents. \nmod000267.xml|130|Eubcean talents, is nine thousand eight hundred and fourscore talents; and reckoning gold to be worth thirteen times as much, the gold dust is found to be worth four thousand, six hundred and fourscore Euboean talents. Therefore, setting all these sums together, t\nmod000267.xml|130| hath filled the vessel he taketh away the earthenware from round about. And whensoever he hath need of money, he coineth as much gold as he needeth at the time.> These were the provinces and the tributes imposed upon them. But Persia alone I have not mentioned as\nmod000267.xml|130| of Nysa and hold feasts in honour of Dionysus, both brought, and still bring even unto my time, every second year two cupfuls of gold that hath not been refined by the fire, and two hundred poles of ebony, and five Ethiopian boys, and twenty great elephants\u2019 teet\nmod000267.xml|130|id these nations offer to the king, in addition to his tribute. Now the Indians obtain after this fashion that great abundance of gold, of which they bring the king the gold dust that I have spoken of. On the side of India toward the rising sun there is sand ; for\nmod000267.xml|130|addition to his tribute. Now the Indians obtain after this fashion that great abundance of gold, of which they bring the king the gold dust that I have spoken of. On the side of India toward the rising sun there is sand ; for of all the peoples of Asia that we kno\nmod000267.xml|130|of life similar to that of the Bactrians. These are the most valiant of the Indians ; and these are they who set forth to get the gold ; for it is over against their country that the land is uninhabited because of the sand. In this desert and this sand are ants sm\nmod000267.xml|130| same way as the ants do in Greece; and they are exceeding like our ants in form also; but the sand that they bring up is full of gold. To fetch this sand the Indians fare forth into the desert. Each man yoketh three camels, a male in the traces on either side, an\nmod000267.xml|130|s genitals point between the hinder legs toward the tail. Howbeit, thus the Indians yoke their camels when they ride to fetch the gold; and they calculate so as to be about the plunder when the heat of the sun is greatest; for the heat sends the ants out of sight \nmod000267.xml|130|; but the females, remembering the offspring that they left, shew no mark of weakness. Thus the Indians gain the more part of the gold, as the Persians affirm ; but they have other gold in their own country, less plentiful, which is digged.> Now haply the farthest\nmod000267.xml|130|hey left, shew no mark of weakness. Thus the Indians gain the more part of the gold, as the Persians affirm ; but they have other gold in their own country, less plentiful, which is digged.> Now haply the farthest ends of the inhabited earth have gotten the faires\nmod000267.xml|130|ir, are far greater than elsewhere, (excepting the horses, which are surpassed by the Median horses called Nesaean;) and moreover gold is there in abundance, some digged, and some brought down by rivers, and some plundered as I have shewn; and the wild trees there\nmod000267.xml|130|f sheep have tails a cubit broad. And towards the southwest the farthest of inhabited lands is Ethiopia. This bringeth forth much gold, and elephants in abundance, and ebony and all manner of wild trees, and the tallest and fairest and longest lived men.> These ar\nmod000267.xml|130|amber do indeed come to us from the farthest parts of the earth. But as for the north of Europe, it is plain that by far the most gold is there. But how it is gotten I am again not able to say with certainty; yet they report that the Arimaspi, who are one-eyed men\nmod000267.xml|130| the observer was expected, he did thus. He filled eight chests with stones, except a little space about the very top; and he put gold on the surface of the stones, and fastened the chests and had them in readiness. And Masandrius came and beheld and brought back \nmod000267.xml|130|his servant called Sciton, who followed after and gathered up the pieces which fell from the bowls, collected a great quantity of gold.> Now it came about thus that Democedes left Croton and consorted with Polycrates. In Croton he was afflicted with a harshtempere\nmod000267.xml|130|wer, didst give me a gift, for which, though small, I owe as much gratitude as for a large gift given now ? Wherefore I give thee gold and silver in abundance, so that it shall never repent thee that thou hast shewn favour to Darius the son of Hystaspes. Then said\nmod000267.xml|130|it shall never repent thee that thou hast shewn favour to Darius the son of Hystaspes. Then said Syloson: O king, give me neither gold nor silver, but recover me the land of my fathers, even Samos, which, since my brother Polycrates died at the hands of Oroetes, h\nmod000267.xml|130|en he came thither bringing the things that he took when he left Samos, he did thus. He would put on his table cups of silver and gold ; and while his servants were wiping them, he would be in conversation with Cleomenes the son of Anaxandrides, who was king of Sp\nmod000267.xml|130|ee sons, Lipoxais, Arpoxais, and Colaxais, the youngest. In the days of their rule a plow, a yoke, an axe, and a cup, all made of gold, fell down from heaven upon Scythia. And the eldest saw them first and drew nigh, and would have taken them; but when he drew nig\nmod000267.xml|130|down from heaven upon Scythia. And the eldest saw them first and drew nigh, and would have taken them; but when he drew nigh, the gold burned with fire. And when he was gone away, the second drew nigh, and again it did likewise. So the gold drove these two away by\nmod000267.xml|130| when he drew nigh, the gold burned with fire. And when he was gone away, the second drew nigh, and again it did likewise. So the gold drove these two away by the heat. But when thirdly the youngest drew nigh, the fire was quenched and he bare the gold home. Then \nmod000267.xml|130|ise. So the gold drove these two away by the heat. But when thirdly the youngest drew nigh, the fire was quenched and he bare the gold home. Then the elder brethren acknowledged the sign and gave the whole dominion to the youngest. And from Lipoxais are sprung the\nmod000267.xml|130|is till Darius crossed the Hellespont against them is not more than a thousand but just so many. And the princes keep this sacred gold with exceeding great care, and come before it year by year to propitiate it with great sacrifices. And whosoever falleth asleep w\nmod000267.xml|130| great care, and come before it year by year to propitiate it with great sacrifices. And whosoever falleth asleep with the sacred gold at the feast is said by the Scythians not to live through the year, and for that reason as much land as he can ride round on hors\nmod000267.xml|130|use the country was large, Colaxais made therefrom three several kingdoms for his three sons ; and he made one of them, where the gold is kept, larger than the rest. But that which lieth to the northward of this land they say it is impossible either to behold or t\nmod000267.xml|130|came to the Issedones; and that beyond the Issedones dwelt the one-eyed Arimaspi, and beyond the Arimaspi the griffins that hoard gold, and beyond the griffins the Hyperboreans, who reach to the sea. And he said that all these, saving only the Hyperboreans, each m\nmod000267.xml|130|n also; but thenceforward, for what lieth beyond, it is the Issedones who tell of the one-eyed people and the griffins that hoard gold ; and the Scythians have taken the report from the Issedones, and we again from the Scythians; and we call them by the Scythian n\nmod000267.xml|130|le house over which they hang. And these people live by ravin and war. But the agathyrsi live exceeding delicately, and wear much gold. And they have the use of their women in common, that they may be kinsmen one of another, and being all one family may not envy o\nmod000267.xml|130| that had not been wrought by any other monarch, he imitated him, until he received his reward. For when Darius struck the purest gold coins, refining the metal unto the uttermost, Aryandes as ruler of Egypt did the same in silver; and the Aryandic is still the pu\nmod000267.xml|130|the continent, and is full of olives and vines. And tlierein is a lake from the slime of which the damsels of that place bring up gold dust with birds\u2019 feathers smeared with pitch. (Now whether these things are so in truth I know not, but only write that which is \nmod000267.xml|130| to their ships and raise a smoke ; and the people of that place, when they see the smoke, go down to the sea. Then they set down gold in exchange for the merchandise, and retire afar off; and the Carthaginians go ashore and look at the gold; and if they deem it s\nmod000267.xml|130|ea. Then they set down gold in exchange for the merchandise, and retire afar off; and the Carthaginians go ashore and look at the gold; and if they deem it sufficient for the merchandise, they take it and depart; but if they think it not sufficient, they get them \nmod000267.xml|130|ke it and depart; but if they think it not sufficient, they get them back into their ships, and the people draw nigh and add more gold, until they are satisfied. And neither of them do wrong to the other; for the Carthaginians touch not the gold until it is made e\nmod000267.xml|130| nigh and add more gold, until they are satisfied. And neither of them do wrong to the other; for the Carthaginians touch not the gold until it is made equal to the worth of the merchandise, and the people touch not the merchandise until the Carthaginians have tak\nmod000267.xml|130|it is made equal to the worth of the merchandise, and the people touch not the merchandise until the Carthaginians have taken the gold.> These are all the Libyans of whom I know the names ; and the most part of these cared nothing for the king of the Medes either \nmod000267.xml|130|ey to overcome. Moreover all the rest of mankind together hath not so many good things as the inhabitants of that continent, from gold and silver and brass to broidered apparel and beasts of burden and bondservants. All these, if ye so desire, ye may have yourselv\nmod000267.xml|130|or narrow confines to do battle with your equals the Messenians, the Arcadians, and the Argives, who have naught of the manner of gold or silver, for which men are willing to fight and die. Therefore\", when ye might easily rule over all Asia, will ye choose otherw\nmod000267.xml|130|r edges thereof; and having no escape from the city, they all rushed to the market-place and the river Pactolus, which laden with gold-dust from Tmolus floweth through the midst of the market-place and then issueth into the river Hermus, which issueth into the sea\nmod000267.xml|130| to defend themselves with a stronger wall. Now their revenue came from their lands on the continent and from the mines: from the gold-mines at Scapte Hyle came generally fourscore talents a year, and from the mines in Thasos itself came less than this but still s\nmod000267.xml|130|n two places called h:nyra and Crenyra over against Samothrace; and there a great mountain hath been overturned in the search for gold. Such is this mine. But the men of Thasos at the king's command pulled down their walls and took all their ships to Abdera.> And \nmod000267.xml|130|to the oracle that Alcmeon was his benefactor, and he sent for him to Sardis. And when he came, Croesus bestowed upon him as much gold as he could bring out upon his own person at one time. Such being his reward, Alcmeon applied thereunto this device. He donned a \nmod000267.xml|130|put on the widest buskins he could find, and went thus into the treasure-house to which they led him. And he fell upon an heap of gold-dust; and first of all he pressed in round his legs as much gold as the busk ins held, and then he filled with gold the lap of hi\nmod000267.xml|130|reasure-house to which they led him. And he fell upon an heap of gold-dust; and first of all he pressed in round his legs as much gold as the busk ins held, and then he filled with gold the lap of his tunic, and sprinkled the powder among the hairs of his head, an\nmod000267.xml|130|on an heap of gold-dust; and first of all he pressed in round his legs as much gold as the busk ins held, and then he filled with gold the lap of his tunic, and sprinkled the powder among the hairs of his head, and took more into his mouth, and so came out of the \nmod000267.xml|130|mouth was swollen out and all parts of him puffed up. And when Croesus saw him, he fell a-laughing and not only gave him all that gold but also bestowed upon him as much again. So this house became exceeding rich, and the same Alcmeon was able to keep a four-horse\nmod000267.xml|130|ying that he would make them rich, if they would follow him; for he would lead them against a land whence they should easily have gold in abundance. So saying he asked for the ships; and the Athenians were elated by these promises, and gave them to him. So Miltiad\nmod000267.xml|130| counsel that hath been spoken, whereas, if opposite counsels be given, it is possible to choose. Even so we distinguish not fine gold by itself; but when we rub it upon other gold, then we distinguish that which is better. Now I also advised Darius thy father, wh\nmod000267.xml|130|posite counsels be given, it is possible to choose. Even so we distinguish not fine gold by itself; but when we rub it upon other gold, then we distinguish that which is better. Now I also advised Darius thy father, who was my brother, not to make war against the \nmod000267.xml|130|mined my wealth and found when I counted it that I had two thousand talents of silver and four thousand thousand Daric staters of gold, all but seven thousand. These I would bestow upon thee; but as for myself! have sufficient sustenance from my bondservants and m\nmod000267.xml|130|and Artystone, the daughter of Cyrus, whom Darius cherished most of all his wives and caused a statue of her to be made of beaten gold. So Arsames was captain of the Ethiopians from above Egypt and of the Arabians. But the Ethiopians/rom the land of the sunrise, (\nmod000267.xml|130| And they shewed the best discipline of all and were the bravest. Now their gear was such as hath been said; but for multitude of gold and abundance of silver they were eminent. And they brought with them carriages, and concubines therein, and a great train of ser\nmod000267.xml|130|l pile, and slew his children and his wife and his concubines and his servants, and cast them into the fire. Then he took all the gold and silver that was in the city, and strewed it from the wall into the river Strymon. And when he had done these things, he cast \nmod000267.xml|130|es, and another Pergamus. By these he made his way, keeping upon the right hand the great and high mountain Pangreum, wherein are gold and silver mines worked by the Pierians and by the Odomanti, and most of all by the Satrre. And Xerxes, passing by the Paeones th\nmod000267.xml|130| fowls of the dry land and of the lake in pens and in cisterns, to feast the army withal. Moreover they caused cups and basons of gold and of silver to be made, and all things else for setting upon the table. All this was done for the king himself and for those th\nmod000267.xml|130|o Aminocles the son of Cratines, a Magnesian, who possessed land about Sepias; for in aftertime he gathered many drinking-cups of gold, and many of silver, that were cast up out of the sea, and found treasure-chests of the Persians, and compassed other riches unsp\nmod000267.xml|130|and made a covenant of friendship with the people thereof, and presented them with a golden fauchion and a headband spangled with gold; and they themselves say, though I believe it not, that he there first loosed his girdle since he fled away from Athens, thinking\nmod000267.xml|130|se they were judged the bravest in the sea battle at Salamis. And when the men of .Aegina heard it, they dedicated three stars of gold, which stand upon a pole of bronze next to the bowl of Croesus. And after the dividing of the spoil, the Greeks sailed to the Ist\nmod000267.xml|130|e agree with the barbarian. But your dread declareth that ye ill understand the spirit of the Athenians; for there is no store of gold on earth so great, and no land so surpassing in beauty and excellence, that we would receive it for giving ourselves to the Mede \nmod000267.xml|130|d provender for the beasts of burden, and there sit down unmolested and achieve their purpose by doing thus. They had much coined gold, and also much uncoined, and much silver and plate; these they ought, without sparing anything, to send to the Greeks and especia\nmod000267.xml|130|f the Athenians together with Leagrus the son of Glaucon, to be slain at Datum by the hand of the Edoni, fighting bravely for the gold-mines.] But after the Greeks at Plataea had laid the barbarians Iow, there came to them a woman from the enemy camp. She was a co\nmod000267.xml|130|; and when she perceived that the Persians were lost and the Greeks conquering, she adorned herself and her handmaidens with much gold and with the fairest raiment that she had, and got down out of her covered wagon and went unto the Lacedaemonians, who were yet a\nmod000267.xml|130|nd he commanded the helots to garner in the stuff. And they went up and down through the camp, and found pavilions furnished with gold and with silver, and couches covered with gold and couches covered with silver, and bowls and cups and other drinking vessels of \nmod000267.xml|130|ff. And they went up and down through the camp, and found pavilions furnished with gold and with silver, and couches covered with gold and couches covered with silver, and bowls and cups and other drinking vessels of gold, and waggons loaded with sacks wherein wer\nmod000267.xml|130| and with silver, and couches covered with gold and couches covered with silver, and bowls and cups and other drinking vessels of gold, and waggons loaded with sacks wherein were seen to be gold and silver basons; and they spoiled from the dead their anklets and c\nmod000267.xml|130|covered with silver, and bowls and cups and other drinking vessels of gold, and waggons loaded with sacks wherein were seen to be gold and silver basons; and they spoiled from the dead their anklets and chains and their fauchions, which were of gold; and as for em\nmod000267.xml|130|ere seen to be gold and silver basons; and they spoiled from the dead their anklets and chains and their fauchions, which were of gold; and as for embroidered raiment, there was no account made thereof. And much the helots stole and sold, and much also, which it w\nmod000267.xml|130| for them to conceal, they declared. And there the men of Aegina got their great riches in the beginning, because they bought the gold from the helots as brass. But when the Greeks had collected the stuff and set apart a tithe thereof [or the god at Delphi, (from \nmod000267.xml|130|n, having set apart the tithe,] they divided the residue and received each their due, both the concubines of the Persians and the gold and the silver, the gear also and the beasts of burden. And as for rewards for those that were most valiant at Plataea, I deem th\nmod000267.xml|130|me to pass, that when Xerxes fled from Greece he left his own tent behind with Mardonius; and Pausanias, seeing it furnished with gold and silver and with embroidered hangings, commanded the bakers and cooks to prepare supper in like manner as they were wont to do\nmod000267.xml|130| supper in like manner as they were wont to do for Mardonius. And they did as they were bidden. And when Pausanias saw couches of gold and of silver with beautiful coverings, and gold and silver tables, and magnificent fare, he was astonished; and for a jest he co\nmod000267.xml|130|r Mardonius. And they did as they were bidden. And when Pausanias saw couches of gold and of silver with beautiful coverings, and gold and silver tables, and magnificent fare, he was astonished; and for a jest he commanded his own servants to prepare a Spartan sup\nmod000267.xml|130| Thus it is said that Pausanias spake unto the Greek captains. And in after time divers of the people of Plataea found coffers of gold and silver, and other stuff. And this thing also came to light afterwards: when the corpses were laid bare of flesh, the men of P\nmod000267.xml|130|eason than that he feared lest Amestris, who already guessed what was done, should thus be sure of it; and he offered cities, and gold in abundance, and an army whereof none should bear rule but her. (Now an army is a common gift among the Persians.) Howbeit, he p\nmod000267.xml|130|. For at Elreus in the Chersonesus is the tomb of Protesilaus and a precinct round about it, wherein was much money, and bowls of gold and silver, brass also and raiment and other offerings, which the king gave to Artayctes to despoil. For he deceived Xerxes by sa\nmod000268.xml|130|faith should be kept with traitors.  The Death of Tarpeia 038  Some also tell this tale, that the Sabines wore great bracelets of gold on their left arms, and on their left hands fair rings with precious stones therein, and that when the maiden covenanted with the\nmod000268.xml|130| that was a city of the Volsci, he took by force, and finding that the spoil was very rich (for there were in it forty talents of gold and silver), he built with the money a temple to Jupiter on the Capitol, very great and splendid, and worthy not only of his pres\nmod000268.xml|130|er as one of whom they might make sport, this same Lucius Brutus. And when the young men offered gifts to the god, Brutus offered gold hidden away in a stick that had been hollowed to receive it; meaning thereby a parable of himself, as of a light hidden beneath t\nmod000268.xml|130| thereof were included. The money, therefore, was paid out of the public treasury; and the magistrates were commanded to purchase gold therewith. And when there was not found a sufficient quantity of this metal, the matrons, having first met and deliberated on the\nmod000268.xml|130|tal, the matrons, having first met and deliberated on the matter, promised that they would themselves supply the magistrates with gold, and carried all their ornaments to the treasury.>  Roman Ladies Bringing Their Ornaments 228 > Never was anything done that more\nmod000268.xml|130|he Senate sent three messengers to Delphi bearing with them the offering of the Roman people to the god, namely, a mixing-bowl of gold. These messsengers were taken by pirates of Lipara and carried to that town. Now the custom at Lipara was that plunder so taken w\nmod000268.xml|130|s a conference was held between Sulpicius and Brennus, king of the Gauls, by whom it was agreed that a thousand pounds' weight of gold should be the ransom of a people that was thereafter to rule the world; a shameful thing, made yet more shameful by insult. For t\nmod000268.xml|130|But both gods and men forbad that Rome should be ransomed in this fashion. For before the payment was made, the whole quantity of gold not having been weighed by reason of this dispute, the Dictator coming up commanded that the gold should be taken away, and bade \nmod000268.xml|130|was made, the whole quantity of gold not having been weighed by reason of this dispute, the Dictator coming up commanded that the gold should be taken away, and bade the Gauls depart. These indeed made opposition, affirming that the covenant had been made and must\nmod000268.xml|130| they should throw their baggage into a heap and gird on their arms. \"Ransom your country,\" said he, \"with steel rather than with gold, having before your eyes the temples of the Gods, your wives, your children, and all which ye most desire.\" After this he drew up\nmod000268.xml|130|sacred things, and that games should be held in honour of Jupiter of the Capitol as having delivered the city from the enemy. The gold that had been taken from the Gauls, with that which had been taken from the temples, no one knowing to whom or to what place it a\nmod000268.xml|130|l, indeed, was of exceedingly great stature, and was clad in a garment of many colours, and his arms were painted and inlaid with gold. As for the Roman, he was of the middle stature, such as is commonly to be seen among soldiers, his bearing being without pride, \nmod000268.xml|130|ell his whole length upon the ground. And as he lay, he stripped from his body, to which he did no other harm, a chain of twisted gold that the man wore, and threw it, covered with blood as it was, about his own neck. Meanwhile the Gauls stood still for fear and w\nmod000268.xml|130|\"Consuls, I have often heard from my father that he only gave counsel to the Senate that they should not ransom their country for gold, and that he did this because the Gauls had not enclosed the capital, and that therefore they might sally forth, not indeed witho\nmod000268.xml|130|The shops were shut round the market-place, and also the courts of the judges; and the magistrates laid aside their ornaments and gold rings. At the first there was great wrath, not against the generals alone, but also against the soldiers, whom they counted unwor\nmod000268.xml|130|r going back from your word? Ye gave hostages to Porsenna and got them back by stealth. Ye ransomed your State from the Gauls for gold, and slew them even while ye paid it. Ye made peace with us that ye might get back your legions that were taken, and now ye would\nmod000269.xml|130|Publius Popillius. The presents they carried were a purple gown and vest, an ivory chair, and a bowl formed out of five pounds of gold. They received orders to proceed forthwith to other petty princes of Africa carrying with them as presents for them gowns bordere\nmod000269.xml|130| the consuls were getting in readiness all the other things which were necessary for the war, it was resolved that the vicesimary gold, which was preserved in the most sacred part of the treasury as a resource in cases of extreme exigencies should be drawn out. Th\nmod000269.xml|130|reasury as a resource in cases of extreme exigencies should be drawn out. There were drawn out as many as four thousand pounds of gold, from which five hundred pounds each were given to the consuls, to Marcus Marcellus and Publius Sulpicius, proconsuls, and Lucius\nmod000269.xml|130|roconsuls, and Lucius Veturius, the praetor, who had by lot obtained Gaul as his province; and in addition, one hundred pounds of gold were given to the consul Fabius, as an extraordinary grant to be carried into the citadel of Tarentum. The rest they employed in \nmod000269.xml|130|housand slaves are said to have been captured; an immense quantity of silver, wrought and coined; eighty-three thousand pounds of gold; of statues and pictures so many that they almost equalled the decorations of Syracuse. But Fabius, with more magnanimity than Ma\nmod000269.xml|130| wished to return to Masinissa? Upon his replying, with tears of joy, that he did indeed desire it, he presented the youth with a gold ring, a vest with a broad purple border, a Spanish cloak with a gold clasp, and a horse completely caparisoned, and then dismisse\nmod000269.xml|130| that he did indeed desire it, he presented the youth with a gold ring, a vest with a broad purple border, a Spanish cloak with a gold clasp, and a horse completely caparisoned, and then dismissed him, ordering a party of horse to escort him as far as he chose.>20\nmod000269.xml|130|y lightning. From Cumae, so does superstition connect the deities with the most trifling circumstances, that mice had gnawed some gold in the temple of Jupiter. That an immense swarm of bees had settled in the forum at Casinum. That at Ostia a wall and gate had be\nmod000269.xml|130|nto Gaul and that the expectations of the Gauls were raised by his coming, as he was reported to have brought a large quantity of gold for the purpose of hiring auxiliaries. Afterwards, Sextus Antistius and Marcus Raecius, who were sent from Rome, together with th\nmod000269.xml|130|nd of the enemy were slain, five thousand four hundred captured. The other booty was great, both of every other kind, and also of gold and silver. In addition to the rest, there were recovered above four thousand Roman citizens, who had been taken by the enemy, wh\nmod000269.xml|130|me time wrapt in wonder and amazement; but afterwards, from a rapacity natural to humanity, wishing to snatch out of the fire the gold and silver which glittered amid the heap of other materials, some were caught by the flames, others scorched by the hot blasts, a\nmod000269.xml|130|tants of Gades, plundering not only their treasury, but their temples, and compelling them individually to bring contributions of gold and silver, for the public service. As he sailed along the coast of Spain, he landed his troops not far from New Carthage, and af\nmod000269.xml|130| places excited fresh superstitious fears in the minds of men. It was believed that crows had not only torn with their beaks some gold in the Capitol, but had even eaten it. At Antium mice gnawed a golden crown. An immense quantity of locusts filled the whole coun\nmod000269.xml|130|hem and the money they had with them. They laid down in the vestibule of the senate-house two hundred and fifty pounds' weight of gold, and eight hundred of silver. After the men had been received and thrown into prison, and the gold and silver returned, the ambas\nmod000269.xml|130|ed and fifty pounds' weight of gold, and eight hundred of silver. After the men had been received and thrown into prison, and the gold and silver returned, the ambassadors were thanked, and received, besides, presents and ships to convey them back into Spain. Some\nmod000269.xml|130|equest him to send to that war supplies of Numidian horsemen.\" Ample presents were given them to be carried to the king; vases of gold and silver, a purple robe, and a tunic adorned with palms of purple, an ivory sceptre, and a robe of state, with a curule chair. \nmod000269.xml|130| the temple of Diana, and the free-born youths and virgins, and even the infants with their nurses, in the place of exercise; the gold and silver to be carried into the forum; their valuable garments to be put on board the Rhodian ship, and another from Cyzicum, w\nmod000269.xml|130|army of their friends cut off in defending the breach, were instantly to slay their wives and children; to throw into the sea the gold, silver, and apparel that was on board the ships, and to set fire to the buildings, public and private: and to the performance of\nmod000269.xml|130|not less formidable in war than that of the Romans.\" Having dismissed the ambassador in this manner, Philip got possession of the gold and silver which had been thrown together in a heap, but lost his booty with respect to prisoners: for such violent frenzy had se\nmod000269.xml|130|n ovation. He carried to the treasury forty-four thousand pounds weight of silver, and two thousand four hundred pounds weight of gold. To each of the soldiers he distributed, of the spoil, one hundred and twenty asses.[2]>21 The consular army had, by this time, b\nmod000269.xml|130|Scopas, a man of considerable influence in his own country, having been sent from Alexandria by king Ptolemy, with a great sum of gold, hired and carried away to Egypt six thousand foot and four hundred horse; nor would he have suffered one of the young Aetolians \nmod000269.xml|130|vate character, he conveyed to the treasury one thousand two hundred pounds' weight of silver, and about thirty pounds' weight of gold. During this year, Cneius Baebius Tamphilus, who had succeeded to the government of the province of Gaul, in the room of Caius Au\nmod000269.xml|130| with their wives and children, fled into the citadel, but soon after surrendered themselves prisoners. The quantity of money, of gold and silver, taken was not great. Of statues and pictures, the works of ancient artists, and other ornaments of that kind, a great\nmod000269.xml|130|ng the first confusion, the properties of all who were absent were seized as booty: those who were present were stripped of their gold and silver, and loaded with exorbitant contributions. Such as paid these readily were discharged, without personal insult and lac\nmod000269.xml|130|l together, who were united by family connexion; and partly by fair speeches, partly by threats, stripped them, not only of their gold, but, at last, even of their garments, and every article of female attire. > > Titus Quinctius Flamininus, proconsul, gains a dec\nmod000269.xml|130|vation, pursuant to a decree of the senate, and carried in the procession one thousand five hundred and fifteen pounds' weight of gold, twenty thousand of silver; and in coin, thirty-four thousand five hundred and fifty denarii.[19] Lucius Stretinius, from the Far\nmod000269.xml|130|en were killed, five hundred and seven military standards taken, with four hundred and thirty-two chariots, and a great number of gold chains, one of which, of great weight, Claudius says, was deposited as an offering to Jupiter, in his temple in the Capitol. The \nmod000269.xml|130|abius and Tiberius Sempronius, during the heat of the Punic war, enacted that \"no woman should possess more than half an ounce of gold, or wear a garment of various colours, or ride in a carriage drawn by horses, in a city, or any town, or any place nearer thereto\nmod000269.xml|130|at even common decency will allow to be mentioned, is pretended for this female insurrection? Why, say they, that we may shine in gold and purple; that, both on festal and common days, we may ride through the city in our chariots, triumphing over vanquished and ab\nmod000269.xml|130| want of the Oppian law, or of any other, to limit the expenses of the women, was felt at that time, when they refused to receive gold and purple that was thrown in their way, and offered to their acceptance. If Cineas were now to go round the city with his presen\nmod000269.xml|130|. This equalization, says the rich matron, is the very thing that I cannot endure. Why do not I make a figure, distinguished with gold and purple? Why is the poverty of others concealed under this cover of a law, so that it should be thought that, if the law permi\nmod000269.xml|130|? Again, when Rome was taken by the Gauls, whence was the city ransomed? Did not the matrons, by unanimous agreement, bring their gold into the public treasury? In the late war, not to go back to remote antiquity, when there was a want of money, did not the funds \nmod000269.xml|130| time. We gave up our slaves to the oar, in numbers proportioned to our properties, and paid them out of our own incomes. All our gold and silver, in imitation of the example given by the senators, we dedicated to the use of the public. Widows and minors lodged th\nmod000269.xml|130|their money in the treasury. It was provided by law that we should not keep in our houses more than a certain quantity of wrought gold or silver, or more than a certain sum of coined silver or brass. At such a time as this, were the matrons so eagerly engaged in l\nmod000269.xml|130| which will be worn out and consumed, I can see an unjust, indeed, but still a sort of reason, for parsimony; but with respect to gold, in which, excepting the price of the workmanship, there is no waste, what objection can there be? It rather serves as a reserve \nmod000269.xml|130|s of which they themselves have been deprived; when they see those riding through the city in their carriages, and decorated with gold and purple, while they are obliged to follow on foot, as if the seat of empire were in the country of the others, not in their ow\nmod000269.xml|130| they delight and glory; these our ancestors called the women's world. What else do they lay aside when in mourning, except their gold and purple? And what else do they resume when the mourning is over? How do they distinguish themselves on occasion of public than\nmod000269.xml|130|nd three thousand silver denarii,[36] five hundred and forty of Oscan silver,[37] and one thousand four hundred pounds' weight of gold. Out of the booty, he distributed to each of his soldiers two hundred and seventy asses;[38] and three times that amount to each \nmod000269.xml|130|apons, brazen and marble statues of which he had taken greater numbers from Philip than from the states of Greece. On the second, gold and silver wrought, unwrought, and coined. Of unwrought silver, there were eighteen thousand pounds' weight; and of wrought, two \nmod000269.xml|130| eighty-four thousand of the Attic coin, called Tetradrachmus, containing each of silver about the weight of four denarii.[41] Of gold there were three thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds, and one shield wholly of gold: and of the gold coin called Philippic\nmod000269.xml|130|out the weight of four denarii.[41] Of gold there were three thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds, and one shield wholly of gold: and of the gold coin called Philippics, fourteen thousand five hundred and fourteen.[42] On the third day were carried golden cr\nmod000269.xml|130| four denarii.[41] Of gold there were three thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds, and one shield wholly of gold: and of the gold coin called Philippics, fourteen thousand five hundred and fourteen.[42] On the third day were carried golden crowns, presented b\nmod000269.xml|130| that he should be presented with two horses, two suits of horsemen's armour, vases of silver to a hundred pounds' weight, and of gold to twenty pounds.>24 As one messenger after another brought intelligence that the war was on the point of breaking out, it was ju\nmod000269.xml|130|a vast army,\" they said, \"of horse and foot was on its march from India; and, besides, that they were bringing such a quantity of gold and silver, as was sufficient to purchase the Romans themselves;\" which latter circumstance they knew would influence the multitu\nmod000269.xml|130| for the support of war, it was needless for him to speak. They themselves knew, that the kingdoms of Asia had always abounded in gold. The Romans, therefore, had not now to deal with Philip, or with Hannibal; the one a principal member of a commonwealth, the othe\nmod000269.xml|130|Egypt, offering aid of men, money, and corn towards the support of the war. From Ptolemy was brought a thousand pounds' weight of gold, and twenty thousand pounds' weight of silver. None of this was accepted. Thanks were returned to the kings. Both of them offered\nmod000269.xml|130|ver denarii,[47] and besides the coin, twelve thousand pounds' weight of silver, and a hundred and twenty-seven pounds' weight of gold.>22 The consul Manius Acilius sent on, from Thermopylae, a message to the Aetolians in Heraclea, admonishing them, \"then at least\nmod000269.xml|130|resented his congratulations on their late successes. They asked leave to sacrifice in the Capitol, and to deposit an offering of gold in the temple of Jupiter supremely good and great. This was granted by the senate, and they presented a golden crown of a hundred\nmod000269.xml|130| him twelve thousand pounds of silver, one hundred and thirty thousand silver denarii, and one hundred and twenty-seven pounds of gold.[49]>39 The consul, Publius Cornelius, having received hostages from the Boians, punished them so far as to appropriate almost on\nmod000269.xml|130|n the treasury a thousand four hundred and seventy golden chains; and besides these, two hundred and forty-five pounds' weight of gold; two thousand three hundred and forty pounds' weight of silver, some unwrought, and some formed in vessels of the Gallic fashion,\nmod000270.xml|130|out a ransom; and then, as ignorant of the disposition of Scipio as he was of the Roman manners, he promised an immense weight of gold, and, excepting the title of king, an absolute partnership in the sovereignty, if through his means he should obtain a peace. To \nmod000270.xml|130|s life, the fact of his being a candidate diminished. He, when a witness, affirmed, that he had not observed, in the triumph, the gold and silver vessels which, on the taking of the camp, he had seen among the other spoils of the king. At last Glabrio declared, th\nmod000270.xml|130|d and thirty-four; models of towns, one hundred and thirty-four; elephants\u2019 teeth, one thousand two hundred and thirty; crowns of gold, two hundred and twenty-four: pounds-weight of silver, one hundred and thirty-seven thousand four hundred and twenty; Attic tetra\nmod000270.xml|130|; Attic tetradrachms, two hundred and twenty-four thousand;13 cistophoruses, three hundred and thirty-one thousand and seventy;14 gold pieces, called Philippians, one hundred and forty thousand;15 silver vases, all engraved, to the amount of one thousand four hund\nmod000270.xml|130| pay, and the mode of payment, no alteration was made in the arrangement which had been made by the consul. If they chose to give gold instead of silver, it was agreed that they might do so, provided that one piece of gold should be deemed equivalent to ten of sil\nmod000270.xml|130|made by the consul. If they chose to give gold instead of silver, it was agreed that they might do so, provided that one piece of gold should be deemed equivalent to ten of silver of the same weight. \u201cWhatever cities, whatever lands, whatever men have been formerl\nmod000270.xml|130|ves the lady hope of a return to her friends; and not even that gratuitously, like a lover. He stipulated for a certain weight of gold, but, being unwilling to have any of his countrymen privy to it, he gave her leave to send any one of the prisoners, whom she cho\nmod000270.xml|130|ger to her friends. He appointed a spot near the river, to which two of this woman\u2019s friends, and not more, were to come with the gold in the night following, to receive her. It happened that among the prisoners under the same guard was a servant of the lady; the \nmod000270.xml|130|osts. Her friends came to the place at the appointed time, likewise the centurion with his prisoner. Here, on their producing the gold, which mounted to an Attic talent, for he had stipulated for that sum the lady in her own language ordered them to draw their swo\nmod000270.xml|130|ed for that sum the lady in her own language ordered them to draw their swords, and kill the centurion, while he was weighing the gold. She herself, bearing wrapped up in her garment the head of the slain centurion, detached from the trunk, reached her husband Ort\nmod000270.xml|130|erms of peace to Antiochus, Scipio had received, over and above what he brought into the treasury, six thousand pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and four hundred and eighty of silver; Aulus Hostilius, eighty pounds of gold, and four hundred and three of silver; and Furius,\nmod000270.xml|130| into the treasury, six thousand pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and four hundred and eighty of silver; Aulus Hostilius, eighty pounds of gold, and four hundred and three of silver; and Furius, the qu\u00e6stor, one hundred and thirty of gold, and two hundred of silver.\u201d These\nmod000270.xml|130| Aulus Hostilius, eighty pounds of gold, and four hundred and three of silver; and Furius, the qu\u00e6stor, one hundred and thirty of gold, and two hundred of silver.\u201d These sums of gold and silver I find mentioned by Antias. As to what regards Lucius Scipio, I suspec\nmod000270.xml|130|r hundred and three of silver; and Furius, the qu\u00e6stor, one hundred and thirty of gold, and two hundred of silver.\u201d These sums of gold and silver I find mentioned by Antias. As to what regards Lucius Scipio, I suspect some mistake of the transcriber, rather than a\nmod000270.xml|130| Lucius Scipio, I suspect some mistake of the transcriber, rather than a falsehood of the historian, respecting the amount of the gold and silver. For it is more probable that the weight of silver was greater than that of gold, and that the fine was laid at four m\nmod000270.xml|130|storian, respecting the amount of the gold and silver. For it is more probable that the weight of silver was greater than that of gold, and that the fine was laid at four millions,37 than at twenty-four millions of sesterces,38 the more on this account, as they re\nmod000270.xml|130|gh conquered, he retains possession of every thing that belonged to him before the war; and though, he had an immense quantity of gold and silver, none of it has been applied to the use of the public: all has been converted to private purposes. Now, was there not \nmod000270.xml|130|one of it has been applied to the use of the public: all has been converted to private purposes. Now, was there not a quantity of gold and silver carried before the eyes of the public in the triumph of Lucius Scipio, so great that an equal quantity was not carried\nmod000270.xml|130|ther, whose high renown ought to have been serviceable to Lucius Scipio; but envy of his merit had done him injury. A quantity of gold and silver was mentioned in the senate to have been conveyed to the house of Lucius Scipio, greater than could be raised from the\nmod000270.xml|130|at a contribution for that purpose had been made to him by the several states, amounting to one hundred and ten pounds\u2019 weight of gold; and he requested them to order that sum to be set apart, out of the money which he was to deposit in the treasury, after being b\nmod000270.xml|130|re his chariot, golden crowns to the amount of one hundred and twelve pounds\u2019 weight; of silver, eighty-three thousand pounds; of gold, two hundred and forty-three thousand; of Attic tetradrachms, one hundred and eighteen thousand;41 of the coin called Philippeans\nmod000270.xml|130| crowns of twelve pounds\u2019 weight; two hundred and twenty thousand pounds\u2019 weight of silver; two thousand two hundred and three of gold; one hundred and twenty-seven thousand Attic tetradrachms;44 two hundred and fifty thousand cistophoruses;45 sixteen thousand thr\nmod000270.xml|130|uld enter the city in ovation. He carried in the procession fifty-two golden crowns, one hundred and twenty-two pounds\u2019 weight of gold, with sixteen thousand three hundred pounds of silver; and announced in the senate, that his qu\u00e6stor, Quintus Fabius, was bringin\nmod000270.xml|130| and announced in the senate, that his qu\u00e6stor, Quintus Fabius, was bringing ten thousand pounds\u2019 weight of silver, and eighty of gold, and that he would carry it likewise to the treasury. During that year there was a formidable insurrection of the slaves in Apuli\nmod000270.xml|130|fter, Lucius Quintius Crispinus triumphed over the same Lusitanians and Celtiberians, bearing in his triumph the same quantity of gold and silver. The censors, Marcus Porcius and Lucius Valerius, while anxious curiosity was blended with fear, made their survey of \nmod000270.xml|130|n ovation. He carried in the procession nine thousand three hundred and twenty pounds\u2019 weight of silver, eighty pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and two golden crowns of the weight of sixty-seven pounds.> 17 In the same year the Romans were arbitrators on the spot in a dis\nmod000270.xml|130|l, triumphed over the Ingaunian Ligurians. He carried in the procession twenty-five golden crowns, but no other article of either gold or silver. Many Ligurian chiefs were led captives before his chariot, and he distributed to each of his soldiers three hundred as\nmod000270.xml|130|rought with him. He carried in the procession a hundred and twenty-four golden crowns, together with thirty-one pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and of coined Oscan silver a hundred and seventy-three thousand two hundred pieces.60 He gave out of the booty to each of the so\nmod000270.xml|130|lace without the knowledge of his servants, with one or two attendants, crowned with roses, and dressed in robes embroidered with gold, he used to go through the city, sometimes striking those that he met with stones that he carried under his arms; sometimes, on t\nmod000270.xml|130|inus, which he promised to build at Antioch, of which not only the ceilings, but all the walls, were to be covered with plates of gold, and many other edifices which he intended in various places, he did not finish, as his reign was very short. He surpassed his pr\nmod000270.xml|130|um. The people of C\u00e6re affirmed that there had appeared in their town a snake with a mane, having its body marked with spots like gold; and it was fully proved that an ox had spoken in Campania.> 22 On the nones of June,79 the ambassadors returned from Africa, who\nmod000270.xml|130|g the city in ovation over the Celtiberians, conveyed to the treasury ten thousand pounds\u2019 weight of silver, and five thousand of gold. Cneius Cornelius was inaugurated flamen of Jupiter. In the same year a tablet was hung up in the temple of mother Matuta, with t\nmod000270.xml|130|he said, \u201cthe whole ofPg 1964 it, that the king might require no favour except the delay of time. He brought besides a present of gold vases, in weight five hundred pounds. Antiochus requested, that the treaty of alliance and amity, which had been made with his fa\nmod000270.xml|130|d asses,86 should be sent to the ambassadors; and to the prince, and his brother, some of extraordinary value: two chains made of gold, and weighing five pounds; five silver vases, amounting to twenty pounds\u2019 weight; two horses, fully caparisoned, with grooms to a\nmod000270.xml|130| and many others of the first class, had given sentence against him, the principal men in the state, immediately taking off their gold rings, in the sight of the people, put on mourning, in order that they might suppliantly solicit the commons in his favour. Yet, \nmod000270.xml|130|rn, wine, and cattle. He brought with him some horses, trappings, and cloaks, for presents to the chiefs; and a small quantity of gold to be divided among a few; for the multitude, he supposed, might be amused with hopes. He advanced as far as the city of Almana, \nmod000270.xml|130|saw them; at the same time asking him, whether, according to their stipulation for immediate payment, he had brought with him the gold which was to be distributed to each footman and horseman? When to this no direct answer was given, Clondicus, their prince, said,\nmod000270.xml|130|t answer was given, Clondicus, their prince, said, \u201cGo back, then, and tell your king, that, unless they should have received the gold and the hostages, the Gauls would never move one step farther.\u201d When this message was brought to the king, he called a council: a\nmod000270.xml|130| Marcellus, coming home from Spain, where he had taken Marcolica, a city of note, brought into the treasury ten pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and a quantity of silver, amounting to a million of sesterces.99 While the consul, Paullus \u00c6milius, lay encamped at Sir\u00e6, in Odo\nmod000270.xml|130|ties, both public and private, repair to Rome, where, heaping together in the Comitium, at the door of your senate-house, all our gold and silver, all the public and private property that we possess, we will submit our persons, and those of our wives and children,\nmod000270.xml|130| a war, the announcement created joy. They therefore immediately voted a present, amounting in value to twenty thousand pieces of gold, and deputed The\u00e6tetus, the commander of their fleet, on that embassy. They wished to procure an alliance with the Romans; but, i\nmod000270.xml|130|not be intermarriage, nor liberty to purchase lands or houses, out of the limits of their respective districts, that the mines of gold and silver must not be worked; but those of iron and copper might.\u201d The tax imposed upon such persons as worked them, was one hal\nmod000270.xml|130|ll exposed to view, consisting of the ornaments of the palace at Pella, namely, statues, pictures, tapestry, and vases, formed of gold, silver, brass, and ivory, in so elaborate a manner, that they seemed intended not merely for presentPg 2156 show, like the furni\nmod000270.xml|130|acedonians; he summoned before him ten of the principal men of each city, and after giving them strict injunctions that all their gold and silver should be brought into the public street, he then sent cohorts to the several states. Those that were destined for the\nmod000270.xml|130|d, amid the crowd of gowned citizens, interrogate, from the lower ground, those mounting to the Capitol in a chariot, and clad in gold and purple,\u2014\u2018Lucius Anicius, Cneius Octavius, whether do you esteem yourselves, or me, more deserving of a triumph?\u2019 I am confide\nmod000270.xml|130| suits of armour, stripped from the bodies of the enemy? shall they be sent back to Macedon? Where shall be lodged the statues of gold, of marble, and of ivory: the pictures, the tapestries, such a quantity of wrought silver and gold, and such a mass of royal mone\nmod000270.xml|130|shall be lodged the statues of gold, of marble, and of ivory: the pictures, the tapestries, such a quantity of wrought silver and gold, and such a mass of royal money? Shall they be conveyed to the treasury by night, as if they were stolen? What? when will that gr\nmod000270.xml|130|ong; and to them were added as companions, boys who bore golden and silver goblets. Then followed the persons who bore the coined gold in seventy-seven vases, each of which contained three talents, like those in which the silver was carried. Then was seen the sacr\nmod000270.xml|130|ade, and also the goblets of Antigonus and Seleucus, and the cups made by Thericles, and other distinguished artists, all made of gold, with to which the saloons of Perseus had been furnished. After them came the chariot of Perseus, laden with his arms, and a diad\nmod000270.xml|130|n to the enormous treasures which were borne in that triumph. Pg 2168 40 Valerius Antias tells us, that the total of the captured gold and silver, carried in the procession, was one hundred and twenty millions of sesterces;103 but from the number of chariots, and \nmod000270.xml|130|d in the procession, was one hundred and twenty millions of sesterces;103 but from the number of chariots, and the weights of the gold and silver, specifically set down by himself, the amount is unquestionably made much greater. An equal sum, it is said, had been \nmod000270.xml|130|nstance at the time of the misfortunes incident to mankind; another appeared even in the victorious Paullus, though glittering in gold and purple. For, of two sons, (whom, after having given away two others on adoption, he had retained at home, the sole heirs of h\nmod000270.xml|130|mph many military standards, and much spoil of other sorts, with all the royal furniture; and also twenty-seven pounds\u2019 weight of gold, and nineteen of silver, besides three thousand denariuses,107 and, in Illyrian money, the amount of one hundred and twenty thous\nmod000270.xml|130|n abundance of songs. Valerius Antias says, that twenty thousand sesterces110 were produced by the sale of the booty, besides the gold and silver carried to the treasury; but, as no sources appeared from which such a sum could be raised, I have set down my authori\nmod000271.xml|130| began it. To prudence stratagem also was added. Sp. Tarpeius commanded the Roman citadel; Tatius bribes his maiden daughter with gold, to admit armed soldiers into the citadel: she had gone by chance outside the walls to fetch water for the sacrifice. Those who w\nmod000271.xml|130|by bringing a false accusation against him. By means of some Aricians of the opposite faction, he bribed a servant of Turnus with gold, to suffer a great number of swords to be introduced privately into his lodging. When this had been completed in the course of on\nmod000271.xml|130|ime, and took from them Suessa Pometia by storm; and when by the sale of the spoils he had amassed forty talents of silver and of gold, he designed such magnificence for a temple to Jupiter, as should be worthy of the king of gods and men, of the Roman empire, and\nmod000271.xml|130| this indeed the Latins were heartily glad at what they had done, the advisers of peace were in high esteem. They send a crown of gold to the Capitol as an offering to Jupiter. Along with the ambassadors and the offering there came a great crowd, consisting of the\nmod000271.xml|130|e into thy progeny that determination of thine, by which you once recovered from these same Sabines the citadel, when obtained by gold. Order them to pursue this same path, which thou, as leader, and thy army, pursued. Lo! I, as consul, shall be the first to follo\nmod000271.xml|130|and repulsed, chiefly by the exertions of Marcus Manlius. The Romans, compelled by famine, agree to ransom themselves. Whilst the gold is being weighed to them, Camillus, who had been appointed dictator, arrives with an army, expels the Gauls, and destroys their a\nmod000271.xml|130|nto the estimate. The money was issued from the treasury, and the consular tribunes of the soldiers were commissioned to purchase gold with it. And when there was not a sufficient quantity of this [metal], the matrons having held meetings to deliberate on the subj\nmod000271.xml|130|atrons having held meetings to deliberate on the subject, and by a general resolution having promised the military tribunes their gold and all their ornaments, brought them into the treasury. This circumstance was peculiarly grateful to the senate, and they say th\nmod000271.xml|130| covered chariots [when going] to public worship and the games, and open chaises on festival and common days. A certain weight of gold being received from each and valued, in order that the price might be paid for it, it was resolved that a golden bowl should be m\nmod000271.xml|130|ettled between Quintus Sulpicius, a military tribune, and Brennus, the chieftain of the Gauls, and one thousand pounds' weight of gold was agreed on as the ransom of a people, who were soon after to be the rulers of the world. To a transaction very humiliating in \nmod000271.xml|130| the Romans from living on the condition of being ransomed; for by some chance, before the execrable price was completed, all the gold being not yet weighed in consequence of the altercation, the dictator comes up, and orders the gold to be removed, and the Gauls \nmod000271.xml|130| price was completed, all the gold being not yet weighed in consequence of the altercation, the dictator comes up, and orders the gold to be removed, and the Gauls to clear away. When they, holding out against him, affirmed that they had concluded a bargain, he de\nmod000271.xml|130|e orders his men to throw their baggage in a heap, and to get ready their arms, and to recover their country with steel, not with gold, having before their eyes the temples of the gods, and their wives and children, and the soil of their country disfigured by the \nmod000271.xml|130|rd announcing the calamity before the Gallic war, and neglected, and a temple was ordered in the New Street to Aius Locutius. The gold, which had been rescued from the Gauls, and that also which during the alarm had been collected from the other temples into the r\nmod000271.xml|130|and ordered to be placed under the throne of Jupiter. Already the religious scruples of the state had appeared in this, that when gold was wanting for public uses, to make up for the Gauls the amount of the ransom agreed upon, they had accepted that which was cont\nmod000271.xml|130|t of the ransom agreed upon, they had accepted that which was contributed by the matrons, so that they might not touch the sacred gold. Thanks were returned to the matrons, and to this was added the honour of their having funeral orations pronounced on them after \nmod000271.xml|130|ich had been lost, and on our enemies, who, blinded by avarice, have violated the faith of a treaty with respect to the weight of gold, they have turned dismay, and flight, and slaughter.> 52 \"When you behold such striking instances of the effects of honouring or \nmod000271.xml|130| the Etrurians. And these being sold by auction, such a sum of money was raised, that after paying the matrons the price of their gold, out of that which was over and above, three golden bowls were made; which, inscribed with the name of Camillus, it is certain, l\nmod000271.xml|130|itadel been first preserved by him; and the other attacked the Gauls, whilst their attention was distracted between receiving the gold and the hope of peace, when he himself drove them off when armed and taking the citadel; of the other's glory, a man's share appe\nmod000271.xml|130|patricians; among which he threw out, waving all distinction whether he said what was true or false, that treasures of the Gallic gold were concealed by the patricians; that \"they were now no longer content with possessing the public lands, unless they appropriate\nmod000271.xml|130|s might be freed from their debt.\" When this hope was presented to them, then indeed it seemed a scandalous proceeding, that when gold was to be contributed to ransom the state from the Gauls, the collection was made by a public tribute; that the same gold, when t\nmod000271.xml|130|at when gold was to be contributed to ransom the state from the Gauls, the collection was made by a public tribute; that the same gold, when taken from the Gauls, had become the plunder of a few. Accordingly they followed up the inquiry, where the furtive possessi\nmod000271.xml|130|d appearance. The one had a body enormous in size, glittering in a vest of various colours, and in armour painted and inlaid with gold; the other had a middle stature, as is seen among soldiers, and a mien unostentatious, in arms fit for ready use rather than adap\nmod000271.xml|130|nded. Nor did any one since Camillus obtain a more complete triumph over the Gauls than Caius Sulpicius. A considerable weight of gold taken from the Gallic spoils, which he enclosed in hewn stone, he consecrated in the Capitol. The same year the consuls also were\nmod000272.xml|130|as a warning that no faith should be kept with traitors. A further story runs that the Sabines were in the habit of wearing heavy gold armlets on their left arms and richly jewelled rings, and that the girl made them promise to give her \"what they had on their lef\nmod000272.xml|130|to shine offspring that spirit in which thou didst once win back from these same Sabines the Citadel which had been captured with gold! Bid them take the road on which thou didst lead shine army. Behold, I, the consul, will be the first to follow thee and thy foot\nmod000272.xml|130|that the soldiers, mindful of the service he had done them rather than of the disgrace inflicted on them, voted to the Dictator a gold crown a pound in weight, and when he left they saluted him as their \"patron.\" Quintus Fabius, the prefect of the City, convened a\nmod000272.xml|130| turned from the chariot of the Dictator to him; he almost monopolised the honours of the day. By order of the people, a crown of gold, a pound in weight, was made at the public expense and placed by the Dictator in the Capitol as an offering to Jupiter. In statin\nmod000272.xml|130| territory came into the estimate. The money was drawn from the treasury, and the consular tribunes were commissioned to purchase gold with it. As there was not a sufficient supply, the matrons, after meeting to talk the matter over, made themselves by common cons\nmod000272.xml|130|supply, the matrons, after meeting to talk the matter over, made themselves by common consent responsible to the tribunes for the gold, and sent all their trinkets to the treasury. The senate were in the highest degree grateful for this, and the tradition goes tha\nmod000272.xml|130| them the honour of driving to sacred festivals and games in a carriage, and on holy days and work days in a two-wheeled car. The gold received from each was appraised in order that the proper amount of money might be paid for it, and it was decided that a golden \nmod000272.xml|130|een Q. Sulpicius, the consular tribune, and Brennus, the Gaulish chieftain, and an agreement was arrived at by which 1000 lbs. of gold was fixed as the ransom of a people destined ere long to rule the world. This humiliation was great enough as it was, but it was \nmod000272.xml|130|living as a ransomed people. By a dispensation of Fortune it came about that before the infamous ransom was completed and all the gold weighed out, whilst the dispute was still going on, the Dictator appeared on the scene and ordered the gold to be carried away an\nmod000272.xml|130|completed and all the gold weighed out, whilst the dispute was still going on, the Dictator appeared on the scene and ordered the gold to be carried away and the Gauls to move off. As they declined to do so, and protested that a definite compact had been made, he \nmod000272.xml|130|ttle, and ordered his men to pile their baggage into a heap, get their weapons ready, and win their country back by steel, not by gold. They must keep before their eyes the temples of the gods, their wives and children, and their country's soil, disfigured by the \nmod000272.xml|130|rd announcing disaster before the war began, and orders were given for a temple to be built in the Nova Via to AIUS LOCUTIUS. The gold which had been rescued from the Gauls and that which during the confusion had been brought from the other temples, had been colle\nmod000272.xml|130|he throne of Jupiter. The religious feeling of the citizens had already been shown in the fact that when there was not sufficient gold in the treasury to make up the sum agreed upon with the Gauls, they accepted the contribution of the matrons, to avoid touching t\nmod000272.xml|130|he renown in war which we had lost; but against the enemy, who, blinded by avarice, broke treaty and troth in the weighing of the gold, they have launched terror and rout and death.> [5.52]\"When you see such momentous consequences for human affairs flowing from th\nmod000272.xml|130|iot belonged to the Etruscans. They were publicly sold, and so much was realised that after the matrons had been repaid for their gold, three golden bowls were made from what was left. These were inscribed with the name of Camillus, and it is generally believed th\nmod000272.xml|130|Capitol and the Citadel? Camillus attacked the Gauls while they were off their guard, their minds pre-occupied with obtaining the gold and securing peace; he, on the other hand, had driven them off when they were armed for battle and actually capturing the Citadel\nmod000272.xml|130|s abuse of the senate. Indifferent to the truth or falsehood of what he said, he declared, among other things, that the stores of gold collected for the Gauls were being hidden away by the patricians; they were no longer content with appropriating the public lands\nmod000272.xml|130|debts of the plebs could be wiped off. With this hope held out to them they thought it a most shameful proceeding that whilst the gold got together to ransom the City from the Gauls had been raised by general taxation, this very gold when recovered from the enemy \nmod000272.xml|130|ful proceeding that whilst the gold got together to ransom the City from the Gauls had been raised by general taxation, this very gold when recovered from the enemy had become the plunder of a few. They insisted therefore, on finding out where this vast stolen boo\nmod000272.xml|130|itadel? Then I did what I could to save the body of citizens as a whole, now I am doing what I can to help individuals. As to the gold of the Gauls, your question throws difficulties round a thing which is simple enough in itself. For why do you ask me about a mat\nmod000272.xml|130| prosecution at the actual trial, beyond the gatherings at his house, his seditious utterances, and his false statement about the gold, I do not find stated by any authority. But I have no doubt that it was anything but slight, for the hesitation shown by the peop\nmod000272.xml|130|e was over. No one since Camillus celebrated a more justly deserved triumph over the Gauls than C. Sulpicius. A large quantity of gold taken out of the spoil was dedicated by him and stored away in a vault beneath the Capitol. The campaigns in which the consuls fo\nmod000272.xml|130|e said, \"heard my father, consuls, say that he was the only one in the Capitol who refused to ransom the City from the Gauls with gold, for the force in the Capitol was not invested and shut in with fosse and rampart, as the Gauls were too indolent to undertake th\nmod000272.xml|130|ch the gods themselves cannot evade! Go, consuls, give up your arms as a ransom for that State which your ancestors ransomed with gold!> [9.5]The consuls left to confer with Pontius. When the victor began to insist upon a treaty, they told him that a treaty could \nmod000272.xml|130|e Forum ceased spontaneously before the proclamation closing it was made; the senators laid aside their purple striped tunics and gold rings; the gloom amongst the citizens was almost greater than that in the army. Their indignation was not confined to the general\nmod000272.xml|130|bide by your agreements? You gave hostages to Porsena, afterwards you stole them away. You ransomed your city from the Gauls with gold, whilst they were in the act of receiving the gold they were cut down. You made peace with us on condition of our restoring your \nmod000272.xml|130|na, afterwards you stole them away. You ransomed your city from the Gauls with gold, whilst they were in the act of receiving the gold they were cut down. You made peace with us on condition of our restoring your captured legions, you are now making that peace nul\nmod000272.xml|130|ave said that it was not with Darius that he had to do, dragging after him a train of women and eunuchs, wrapped up in purple and gold, encumbered with all the trappings of state. He found him an easy prey rather than a formidable enemy and defeated him without lo\nmod000272.xml|130|mp, others the forest. The latter proved the safer refuge, for the camp, situated in the plain below, was taken the same day. The gold and silver were ordered to be brought to the consul; the rest of the spoil became the property of the soldiers. The killed and pr\nmod000272.xml|130| glittering armour made in which their troops were quite resplendent. There were two divisions; one had their shields plated with gold, the other with silver. The shield was made straight and broad at the top to cover the chest and shoulders, then became narrower \nmod000272.xml|130|eave, and their helmets were plumed to give them the appearance of being taller than they really were. The tunics of the men with gold plated shields were in variegated colours, those with the silver shields had tunics of white linen. The latter were assigned to t\nmod000272.xml|130|ur had been provided, and they had been taught by their generals that a soldier ought to inspire dread not by being decked out in gold and silver but by trusting to his courage and his sword. They looked upon those things as a spoil for the enemy rather than a def\nmod000272.xml|130|ace amongst all the tribes. Such deep indignation was aroused by the election of Flavius that most of the nobles laid aside their gold rings and military decorations as a sign of mourning. From that time the citizens were divided into two parties; the uncorrupted \nmod000272.xml|130|specially against the Romans, a nation whom they justly boast of having captured and then allowing them to ransom themselves with gold. If the Etruscans had the same spirit which Porsena and their ancestors once had there was no reason why they should not expel th\nmod000272.xml|130|avelin, and an army resplendent in dazzling white would be stained with gore when the sword came into play. A Samnite army all in gold and silver had once been annihilated by his father, and those trappings had brought more glory as spoils to the victors than they\nmod000272.xml|130|dvocated peace on such terms would be put to death. The conditions were that restitution should be made to the Turdetani, all the gold and silver should be delivered up, and the inhabitants should depart with one garment each and take up their abode wherever the C\nmod000272.xml|130|es from you; your fields and lands he leaves you; and he will assign you a site where you can build a new town. He orders all the gold and silver, both that belonging to the State and that owned by private individuals, to be brought to him; your persons and those \nmod000272.xml|130|with the senate, when without a moment's warning the leading citizens withdrew before any reply was given. They collected all the gold and silver from public and private sources and brought it into the forum, where a fire had already been kindled, and flung it int\nmod000272.xml|130|, but even he would not find them very tractable, with their wild and untamable nature, unless the chiefs were also won over with gold, a thing which as a nation they were most eager to procure. After thus traversing Spain and the tribes of Gaul the envoys returne\nmod000272.xml|130|it would be betrayed to them. Dasius, a Brundisian, was commandant of the garrison, and he was induced by a moderate bribe of 400 gold pieces to betray Clastidium to Hannibal. The place was the granary of the Carthaginians while they were at the Trebia. No cruelty\nmod000272.xml|130|purified, and full-grown victims were sacrificed to the deities named in the Sacred Books; an offering of forty pounds' weight of gold was conveyed to Juno at Lanuvium, and the matrons dedicated a bronze statue of that goddess on the Aventine. At Caere, where the \nmod000272.xml|130|tronghold of Italy, the City of Rome and its empire, we Neapolitans have thought it but right to assist the Roman people with the gold which has been left by our ancestors for the enriching of our temples and for a reserve in time of need. If we thought that our p\nmod000272.xml|130|ooks. Some envoys from Paestum brought golden bowls to Rome. Thanks were voted to them as in the case of the Neapolitans, but the gold was not accepted.> [22.37]About the same time a fleet which had been despatched by Hiero arrived at Ostia with a large quantity o\nmod000272.xml|130|tently loyal all through, and had on every occasion rendered most generous help to Rome, and for that Rome was duly grateful. The gold which had been offered by one or two cities had not been accepted, though the Roman people were very grateful for the offer. They\nmod000272.xml|130|h were no longer of the slightest use to us. Besides, we had heard that our ancestors had ransomed themselves from the Gauls with gold, and that your fathers, sternly as they set themselves against all conditions of peace, did nevertheless send delegates to Tarent\nmod000272.xml|130|ght to be offered to the immortal gods. [23.12]As evidence that the joyful tidings he brought were true, he ordered a quantity of gold rings to be piled up in the vestibule of the Senate-house, and they formed such a great heap that, according to some authorities,\nmod000272.xml|130|ay there was a general desire to begin the assault. The enthusiasm of the men had been kindled by the offer of a \"mural crown\" of gold and also by the way in which the general himself remonstrated with the men who had taken Saguntum for their slackness in attackin\nmod000272.xml|130|his hearing, he now consented to proposals for the ransom of all the freeborn citizens. The price agreed upon was seven ounces of gold for each person. When their liberty was guaranteed they surrendered, but were kept in custody till all the gold was paid, then in\nmod000272.xml|130|s seven ounces of gold for each person. When their liberty was guaranteed they surrendered, but were kept in custody till all the gold was paid, then in strict observance of the terms they were released. This is much more likely to be true than that after they had\nmod000272.xml|130|iumph to the most sacred of their temples. According to their custom they cleaned out the skull and covered the scalp with beaten gold; it was then used as a vessel for libations and also as a drinking cup for the priest and ministers of the temple. The plunder, t\nmod000272.xml|130|f prey lying in wait for them or any human hands to steal them. These cattle were a source of great profit, and a column of solid gold was made from the money thus gained and dedicated to the goddess. Thus the temple became celebrated for its wealth as well as for\nmod000272.xml|130|anded over to some officials from Cales together with those who accompanied him. He had brought with him a considerable amount of gold, and this was ordered to be taken care of for him. At Cales he was free to move about in the daytime, but was always followed by \nmod000272.xml|130|dren, and after questioning them first about the circumstances under which Altinius had disappeared, and then about the amount of gold and silver which he had left at home, and so finding out all he wanted to know, he had them burnt alive.> [24.46]Fabius broke up \nmod000272.xml|130|ir first-fruits and other offerings, according to their ability, and they had also embellished it with a considerable quantity of gold and silver. Now the temple was despoiled of all its treasures. Great heaps of metal, where the soldiers, struck by remorse, had t\nmod000272.xml|130|d the senate to go to the Roman commanders. On their arrival in the camp they were manacled, and ordered to send word for all the gold and silver they possessed to be brought to the quaestors. This amounted to 2072 pounds of gold and 31,200 pounds of silver. Twent\nmod000272.xml|130|d ordered to send word for all the gold and silver they possessed to be brought to the quaestors. This amounted to 2072 pounds of gold and 31,200 pounds of silver. Twenty-five senators were sent to be kept in custody at Cales, and twenty-eight who were proved to h\nmod000272.xml|130|e State, first buying them for a few coppers to make soldiers of them, and now requisitioning them for seamen. Whatever silver or gold we had has been taken to pay the rowers and furnish the annual war-tax. No resort to force, no exercise of authority can compel u\nmod000272.xml|130|ish rowers and not to shirk his duty; then let us impose the burden on ourselves first of all. Let us, every one of us, bring our gold and silver and bronze money, tomorrow, to the treasury, only reserving the rings for ourselves, our wives and our children, and t\nmod000272.xml|130|s for ourselves, our wives and our children, and the bullae for our boys. Those who have wives and daughters may keep an ounce of gold for each of them. With regard to silver, those who have occupied curule chairs should keep the plating on their horse-trappings a\nmod000272.xml|130| should keep only one pound of silver. In the case of bronze coin let us retain 5000 ases for each household. All the rest of our gold and silver and money let us place in the hands of the commissioners of the treasury. No formal resolution should be passed; our c\nmod000272.xml|130|o favourably received that the consuls were even thanked for them. No sooner did the senate adjourn, than they each brought their gold and silver and bronze to the treasury, and they were so eager to be among the first to have their names inscribed in the public r\nmod000272.xml|130|of scorpions of various calibre, as well as missiles and other arms. 73 military standards were also captured. A vast quantity of gold and silver was brought to the general, including 287 golden bowls, almost all of which were at least a pound in weight, 18,300 po\nmod000272.xml|130|surrendered, other writers say it was Mago. Nor are authors agreed as to the number of ships that were captured, or the weight of gold and silver, or the amount of money that was brought into the treasury. If we are to make a choice, the numbers midway between the\nmod000272.xml|130|ings, or the kindness Scipio had shown him. Then the girl's parents and relatives were called. They had brought a large amount of gold for her ransom, and when she was freely given back to them, they begged Scipio to accept it as a gift from them; his doing so, th\nmod000272.xml|130|o receive from your future father-in-law you will now receive this from me as a wedding present.\" He then told him to take up the gold and keep it. Delighted with the present and the honourable treatment he had received, the young man resumed home, and filled the \nmod000272.xml|130|f the Roman people. The other preparations for war now occupied the attention of the consuls. It was decided that the \"vicesimary gold\" which was kept as a reserve for extreme emergencies in the secret treasury should now be brought out. Four thousand pounds of go\nmod000272.xml|130|ld\" which was kept as a reserve for extreme emergencies in the secret treasury should now be brought out. Four thousand pounds of gold were produced. Of this 550 pounds were given to each of the consuls and to the proconsuls M. Marcellus and P. Sulpicius. A simila\nmod000272.xml|130| It is said that 30,000 slaves were captured together with an enormous quantity of silver plate and bullion, 83 pounds' weight of gold and a collection of statues and pictures almost equal to that which had adorned Syracuse. Fabius, however, showed a nobler spirit\nmod000272.xml|130|return to Masinissa. The boy replied amid tears of joy that he should only be too glad to do so. Scipio then presented him with a gold ring, a tunic with a wide purple border, a Spanish cloak with a gold clasp, and a beautifully caparisoned horse. He then ordered \nmod000272.xml|130| only be too glad to do so. Scipio then presented him with a gold ring, a tunic with a wide purple border, a Spanish cloak with a gold clasp, and a beautifully caparisoned horse. He then ordered an escort of cavalry to accompany him as far as he wanted to go, and \nmod000272.xml|130| superstition see the work of the gods in the most insignificant trifles, that it was seriously reported that rats had gnawed the gold in the temple of Jupiter in Cumae. At Casinum a swarm of bees had settled in the forum; at Ostia a gate and part of the wall had \nmod000272.xml|130|d into Gaul, and that there was widespread excitement amongst the natives owing to a rumour that he had brought a large amount of gold for the payment of auxiliary troops. The Massilian envoys were accompanied on their return by Sextus Antistius and M. Raecius, wh\nmod000272.xml|130|ster of Cannae. 56,000 of the enemy were killed, 5400 taken prisoners, and a great quantity of plunder was secured, especially of gold and silver. Above 3000 Romans who had been captured by the enemy were recovered, and this was some consolation for the losses inc\nmod000272.xml|130|shed by the time the Romans came on the scene. At first they stood horror-struck at such a fearful sight, then, seeing the melted gold and silver flowing amongst the other articles which made up the heap, the greediness common to human nature impelled them to try \nmod000272.xml|130|ly their public treasury but even their temples were plundered, and they were all compelled to contribute their private stores of gold and silver. Sailing along the Spanish coast, he landed a force not far from New Carthage, and plundered the nearest fields, after\nmod000272.xml|130|at happened, senators? The very next day his fleet was shattered by a terrible storm and the ships which were carrying the sacred gold were all cast ashore on our coast. Taught by this great disaster that there are gods after all, the arrogant monarch gave orders \nmod000272.xml|130|ous stories of portents filled men's minds with superstitious terrors. It was said that crows picked with their beaks some of the gold on the Capitol and actually ate it, and rats gnawed a golden crown at Antium. The whole of the country round Capua was covered by\nmod000272.xml|130|f hiring auxiliaries, and whom they had captured together with the money they had brought. 250 pounds of silver and 800 pounds of gold were deposited in the vestibule of the senate-house. After the men had been handed over and thrown into prison, the gold and silv\nmod000272.xml|130|ounds of gold were deposited in the vestibule of the senate-house. After the men had been handed over and thrown into prison, the gold and silver was returned to the Saguntines. A vote of thanks was accorded to them, they were presented with gifts and also provide\nmod000272.xml|130|o assist in that war by sending a contingent of Numidian horse. Some splendid presents were placed in their charge for the king - gold and silver vases, a purple robe, a tunica palmata together with an ivory sceptre, also a toga praetexta together with a curule ch\nmod000272.xml|130|shut up in the temple of Diana, the freeborn boys and girls, even infants with their nurses to be collected in the gymnasium, all gold and silver to be taken to the forum, all costly apparel to be placed on board the vessels from Rhodes and Cyzicus which were lyin\nmod000272.xml|130|ades who were fighting in front of the levelled wall were all killed, they were to put the wives and children to death, throw the gold and silver and the apparel on board the ships into the sea and set fire wherever they possibly could to all the public buildings \nmod000272.xml|130|om and name of Macedon no less renowned in war than those of Rome.\" After dismissing thus the envoy Philip took possession of the gold and silver which had been collected, but he lost all chance of making prisoners. For such a madness fell on the people that they \nmod000272.xml|130| the senate, and after they had passed their resolution, Lentulus enjoyed his ovation. 43,000 pounds of silver and 2450 pounds of gold, captured from the enemy, were carried in the procession. Out of the spoil he distributed 120 ases to each of his men.> [31.21]By\nmod000272.xml|130|lian enemies. Scopas, one of their principal men, who had been sent by King Ptolemy from Alexandria with a considerable amount of gold, conveyed to Egypt a mercenary army consisting of 6000 infantry and 500 cavalry. He would not have left a single man of military \nmod000272.xml|130| him. He entered the City in an unofficial capacity, and brought into the treasury 1200 pounds' weight of silver and 30 pounds of gold. During the year Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, who had succeeded C. Aurelius in the command in Gaul, invaded the country of the Insubria\nmod000272.xml|130|y. The whole of the townsmen with their wives and children took refuge in the citadel and finally surrendered. There was not much gold and silver, but the statues and pictures by old-time artists and similar objects were discovered in greater quantities than might\nmod000272.xml|130|incipal citizens had escaped at the beginning of the tumult and their property was seized; those who still remained had all their gold and silver taken away and very heavy fines were imposed upon them. Those who paid up promptly were dismissed without insult or in\nmod000272.xml|130|es alone, sometimes in family parties, and in this way succeeded by blandishments and threats in getting from them not only their gold but even their wardrobes and all their finery.> > > >Book 33: The Second Macedonian War> [33.1]The above-described events took pl\nmod000272.xml|130|ed Hither Spain before Tuditanus, was authorised by the senate to enter the City in ovation. Before him were borne 1515 pounds of gold and 20,000 of silver, and also 34,500 silver denarii. L. Stertinius, who made no effort to obtain a triumph, brought away from Fu\nmod000272.xml|130|alerius Antias over 40,000 men were killed in that battle, 801 standards captured, together with 732 wagons and a large number of gold chains. Claudius tells us that one of these, a very heavy one, was deposited as an offering in the temple of Jupiter on the Capit\nmod000272.xml|130|hen the strain of the Punic War was most severely felt. It forbade any woman to have in her possession more than half an ounce of gold, to wear a dress of various colours or to ride in a two-horsed vehicle within a mile of the City or of any Roman town unless she \nmod000272.xml|130|nus. What pretext in the least degree respectable is put forward for this female insurrection? 'That we may shine,' they say, 'in gold and purple, that we may ride in carriages on festal and ordinary days alike, as though in triumph for having defeated and repeale\nmod000272.xml|130|ppian nor any other law was in those days required to set limits to the expensive habits of women when they refused to accept the gold and purple that was freely offered to them. If Cineas were to go in these days about the City with his gifts, he would find women\nmod000272.xml|130|ess. The wealthy woman says, 'This levelling down is just what I do not tolerate. Why am I not to be admired and looked at for my gold and purple? Why is the poverty of others disguised under this appearance of law so that they may be thought to have possessed, ha\nmod000272.xml|130|e paid for at the same date. We gave up our slaves to act as rowers in numbers proportionate to our assessment and placed all our gold and silver at the service of the State, the senators setting the example. Widows and minors invested their money in the public fu\nmod000272.xml|130|nators setting the example. Widows and minors invested their money in the public funds and a law was passed fixing the maximum of gold and silver coinage which we were to keep in our houses. Was it at such a crisis as this that the matrons were so given to luxury \nmod000272.xml|130|d in their case I recognise some reason, though a very unfair one, for his opposition; but what is there to offend with regard to gold, which suffers no waste except on the cost of working it? On the contrary, it rather protects us in the time of need and forms a \nmod000272.xml|130|see the wives of our Latin allies permitted to wear ornaments which they have been deprived of, when they see them resplendent in gold and purple and driving through the City while they have to follow on foot, just as though the seat of empire was in the Latin cit\nmod000272.xml|130|hemselves; these things our ancestors called the ornament of women. What do they lay aside when they are in mourning except their gold and purple, to resume them when they go out of mourning? How do they prepare themselves for days of public rejoicing and thanksgi\nmod000272.xml|130|ion there were carried 25,000 pounds of unwrought silver, 12,300 silver denarii, 540 of Oscan coinage, and 1200 pounds' weighs of gold. To each of the infantry soldiers he distributed 270 ases and treble the amount to the cavalry. On arriving in his province Tiber\nmod000272.xml|130|tues; those taken from Philip were more numerous than those which he had secured in the various cities. On the second day all the gold and silver, coined and uncoined, were borne in the procession. There were 18,000 pounds of uncoined and unwrought silver and 270 \nmod000272.xml|130|ver shields. Of the silver coinage 84,000 were Attic pieces, known as tetrachma, each nearly equal in weight to four denarii. The gold weighed 3714 pounds, including one shield made entirely of gold, and there were 14,514 coins from Philip's mint. In the third day\nmod000272.xml|130|wn as tetrachma, each nearly equal in weight to four denarii. The gold weighed 3714 pounds, including one shield made entirely of gold, and there were 14,514 coins from Philip's mint. In the third day's procession were carried 114 golden coronets, the gifts of var\nmod000272.xml|130|stinguished themselves as aediles this year. They inflicted fines on a large number of graziers, and out of the proceeds they had gold-plated shields made, which they placed on the pediment of the temple of Jupiter. They also built an arcade outside the Porta Trig\nmod000272.xml|130|State and suitably lodged; he was also presented with two horses, two sets of equestrian armour, silver vases up to a hundred and gold vases up to twenty pounds' weight.> [35.24]As messenger after messenger brought word that war was imminent, it was felt to be a m\nmod000272.xml|130|r way, elephants had been brought from India and - what they thought would most of all impress the popular mind - he was bringing gold enough to buy up the Romans themselves. It was obvious what effect this sort of talk would have on the council, for their arrival\nmod000272.xml|130| to refer to the money and other provision for war, his hearers themselves knew how the realms of Asia had always overflowed with gold. So the Romans would not have to do with a Philip or a Hannibal, the one only the foremost man in a single city, the other confin\nmod000272.xml|130|ugh the action of certain individuals who by holding out the prospect of bribes were drawing the mob, who can always be bought by gold, over to Antiochus. The supporters of Rome sent to Quirinus asking him to go to Athens, and Apollodorus, the ringleader of the mo\nmod000272.xml|130|s, Philip and Ptolemy, arrived in Rome. Philip offered to furnish troops, money and corn for the war; Ptolemy sent 1000 pounds of gold and 20,000 pounds of silver. The senate declined to accept any of it and passed a vote of thanks to both the kings. On their each\nmod000272.xml|130|his time in ovation. He had carried before him 130,000 silver denarii and 12,000 pounds of other silver, as well as 127 pounds of gold.> [36.22]While Acilius was at Thermopylae he sent a message to the Aetolians, advising them, now that they had found out how empt\nmod000272.xml|130| congratulations upon the recent victory and to request to be allowed to offer sacrifices in the Capitol and place an offering of gold in the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. On receiving the senate's permission they deposited a golden crown weighing 100 pounds.\nmod000272.xml|130| in ovation after his return from Further Spain. He brought over 10,000 pounds of silver, 13,000 silver denarii and 127 pounds of gold. After receiving the hostages from the Boii, P. C. Scipio by way of punishment mulcted them of nearly half their territory in ord\nmod000272.xml|130|ncluding bronze vases, were carried in Gaulish wagons. There were also borne in the procession 1471 golden torques, 247 pounds of gold, 2340 pounds of silver, partly in bars, partly wrought, not inartistically, into native vessels, and 23,400 silver denarii. To ea\nmod000272.xml|130|tenor of his life was somewhat impaired by his being a rival candidate for the censorship He gave evidence to the effect that the gold and silver plate which he had noticed amongst the royal booty when the camp was taken, he had not seen in the triumphal processio\nmod000272.xml|130| towns, 1231 tusks of ivory, 234 golden crowns, 137,420 pounds of silver, 224,000 Attic tetrachmas, 331,070 \"cistophori,\" 140,000 gold pieces of Macedonian coinage, 1424 pounds' weight of chased and embossed silver plate and 1024 pounds of similar articles in gold\nmod000272.xml|130|gold pieces of Macedonian coinage, 1424 pounds' weight of chased and embossed silver plate and 1024 pounds of similar articles in gold. Among the prisoners were generals, prefects, and nobles attached to Antiochus' court, as many as thirty-two of these were led be\nmod000272.xml|130|their living body; nevertheless they were unanimous in deciding that the terms must be accepted. The Ambracians gave the consul a gold crown 150 lbs. in weight. The statues in bronze and marble and the paintings with which Ambracia, as the royal residence of Pyrrh\nmod000272.xml|130| pay and the method of payment, the understanding with the consul held good. If they preferred to pay it in silver rather than in gold, they might do so provided that ten silver pieces were taken as the equivalent of one gold piece. \"Concerning the cities, the ter\nmod000272.xml|130|red to pay it in silver rather than in gold, they might do so provided that ten silver pieces were taken as the equivalent of one gold piece. \"Concerning the cities, the territories, the populations, which have at any time been incorporated in the Aetolian League \nmod000272.xml|130|elvius to enter their territory peaceably and to restrain his soldiery from plundering their fields; they also brought 15 lbs. of gold made into a crown. Helvius promised to protect their fields from pillage and told them to go to the consul. When they had spoken \nmod000272.xml|130|opes to her of returning to her friends, but not as a lover would have done without ransom. He stipulated for a certain weight of gold, and to prevent his men from knowing anything about it, he allowed her to choose one of the prisoners and send a message by him t\nmod000272.xml|130| a message by him to her friends. A spot by the river was fixed upon where not more than two of her friends were to come with the gold on the following night and receive her. There happened to be amongst the prisoners one of her own slaves, and this man was conduc\nmod000272.xml|130|ark. The following night two of her friends and the centurion with his captive met at the place. Whilst they were showing him the gold, which amounted to an Attic talent - the sum agreed upon - the woman speaking in her own language ordered them to draw their swor\nmod000272.xml|130|man speaking in her own language ordered them to draw their swords and cut off the centurion's head while he was counting out the gold. Wrapping up the murdered man's head in her robe, she took it to her husband, who had fled home from Olympus. Before embracing hi\nmod000272.xml|130|pio's case was heard. He, together with A. Hostilius and C. Furius, were found guilty - Scipio, of having received 6000 pounds of gold and 480 of silver over and above what he had brought into the treasury; and Hostilius was convicted of having similarly embezzled\nmod000272.xml|130|lver over and above what he had brought into the treasury; and Hostilius was convicted of having similarly embezzled 80 pounds of gold and 403 of silver; the quaestor was found guilty of having received 130 pounds of gold and 200 of silver. These are the amounts I\nmod000272.xml|130|of having similarly embezzled 80 pounds of gold and 403 of silver; the quaestor was found guilty of having received 130 pounds of gold and 200 of silver. These are the amounts I find as stated by Antias. In the case of L. Scipio, I should prefer to regard these fi\nmod000272.xml|130|opyist, rather than a false assertion of the author, for the weight of the silver was in all probability greater than that of the gold, and the fine was more likely to be fixed at 400,000 than at 2,400,000 sesterces, especially as it is stated that this was the su\nmod000272.xml|130|irety; after his defeat he remained in possession of all that had belonged to him before the war. Though he had a large amount of gold and silver, none of it has been brought into the treasury; it has all passed into private hands.\" Was not the amount of gold and \nmod000272.xml|130|t of gold and silver, none of it has been brought into the treasury; it has all passed into private hands.\" Was not the amount of gold and silver borne before all men's eyes in Lucius Scipio's triumph greater than in any other ten triumphs if it were all collected\nmod000272.xml|130|ion ought to have helped Lucius instead of injuring him by the jealousy it aroused. It was stated in the trial that the amount of gold and silver brought into Lucius Scipio's house was greater than could have been realised by the sale of the whole of his property.\nmod000272.xml|130|to Lucius Scipio's house was greater than could have been realised by the sale of the whole of his property. Where, then, is that gold and silver and all the benefactions he has received? Surely this access of fortune must have been in evidence in a house which is\nmod000272.xml|130|en sent the quaestors to seize L. Scipio's property in the name of the government. Not only was there not a vestige of the king's gold to be seen, but the amount realised was nowhere near the sum named in the judgment. The relatives and friends and clients of L. S\nmod000272.xml|130|e day he took Ambracia he had vowed to exhibit the Great Games in honour of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, and that a hundred pounds of gold had been contributed by the cities for this purpose. Out of the money which he was going to place in the treasury after it had be\nmod000272.xml|130|ing to place in the treasury after it had been borne in the triumph, he requested the senate to order that this hundred pounds of gold should be set apart. The senate ordered the question to be referred to the college of pontiffs whether it was necessary that all \nmod000272.xml|130|ld be set apart. The senate ordered the question to be referred to the college of pontiffs whether it was necessary that all that gold should be spent on the Games. They replied that no question of religion arose as to what amount should be spent on the Games, and\nmod000272.xml|130|the Cephallenians. Before his chariot were carried golden crowns weighing in all 112 pounds, 1083 pounds of silver, 243 pounds of gold, 118,000 Attic tetrachmas and 12,422 \"philippei\"; 780 brazen statues and 230 marble statues. There was a large quantity of armour\nmod000272.xml|130|umph Cn. Manlius had borne before him 200 golden crowns, each weighing 12 pounds, 220,000 pounds weight of silver, 2103 pounds of gold, 127,000 Attic tetrachmas, 250 cistophori, 16,320 golden coins of Philip's mintage, and a large quantity of arms and spoils taken\nmod000272.xml|130|h were levied on agricultural produce and increased the amount of the import and export duties; he also re-opened old and disused gold and silver mines and started new ones. In order to make good the loss of population caused by his wars, he made provision for fre\nmod000272.xml|130| honour was allowed to Manlius; he was to enter the City in ovation. In his procession were borne 52 golden crowns, 132 pounds of gold, and 16,300 pounds of silver, and he announced in the senate that his quaestor, Q. Fabius, was bringing 10,000 pounds of silver a\nmod000272.xml|130|nds of silver, and he announced in the senate that his quaestor, Q. Fabius, was bringing 10,000 pounds of silver and 80 pounds of gold, and this also he would place in the treasury. There was a wide-spread movement amongst the slaves in Apulia this year. The herds\nmod000272.xml|130|r were carried in the procession. A few days later L. Quinctius Crispinus triumphed over the same nations and a similar amount of gold and silver was carried in his procession. The censors M. Porcius and L. Valerius, amidst many forebodings, revised the roll of th\nmod000272.xml|130|n. Terentius, after giving up his command there, entered the City in ovation. He brought home 9320 pounds of silver, 82 pounds of gold and seven golden crowns weighing 60 pounds.> [40.17]During the year a commission went from Rome to arbitrate between the Carthagi\nmod000272.xml|130|milius Paulus celebrated his triumph over the Ingauni. Twenty-five golden crowns were borne in the procession; there was no other gold or silver in the triumph. Many Ligurian chiefs walked as prisoners before his chariot. To each soldier he gave as his share of th\nmod000272.xml|130|e City in triumph with the soldiers he had brought with him. In the procession there were carried 124 golden crowns, 31 pounds of gold and 173,200 pieces of Oscan coinage. To each of the legionaries he gave from the sale of the booty 50 denarii, double the amount \nmod000272.xml|130| part of the money for it. At Tegea he began the construction of a magnificent marble theatre. At Cyzicus he furnished vessels of gold for one table in the Prytaneum, the central hall of the city, where those to whom the privilege has been granted dine at the publ\nmod000272.xml|130|atues. At Antioch he projected a magnificent temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, of which not only the ceiling was to be overlaid with gold, but the whole of the walls were to be covered with gold leaf. Many public edifices in other places he promised to build, but the\nmod000272.xml|130|piter Capitolinus, of which not only the ceiling was to be overlaid with gold, but the whole of the walls were to be covered with gold leaf. Many public edifices in other places he promised to build, but the shortness of his reign prevented him from fulfilling his\nmod000272.xml|130|h over the Celtiberi by entering the City in ovation, and he brought into the treasury 10,000 pounds of silver and 5000 pounds of gold. Cnaeus Cornelius was inaugurated as Flamen Dialis.> During the year a tablet was placed in the temple of Mater Matuta with this \nmod000272.xml|130|hey also agreed that presents ought to be made to each of the envoys to the value of 2000 ases. To the two princes were given two gold chains five pounds in weight, five pieces of silver plate twenty pounds in weight, two horses caparisoned and their grooms with t\nmod000272.xml|130|al other centuries of the first class sentenced him to a fine. No sooner was this known than the leading patricians put off their gold rings in the sight of the people and laid aside their robes, so that they might make a suppliant appeal to the plebs. It is said,\nmod000272.xml|130|n at the cost of a part of his kingdom, or if Eumenes had played him false he could have held him up as his enemy loaded with his gold, and made the Romans regard him justly as their enemy. But the alliance with Gentius which had been already mooted and the invalu\nmod000272.xml|130|nd when the trooper fell they seized the riderless horses and rode on them into the battle. These men had agreed to serve for ten gold pieces for each horseman and five for each footman; their leaders were to receive a thousand. Perseus went with half his whole fo\nmod000272.xml|130|He took with him some horses with their trappings and some military cloaks as presents to their officers, and a small quantity of gold to be distributed amongst a few of the troops, trusting that the mass of the soldiery would be attracted by the hope of more. He \nmod000272.xml|130|n they arrived, they replied that they would find out all about this on the spot. They then enquired whether they had brought the gold to be distributed according to the agreement amongst the horse and foot. To this there was no reply. Then their chief Claudicus s\nmod000272.xml|130|no reply. Then their chief Claudicus said, \"Go back! Tell the king the Gauls will not move a step further unless they receive the gold and the hostages.\" On this being reported to the king he held a council of war. When it became obvious what the unanimous decisio\nmod000272.xml|130| your account.\" Their daring opposition closed Euander's lips. Then the king retired to his house, and after placing an amount of gold and silver on board some boats lying in the Strymon, went down to the river. The Thracians would not venture on board and dispers\nmod000272.xml|130| who was on his way home from Spain, captured the important city of Marcolica, and brought into the treasury 10 pounds' weight of gold and a quantity of silver amounting to one million sesterces. The consul Paulus Aemilius was, as I have already said, still in cam\nmod000272.xml|130| ships with all the money we possess, and bidding farewell to our national and our household gods, we shall come to Rome. All the gold and silver belonging to the State, all that individual citizens possess, will be placed in a heap on the Comitium, on the thresho\nmod000272.xml|130|rom the apprehension of a worse evil, that of war, the announcement was received with joy. They at once decreed a crown of 20,000 gold pieces in value and sent it to Theaetetus, the commandant of the fleet, for him to carry it to Rome. They wished him to press for\nmod000272.xml|130|een the inhabitants of the different cantons was forbidden, as also the possession of land or houses in more than one canton. The gold and silver mines were not allowed to be worked, but permission was given in the case of the iron and copper mines. Those working \nmod000272.xml|130|were in the display of the spoils from Macedonia. These were all laid out to view - statues, pictures, woven fabrics, articles in gold, silver, bronze and ivory wrought with consummate care, all of which had been found in the palace, where they had not been intend\nmod000272.xml|130| Epirots should be free as the Macedonians were free. The town councillors in each community were sent for and warned to have the gold and silver brought out into some public place, and cohorts were ordered to visit all the cities. Those who were to go to the more\nmod000272.xml|130|their destination on the same day. The military tribunes had received instructions as to what they were to do. All the silver and gold had been collected together in the morning, and at ten o'clock the signal was given to the soldiers to sack the cities. So great \nmod000272.xml|130|soner and brought here with his children? Now, if while Anicius and Octavius were ascending the Capitol in their chariot, clad in gold and purple, L. Paulus standing as an ordinary citizen in the crowd were to ask them: 'Whom do you, L. Anicius and Cn. Octavius, t\nmod000272.xml|130| arms and armour stripped from the bodies of the slain be stored? Are they to be sent back to Macedonia? Where are the statues of gold and marble and ivory to go, the paintings, the embroidery, the mass of gold and silver plate, the immense sum of money that belon\nmod000272.xml|130|o be sent back to Macedonia? Where are the statues of gold and marble and ivory to go, the paintings, the embroidery, the mass of gold and silver plate, the immense sum of money that belonged to the king? Will they be carried away to the treasury by night as thoug\nmod000272.xml|130|h not a scar upon it. \"Tribunes, call back, if you please, the tribes to vote . . . .\" [45.40]Valerius Antias states that all the gold and silver coinage carried in the procession amounted to 120,000,000 sesterces, but from his own account of the number of wagons \nmod000272.xml|130|n. He, it is true, was led in chains through the city of his foes in front of his conqueror's chariot, but Paulus, resplendent in gold and purple, was suffering too. Of the two sons whom he kept with him as the heirs to his name and his house and to the sacred rit\nmod000272.xml|130|Many captured standards were carried in the procession, together with other spoils, and the furniture of the palace, 27 pounds of gold, and 19 of silver, besides 13,000 denarii and 120,000 silver pieces of Illyrian coinage. Before his chariot walked Gentius, with \nmod000272.xml|130|he subject of many laudatory songs. According to Antias, 200,000 sesterces were realised from the sale of that booty, besides the gold and silver deposited in the treasury, but as it is not clear to me how this sum was realised, I quote his authority instead of st\nmod000273.xml|130|d my father say, that he was the only person in the Capitol who did not advise the senate to ransom the state from the Gauls with gold; and these he would not concur in, because they had not been enclosed with a trench and rampart by the enemy, (who were remarkabl\nmod000273.xml|130|essity which even the gods themselves do not overcome. Go, consuls, ransom the state for arms, which your ancestors ransomed with gold.\"> 5 The consuls having gone to Pontius to confer with him, when he talked, in the strain of a conqueror, of a treaty, they decla\nmod000273.xml|130| of grief. The shops were shut; and all business ceased in the forum, spontaneously, before it was proclaimed. Laticlaves [1] and gold rings were laid aside: and the public were in greater tribulation, if possible, than the army itself; they were not only enraged \nmod000273.xml|130|e make on being defeated? Ye gave hostages to Porsena: ye clandestinely withdrew them. Ye ransomed your state from the Gauls, for gold: while they were receiving the gold, they were put to the sword. Ye concluded a peace with us, on condition of our restoring your\nmod000273.xml|130|stages to Porsena: ye clandestinely withdrew them. Ye ransomed your state from the Gauls, for gold: while they were receiving the gold, they were put to the sword. Ye concluded a peace with us, on condition of our restoring your captured legions: that peace ye now\nmod000273.xml|130| would have owned that he was not dealing with Darius, who drew after him a train of women and eunuchs; saw nothing about him but gold and purple; was encumbered with the trappings of his state, and should be called his prey, rather than his antagonist; whom there\nmod000273.xml|130|mp and to the woods. The latter afforded the safer refuge; for the former, being situated in a plain, was taken the same day. The gold and silver was ordered to be brought to the consul; the rest of the spoil was given to the soldiers. On that day, sixty thousand \nmod000273.xml|130|to glitter with new decorations of their armour. Their troops were in two divisions, one of which had their shields embossed with gold, the other with silver. The shape of the shield was this; broad at the middle to cover the breast and shoulders, the summit being\nmod000273.xml|130|d of these splendid accoutrements, and had been taught by their commanders, that \"a soldier ought to be rough; not decorated with gold and silver, but placing his confidence in his sword. That matters of this kind were in reality spoil rather than armour; glitteri\nmod000273.xml|130|pectacle by far, of any in his procession, was the captured arms: so magnificent were they deemed, that the shields, adorned with gold, were distributed among the owners of the silver shops, to serve as embellishments to the forum. Hence, it is said, arose the cus\nmod000273.xml|130|um and of the field of Mars; and so much indignation did the election of Flavius excite, that most of the nobles laid aside their gold rings and bracelets in consequence of it. From that time the state was split into two parties. The uncorrupted part of the people\nmod000273.xml|130|t the people of Rome, whom they boasted, without infringing the truth, of having made their prisoners, and of having ransomed for gold. If the Etrurians possessed the same spirit which formerly Porsena and their ancestors once had, there was nothing to prevent the\nmod000273.xml|130| would soon be besmeared with blood, when matters came to be managed with the sword. His father had formerly cut off, to a man, a gold and silver army of the Samnites; and such accoutrements had made a more respectable figure, as spoils, in the hands of the conque\nmod000273.xml|130|ented Spurius Nautius, Spurius Papirius, his nephew, four centurions, and a company of the spearmen, with bracelets and crowns of gold:--to Nautius, on account of his behaviour at the head of his detachment, when he had terrified the enemy with the appearance as o\nmod000273.xml|130|or peace on such terms. For it was required that they should make restitution to the Turdetani; and after delivering up all their gold and silver, departing from the city each with a single garment, should take up their dwelling where the Carthaginian should direc\nmod000273.xml|130|ssession; he leaves you your territory, intending to mark out a place in which you may build a new town; he commands that all the gold and silver, both public and private, shall be brought to him; he preserves inviolate your persons and those of your wives and chi\nmod000273.xml|130|d with the senate to hear these proposals, the chief men suddenly withdrawing before an answer was returned, and throwing all the gold and silver collected, both from public and private stores, into a fire hastily kindled for that purpose, the greater part flung t\nmod000273.xml|130| fierce and untameable are their dispositions,) unless the affections of the chiefs should every now and then be conciliated with gold, of which that people are most covetous.\" Having thus gone round through the tribes of Spain and Gaul, the ambassadors return to \nmod000273.xml|130|trayed to them was held out: Dasius, a Brundusian, the governor of the garrison, having been corrupted for four hundred pieces of gold, (no great bribe truly,) Clastidium is surrendered to Hannibal. It served as a granary for the Carthaginians while they lay at th\nmod000273.xml|130|of the greater kind were sacrificed to those gods to whom they were directed to be offered; and a gift of forty pounds' weight of gold was carried to the temple of Juno at Lanuvium; and the matrons dedicated a brazen statue to Juno on the Aventine; and a lectister\nmod000273.xml|130|the capital and citadel of Italy, that the Neapolitans thought it but fair that they should assist the Roman people with whatever gold had been left them by their ancestors as well for the decoration of their temples as for the relief of misfortune. If they had th\nmod000273.xml|130|g to the books. Ambassadors from Paestum brought some golden goblets to Rome; they were thanked, as the Neapolitans were, but the gold was not accepted.> 37 During the same time a fleet from Hiero arrived at Ostia with a large cargo of supplies. The Syracusan amba\nmod000273.xml|130|n every place. That this was, as it ought to be, a cause of gratitude to the Roman people. That the Roman people had not accepted gold which had been brought them also from certain states, though they felt gratitude for the act. The Victory and the omen,\" they sai\nmod000273.xml|130|y protection, we delivered to the enemy. We had been informed that our ancestors also had redeemed themselves from the Gauls with gold, and that though so rigid as to the terms of peace, had sent ambassadors to Tarentum for the purpose of ransoming the captives. A\nmod000273.xml|130|an ear to any terms, then at length allowed himself to be treated with respecting the ransom of the free persons. Seven ounces of gold for each person were agreed upon as the price; and then, under a promise of protection, they surrendered themselves. They were ke\nmod000273.xml|130|s the price; and then, under a promise of protection, they surrendered themselves. They were kept in chains till the whole of the gold was paid, after which they were sent back to Cumae, in fulfilment of the promise. This account is more credible than that they we\nmod000273.xml|130|ost sacred temple they had. Afterwards they cleansed the head according to their custom, and having covered the skull with chased gold, used it as a cup for libations in their solemn festivals, and a drinking cup for their high priests and other ministers of the t\nmod000273.xml|130|t of wild beasts, or the dishonesty of men. These flocks were, therefore, a source of great revenue, from which a column of solid gold was formed and consecrated; and the temple became distinguished for its wealth also, and not only for its sanctity. Some miracles\nmod000273.xml|130|abius was approved of. Altinius was bound in chains and given into custody, together with his companions, and a large quantity of gold which he brought with him was ordered to be kept for him. He was kept at Cales, where, during the day, he was unconfined, but att\nmod000273.xml|130|children to the camp, and after having made inquiry, first, respecting the flight of Altinius, and then, touching the quantity of gold and silver which was left at his house, and informed himself on all these points, he burned them alive.> 46 Fabius, setting out f\nmod000273.xml|130|urhood, by bringing here their first-fruits and other offerings according to their abilities, kept it decorated with abundance of gold and silver. Of all these offerings the temple was now despoiled. After the departure of Hannibal, vast heaps of brass were found \nmod000273.xml|130|rals. On their arrival they were all immediately thrown into chains, and ordered to lay before the quaestor an account of all the gold and silver they had. There were seventy pounds of gold, and three thousand two hundred of silver. Twenty-five of the senators wer\nmod000273.xml|130| into chains, and ordered to lay before the quaestor an account of all the gold and silver they had. There were seventy pounds of gold, and three thousand two hundred of silver. Twenty-five of the senators were sent to Cales, to be kept in custody, and twenty-eigh\nmod000273.xml|130|epugnance furnish rowers? Let us first execute the command ourselves. Let us, senators, bring into the treasury to-morrow all our gold, silver, and coined brass, each reserving rings for himself, his wife, and children, and a bulla for his son; and he who has a wi\nmod000273.xml|130|erving rings for himself, his wife, and children, and a bulla for his son; and he who has a wife or daughters, an ounce weight of gold for each. Let those who have sat in a curule chair have the ornaments of a horse, and a pound weight of silver, that they may hav\nmod000273.xml|130| senators, reserve for each father of a family, a pound weight only of silver and five thousand coined asses. All the rest of our gold, silver, and coined brass, let us immediately carry to the triumviri for banking affairs, no decree of the senate having been pre\nmod000273.xml|130| that thanks were spontaneously returned to the consuls. The senate was then adjourned, when every one of the members brought his gold, silver, and brass into the treasury, with such emulation excited, that they were desirous that their names should appear among t\nmod000273.xml|130|number of scorpions of the larger and smaller size, and also of arms and missile weapons; and seventy-four military standards. Of gold and silver, an immense quantity was brought to the general; there were two hundred and seventy-six golden bowls, almost all of th\nmod000273.xml|130|the Romans; other writers say it was Mago. They are not agreed respecting the number of the ships taken, respecting the weight of gold and silver, and of the money brought into the public treasury. If we must assent to some of their statements, the medium is neare\nmod000273.xml|130| parents and relatives of the damsel, who, on receiving her back without any reward, whom they had brought a very large weight of gold to redeem, entreated Scipio to accept it from them as a present to himself; affirming, that if he would do so, they should feel a\nmod000273.xml|130|h you are about to receive from your father-in-law, let these marriage presents also from me be added;\" bidding him take away the gold and keep it for himself. Delighted with these presents and honours, he was dismissed to his home, where he inspired his countryme\nmod000274.xml|130|a Consul was not considered as having merited the honors of  triumph if he did not bring home to the treasury large quantities of gold and silver, and all sorts of other booty.> And by their above-described conduct in terminating each war promptly, but exhausting \nmod000274.xml|130| of his power, Solon replied, that he did not consider him powerful on that account, because war was made with iron, and not with gold, and that some one might come who had more iron than he, and would take his gold from him. When after the death of Alexander the \nmod000274.xml|130|nt, because war was made with iron, and not with gold, and that some one might come who had more iron than he, and would take his gold from him. When after the death of Alexander the Great an immense swarm of Gauls descended into Greece, and thence into Asia, they\nmod000274.xml|130|to treat with him for peace. The king, by way of showing his power, and to dazzle them, displayed before them great quantities of gold and silver; whereupon the ambassadors of the Gauls, who had already as good as signed the treaty, broke off all further negotiati\nmod000274.xml|130|as good as signed the treaty, broke off all further negotiations, excited by the intense desire to possess themselves of all this gold; and thus the very treasure which the king had accumulated for his defence brought about his spoliation. The Venetians, a few yea\nmod000274.xml|130|ey availing them in the least in their defence. I maintain, then, contrary to the general opinion, that the sinews of war are not gold, but good soldiers; for gold alone will not procure good soldiers, but good soldiers will always procure gold. Had the Romans att\nmod000274.xml|130| in their defence. I maintain, then, contrary to the general opinion, that the sinews of war are not gold, but good soldiers; for gold alone will not procure good soldiers, but good soldiers will always procure gold. Had the Romans attempted to make their wars wit\nmod000274.xml|130|news of war are not gold, but good soldiers; for gold alone will not procure good soldiers, but good soldiers will always procure gold. Had the Romans attempted to make their wars with gold instead of with iron, all the treasure of the world would not have suffice\nmod000274.xml|130|lone will not procure good soldiers, but good soldiers will always procure gold. Had the Romans attempted to make their wars with gold instead of with iron, all the treasure of the world would not have sufficed them, considering the great enterprises they were eng\nmod000274.xml|130|e engaged in, and the difficulties they had to encounter. But by making their wars with iron, they never suffered for the want of gold; for it was brought to them, even into their camp, by those who feared them. And if want of money forced the king of Sparta to tr\nmod000274.xml|130|eemed the sinews of war, which more than anything else will influence him to that course. I repeat it again, then, that it is not gold, but good soldiers, that insure success in war. Certainly money is a necessity, but a secondary one, which good soldiers will ove\nmod000274.xml|130| but a secondary one, which good soldiers will overcome; for it is as impossible that good soldiers should not be able to procure gold, as it is impossible for gold to procure good soldiers. History proves in a thousand cases what I maintain, notwithstanding that \nmod000274.xml|130|od soldiers will overcome; for it is as impossible that good soldiers should not be able to procure gold, as it is impossible for gold to procure good soldiers. History proves in a thousand cases what I maintain, notwithstanding that Pericles counselled the Atheni\nmod000274.xml|130|loser; so that he said, in lamenting his unsuccessful attempts, that the follies of the Florentines have cost him two millions in gold.> The Veienti and the Tuscans then (as I have said above) were deluded by the hope of being able to take advantage of the dissens\nmod000274.xml|130| Camillus, yet, driven by hunger, they came to terms with the Gauls, according to which they were to pay them a certain amount of gold; but whilst in the act of concluding this arrangement, the gold  being already in the scales, Camillus arrived with his army, whi\nmod000274.xml|130|uls, according to which they were to pay them a certain amount of gold; but whilst in the act of concluding this arrangement, the gold  being already in the scales, Camillus arrived with his army, which according to Livius was caused by Fortune, who did not want t\nmod000274.xml|130|ch according to Livius was caused by Fortune, who did not want that the Romans should live as having purchased their freedom with gold. It is noteworthy that not only in this instance, but also in the whole course of the existence of the Roman republic, the Romans\nmod000274.xml|130|s and the Venetians have purchased with money, which afterwards caused great disorders; showing that what has been purchased with gold cannot be defended with iron. The Romans continued their high-minded course so long as they enjoyed liberty, but when they submit\nmod000275.xml|130| far was the system carried, that no consul could hope for a triumph unless he brought back with him for the public treasury much gold and silver and spoils of every kind.> By methods such as these, at one time bringing their wars to a rapid conclusion by invasion\nmod000275.xml|130|Solon answered that he thought him no whit more powerful in respect of these treasures, for as war is made with iron and not with gold, another coming with more iron might carry off his gold. After the death of Alexander the Great a tribe of Gauls, passing through\nmod000275.xml|130| in respect of these treasures, for as war is made with iron and not with gold, another coming with more iron might carry off his gold. After the death of Alexander the Great a tribe of Gauls, passing through Greece on their way into Asia, sent envoys to the King \nmod000275.xml|130|f Macedonia to treat for terms of accord; when the king, to dismay them by a display of his resources, showed them great store of gold and silver. But these barbarians, when they saw all this wealth, in their greed to possess it, though before they had looked on p\nmod000275.xml|130|reasury, lost their whole dominions without deriving the least advantage from their wealth. I maintain, therefore, that it is not gold, as is vulgarly supposed, that is the sinews of war, but good soldiers; or while gold by itself will not gain you good soldiers, \nmod000275.xml|130|alth. I maintain, therefore, that it is not gold, as is vulgarly supposed, that is the sinews of war, but good soldiers; or while gold by itself will not gain you good soldiers, good soldiers may readily get you gold. Had the Romans chosen to make war with gold ra\nmod000275.xml|130| the sinews of war, but good soldiers; or while gold by itself will not gain you good soldiers, good soldiers may readily get you gold. Had the Romans chosen to make war with gold rather than with iron all the treasures of the earth would not have sufficed them ha\nmod000275.xml|130|le gold by itself will not gain you good soldiers, good soldiers may readily get you gold. Had the Romans chosen to make war with gold rather than with iron all the treasures of the earth would not have sufficed them having regard to the greatness of their enterpr\nmod000275.xml|130|rises and the difficulties they had to overcome in carrying them out. But making their wars with iron they never felt any want of gold; for those who stood in fear of them brought gold into their camp.> And supposing it true that the Spartan king was forced by lac\nmod000275.xml|130| carrying them out. But making their wars with iron they never felt any want of gold; for those who stood in fear of them brought gold into their camp.> And supposing it true that the Spartan king was forced by lack of money to risk the chances of a battle, it onl\nmod000275.xml|130|ore than those other things from the want of which men are reduced to the same necessity. Once more, therefore, I repeat that not gold but good soldiers constitute the sinews of war. Money, indeed, is most necessary in a secondary place; but this necessity good so\nmod000275.xml|130|t, in lamenting over these failures, he was wont to complain that the mad humours of the Florentines had cost him two millions of gold, without his having anything to show for it. The Veientines and Etruscans, therefore, as I have said already, were misled by fals\nmod000275.xml|130|uccour from Veii and from Camillus, nevertheless, being straitened by famine, entered into an agreement to buy off the Gauls with gold But at the very moment when, in pursuance of this agreement, the gold was being weighed out, Camillus came up with his army. This\nmod000275.xml|130|famine, entered into an agreement to buy off the Gauls with gold But at the very moment when, in pursuance of this agreement, the gold was being weighed out, Camillus came up with his army. This, says our historian, was contrived by Fortune, \"that the Romans might\nmod000275.xml|130|tians, which, afterwards, have only been a trouble to them, from their not knowing how to defend with iron what they had won with gold. While the Romans continued free they adhered to this more generous and noble method, but when they came under the emperors, and \nmod000279.xml|130|t armies, or treasures, that form the defenses of a kingdom, but friends, whom you can neither command by force nor purchase with gold; for they are acquired only by good offices and integrity. And who can be a greater friend than one brother to another? Or what s\nmod000279.xml|130|e of the nobility, and in his own wealth. A few days afterward, therefore, he dispatched embassadors to Rome, with a profusion of gold and silver, whom he directed, in the first place, to make abundance of presents to his old friends, and then to procure him new o\nmod000279.xml|130|in command of the army, following the example of their general, had been guilty of many scandalous transactions. Some, seduced by gold, had restored Jugurtha his elephants; others had sold him his deserters; others had ravaged the lands of those at peace with us; \nmod000279.xml|130|part of his fellow-citizens, not only because of his other excellent qualities, but especially because his mind was proof against gold; for it was through the avarice of our commanders, that, down to this period, our affairs in Numidia had been ruined, and those o\nmod000279.xml|130|d by the deserters; who, when they saw the walls shaken by the battering-ram, and their own situation desperate, had conveyed the gold and silver, and whatever else is esteemed valuable, to the royal palace, where, after being sated with wine and luxuries, they de\nmod000280.xml|130|ither armies nor treasure form the bulwarks of a throne, but friends; these you can neither acquire by force of arms nor buy with gold; it is by devotion and loyalty that they are won. But who is more bound by ties of friendship than brother to brother, or what st\nmod000280.xml|130| the avarice of the Roman nobles and his own wealth. Accordingly, a few days later, he sent envoys to Rome with a great amount of gold and silver, directing them first to load his old friends with presents, and then to win new ones \u2014 in short, to make haste to acc\nmod000280.xml|130|ng the same tactics with the other envoys, Jugurtha won over the greater number of them; only a few held their honour dearer than gold. When the division was made, the part of Numidia adjoining Mauretania, which was the more fertile and thickly populated, was assi\nmod000280.xml|130|destroyed by the deserters. For when these men saw the wall battered by the rams and realized that all was lost, they carried the gold, silver, and other valuables to the palace. There, gorged with food and wine, they burned the treasure, the palace and themselves\nmod000280.xml|130|nst the Aventine, where Gaius Gracchus and his followers had taken refuge, and offered for the heads of the rebels their quite in gold. It is said that three thousand men were slain in the streets of Rome or in the proscriptions which followed.> 22 Herodotus (2.16\nmod000281.xml|130|heir prudence they even added deception. Spurius Tarpeius commanded the Roman citadel. This man's maiden daughter was bribed with gold by Tatius to admit armed men into the fortress: she happened at that time to have gone outside the walls to fetch water for a sac\nmod000281.xml|130|d stipulated for what they had on their left arms, and that they had therefore heaped their shields upon her, instead of gifts of gold. Some say that, in virtue of the compact that they should give her what they wore on their arms, she flatly demanded their shield\nmod000281.xml|130|nocent, and so destroyed him. Through the agency of certain men of the opposite party in Aricia, he bribed a slave of Turnus with gold to allow a large quantity of swords to be brought secretly into his master's lodging. Having accomplished this in a single night,\nmod000282.xml|130| descendants that spirit in which thou didst aforetime regain thy Citadel from these same Sabines, when they had captured it with gold; bid them advance by that road where thou didst lead, and thy army followed. Lo, I the consul will be the first, so far as mortal\nmod000283.xml|130|he spoils, and pay in a tenth part of its value to the public treasury, to the end that it might be converted into an offering of gold befitting the grandeur of the temple and the power of the god and corresponding to the majesty of the Roman People. This contribu\nmod000283.xml|130|to the estimate. Money was drawn from the treasury, and the tribunes of the soldiers with consular rank were directed to purchase gold with it; and there being not enough of this metal, the matrons held meetings to consider the need, and binding themselves by a co\nmod000283.xml|130| metal, the matrons held meetings to consider the need, and binding themselves by a common resolution to supply the tribunes with gold, brought in all their ornaments to the treasury. No act was ever more acceptable to the senate, and to honour the matrons for the\nmod000283.xml|130|hat they might drive in four-wheeled carriages to festivals and games, and in two-wheeled cars on holy and working days. When the gold received from each had been appraised, in order that the moneys might be repaid, it was determined to make a golden bowl and carr\nmod000283.xml|130|nference between Quintus Sulpicius the tribune and the Gallic chieftain Brennus, the affair was settled, and a thousand pounds of gold was  > agreed on as the price of a people that was destined presently to rule the nations. The transaction was a foul disgrace in\nmod000283.xml|130|men would suffer the Romans to live ransomed. For, by some chance, before the infamous payment had been consummated, and when the gold had not yet, owing to the dispute, been all weighed out, the dictator appeared and commanded the gold to be cleared away and the \nmod000283.xml|130|n consummated, and when the gold had not yet, owing to the dispute, been all weighed out, the dictator appeared and commanded the gold to be cleared away and the Gauls to leave. They objected vehemently, and insisted on the compact; but Camillus denied the validit\nmod000283.xml|130| His own men he ordered to throw their packs in a heap, make ready their weapons, and win their country back with iron instead of gold; having before their eyes the temples of the gods, their wives and their children, the soil of their native land, with the hideou\nmod000283.xml|130| disaster before the Gallic War, and was disregarded, and a temple was ordered to be built in the Nova Via to Aius Locutius.  The gold which had been carried away from the Gauls and that which had been collected from other temples during the alarm and carried into\nmod000283.xml|130|nder the throne of Jupiter. Even before this the scrupulousness of the citizens had been apparent in this connexion, for when the gold in the public coffers was insufficient to make up to the Gauls the stipulated sum, they had accepted what the matrons got togethe\nmod000283.xml|130|to make up to the Gauls the stipulated sum, they had accepted what the matrons got together, that they might not touch the sacred gold. For this a vote of thanks was given to the matrons, and they were granted the honour of having eulogies pronounced at their fune\nmod000283.xml|130|own in war that we had forfeited; and against our enemies, who, blinded with greed, broke treaty and troth in the weighing of the gold, have they turned dismay and rout and slaughter.>   \"As you consider these momentous effects  > upon the affairs of men, of servi\nmod000283.xml|130|y the efforts of Marcus Manlius\u2014were flung down. Later the  Romans were reduced so low by hunger as to offer a thousand pounds of gold and with this price to purchase an end of the siege. Furius Camillus, having been appointed dictator in his absence, came up with\nmod000283.xml|130|riot were Etruscans; they were sold under the spear,  and fetched so large a sum that after the matrons had been repaid for their gold, > the surplus sufficed to make three golden bowls, which were inscribed, as is well known, with the name of Camillus, and kept, \nmod000283.xml|130|less Manlius himself had before that saved the Capitol and Citadel. Camillus had assailed the Gauls while they were receiving the gold and while their resolution was relaxed by thoughts of peace; but he himself had driven them back, as they came on, sword in hand,\nmod000283.xml|130|er things, he declared, with reckless indifference to truth or falsehood, that the patricians were concealing treasures of Gallic gold, and were no longer content with possessing the state lands, unless they could also divert to their own use the money of the stat\nmod000283.xml|130|his hope being held out to them, the commons felt that they were indeed ill-used. When, they said, it had been necessary to raise gold for the redemption of their City from the Gauls, it had been collected by taxation; but this  > same gold, after being captured f\nmod000283.xml|130| been necessary to raise gold for the redemption of their City from the Gauls, it had been collected by taxation; but this   same gold, after being captured from the enemy, had become the spoil of a few. They therefore persistently demanded to be told where all th\nmod000283.xml|130| show. One had a body extraordinary for its size, and resplendent   in a coat of shifting hues and armour painted and chased with gold: the other was of a middling stature for a soldier, and his arms were but indifferent to look at, being suitable but not ornate. \nmod000283.xml|130| Gallic triumph that was better deserved than that of Gaius Sulpicius. He also collected from the spoils a considerable weight of gold, which he walled up with hewn stone in the Capitol, and so dedicated.>  In the same year the consuls, too, waged war with varying\nmod000284.xml|130|ten heard my father say that on the Capitol he was the only man who would not have the senate ransom the City from the Gauls with gold, since their enemies, who were most indolent besiegers, had not shut them in with trench and rampart, and they were able to make \nmod000284.xml|130|, and obey necessity, to which even gods are not superior. go, consuls, at the cost of arms redeem the City which your sires paid gold to redeem.>   The consuls then went to confer with Pontius. The victor proposed a treaty, but they declared that a treaty could n\nmod000284.xml|130|lding to your covenants? you gave hostages to Porsinna \u2014and withdrew them by a trick.  you ransomed your City from the Gauls with gold \u2014and cut them down as they were receiving the gold. > you pledged us peace, on condition that we gave you back your captured legi\nmod000284.xml|130|nna \u2014and withdrew them by a trick.  you ransomed your City from the Gauls with gold \u2014and cut them down as they were receiving the gold. > you pledged us peace, on condition that we gave you back your captured legions \u2014and you nullify the peace. and always you cont\nmod000284.xml|130|!  he would have said it was no Darius  whom he had to deal with, trailing women and eunuchs after him, and weighed down with the gold and purple trappings of his station. him he found a booty rather than an enemy, and conquered without bloodshed, merely by daring\nmod000284.xml|130|ests afforded the surer refuge; for the camp, being situated in the plain, was captured the same day. orders were issued that all gold and silver be brought to the consul; the rest of the booty went to the soldiers. on that day the enemy lost sixty thousand slain \nmod000284.xml|130| had made their battle \u2014line to glitter with new and splendid arms. there were two corps: the shields of the one were inlaid with gold, of the other with silver. The shape of the shield was this: the upper part, where it protected the breast and shoulders, was rat\nmod000284.xml|130|ing white. The latter had silver sheaths and silver baldrics: the former gilded sheaths and golden baldrics, and their horses had gold \u2014embroidered saddle \u2014cloths. The right wing was assigned to these: the others took up their post on the left. The Romans had alre\nmod000284.xml|130|d of these splendid accoutrements, and their generals had taught them that a soldier should be rough to look on, not adorned with gold and silver but putting his trust in iron and in courage: indeed those other things were more truly spoil than arms, shining brigh\nmod000284.xml|130| which by far the finest show was afforded by the captured armour. so magnificent was its appearance that the shields inlaid with gold were divided up amongst the owners of the moneychangers' booths, to be used in decking out the Forum. > from this is said to have\nmod000284.xml|130| not only an instinctive love of fighting but a feeling of enmity to the Roman People, whose defeat at their hands and ransom for gold they were wont to relate with no idle boast. if the Etruscans had the spirit that once had animated Porsinna > and their forefath\nmod000284.xml|130|who had fought an engagement of many sorts \u2014in line of battle, round the camp, and about the city \u2014awarded armlets and wreaths of gold to Spurius Nautius and to his nephew Spurius Papirius, and to four centurions and a maniple of hastati > \u2014to Nautius for the char\nmod000284.xml|130|elected to curule magistracies; the tunica palmata (embroidered with palm \u2014leaves) and the toga picta (of purple embroidered with gold) were worn by the triumphator, who was also adorned with a wreath of laurel, while a public slave who stood beside him in the cha\nmod000285.xml|130| would be put to death. The conditions were as follows: they must make restitution to the Turdetani, and, delivering up all their gold and silver, quit their city with a single garment each and take up their abode where the Phoenician should direct them. When Alco\nmod000285.xml|130|captured, he takes from you: your lands he leaves you, and intends to designate a site whereon you may erect a new town. All your gold and silver, both public and private, he orders to be brought to him: your persons, with those of your wives and children, he pres\nmod000285.xml|130|d with the senate, when on a sudden the leading men, withdrawing from the throng before an answer could be given, fetched all the gold and silver, both of state and private ownership, into the market-place, and casting it into a fire which they had hurriedly made \nmod000285.xml|130| even he would find them hardly tractable \u2014so fierce and untamed was their nature \u2014unless from time to time he should make use of gold, of which the race is very covetous, to secure the favour of their principal men. So the envoys, having travelled through the nat\nmod000285.xml|130|trayal. The price was not a large one: Dasius of Brundisium, who was in command of the garrison, accepted a bribe of four hundred gold pieces, and turned Clastidium over to Hannibal. This served the Phoenicians as a granary, while they lay encamped on the Trebia. \nmod000285.xml|130|he citizens bore a part. First of all, the city was purified, and major victims were offered up to the designated gods; a gift of gold weighing forty pounds was carried to Lanuvium for Juno, and a bronze statue was dedicated to Juno, by the matrons, on the Aventin\nmod000285.xml|130|han for the capital and citadel of Italy \u2014the City of Rome \u2014and for its empire, the Neapolitans had deemed it right to employ the gold which their ancestors had bequeathed them, whether for the adornment of their temples or as a subsidy in time of need, to assist \nmod000285.xml|130|s directed. Ambassadors came from Paestum, bringing golden bowls to Rome. They were thanked, as the Neapolitans had been, but the gold was not accepted.>   About this time a fleet came in to Ostia from King Hiero with a great store of supplies. His envoys were int\nmod000285.xml|130| in every place had given generous assistance to the Roman cause. For this the Romans were grateful, as in duty bound. As for the gold, other states as well had proffered it, but the Roman People, though thankful for the kind intention, had > not accepted it; the \nmod000285.xml|130|nemy the arms in which there was no longer any help. Even our ancestors \u2014so we had heard \u2014redeemed themselves from the Gauls with gold; and your > fathers, despite their fierce opposition to terms of peace, sent envoys to Tarentum to ransom prisoners. And yet neit\nmod000286.xml|130|en if night had not interrupted the battle. On the next day all were fired to make the assault, especially after a mural crown of gold > was displayed to them, and the general himself kept making their spiritless attack upon a fort on level ground a reproach to th\nmod000286.xml|130|istened to any terms now at last allowed them to treat with him in regard to ransoming the free men. Seven-twelfths of a pound of gold was agreed upon as the price per man. > On receiving his promise they surrendered. They were kept in chains until all the gold wa\nmod000286.xml|130| of gold was agreed upon as the price per man.  On receiving his promise they surrendered. They were kept in chains until all the gold was paid, then with strict regard for his promise they were released. This is the more correct version than that they were slain \nmod000286.xml|130|triumph by the Boians to the temple which is most revered in their land. Then after cleaning the head they adorned the skull with gold according to their custom. And it served them as a sacred vessel from which to pour libations at festivals and at the same time a\nmod000286.xml|130|eed with Fabius, and the man was turned over to representatives of Cales, himself and his companions. And it was ordered that the gold \u2014and the weight of it was considerable \u2014which he had then brought with him should be kept for him. At Cales he was free to go abo\nmod000286.xml|130|ce, that is, he summoned the wife and children to the camp, and, after investigating first the flight of Altinius, then  how much gold and silver had been left in his house, now fully informed, he burned them alive.>   Fabius setting out from Suessula first presse\nmod000287.xml|130|d near it used to carry thither first \u2014fruits and gifts in addition according to their means, and had kept it richly adorned with gold and silver. of all those gifts the temple was at that time despoiled. Great heaps of bronze were found after the departure of Han\nmod000287.xml|130|ate to go to the Roman generals in the camp. arrived there, they were all put in chains and bidden to bring to the quaestors what gold and silver they had. the amount of gold was two thousand and seventy pounds, of silver thirty \u2014one thousand two hundred pounds. o\nmod000287.xml|130|amp. arrived there, they were all put in chains and bidden to bring to the quaestors what gold and silver they had. the amount of gold was two thousand and seventy pounds, of silver thirty \u2014one thousand two hundred pounds. of the senators known to have especially \nmod000287.xml|130| to have fleets and equip them, and private citizens to furnish oarsmen without protest, let us first impose that upon ourselves. gold, silver, coined bronze, let us senators bring it all into the treasury tomorrow, with the reservation that each is to leave a rin\nmod000287.xml|130|f and for his wife and his children, and a bulla for a son, and those who have a wife or daughters may leave for each an ounce of gold by weight. of silver those who have occupied curule chairs may leave horse \u2014trappings > and one pound each, so that they may keep\nmod000287.xml|130|rs may leave only a pound of silver. of coined bronze let us leave five thousand asses to each paterfamilias. all the rest of the gold, silver, coined bronze let us forthwith deposit with the bank commissioners, > without first making any decree of the senate, so \nmod000287.xml|130|e words agreement was so spirited that they actually thanked the consuls. the senate then adjourned, and each man brought his own gold and silver and bronze into the treasury, while such rivalry was aroused to have their names the first or among the first men on t\nmod000287.xml|130|ifty \u2014two smaller; larger and smaller scorpions and arms and missile weapons, a vast number; seventy \u2014four military standards. of gold also and silver a large quantity was brought to the general. there were two hundred and seventy \u2014six gold paterae, > nearly all o\nmod000287.xml|130| military standards. of gold also and silver a large quantity was brought to the general. there were two hundred and seventy \u2014six gold paterae, > nearly all of them weighing a pound; of silver, the unwrought and coined, there were eighteen thousand three hundred p\nmod000287.xml|130|to the Romans, other writers that it was Mago. there is no agreement as to the number of ships captured, none as to the weight of gold and silver and of money brought in. if one must agree with some authorities, moderate figures are the most > probable. to resume,\nmod000287.xml|130|oned. they began to entreat Scipio, because the maiden, for whose ransom they had brought, as they said, a considerable weight of gold, was being restored to them without price, to accept that gift from them, assuring him that they would feel no less gratitude for\nmod000287.xml|130| about to receive from your father \u2014in \u2014law, this will be added by me as a nuptial gift to you. and he ordered him to take up the gold and keep it. delighting in this gift and courteous treatment he was sent away to his home, and he filled his countrymen > with th\nmod000287.xml|130|ty of the Roman people.  While the consuls were endeavouring to provide everything else needed for the war, it was voted that the gold yielded by the five per cent tax on manumissions, and kept in the more sacred treasury to meet extreme emergencies, should be bro\nmod000287.xml|130|ssions, and kept in the more sacred treasury to meet extreme emergencies, should be brought out.    About four thousand pounds of gold were brought out. Of this five hundred pounds each were given to the consuls and to Marcus Marcellus and Publius Sulpicius, the p\nmod000287.xml|130|urius, the praetor who had by lot received Gaul as his province. And for Fabius, the consul, there were added a hundred pounds of gold above the rest, to be conveyed to the citadel of Tarentum. The remainder of the gold they employed in letting contracts > in term\nmod000287.xml|130|consul, there were added a hundred pounds of gold above the rest, to be conveyed to the citadel of Tarentum. The remainder of the gold they employed in letting contracts > in terms of ready money for clothing for the army which was carrying on the war in Spain, wi\nmod000287.xml|130|to plunder the city. Thirty thousand slaves are said to have been captured, an immense quantity of silver, wrought and coined, of gold three thousand and eighty pounds, > statues and paintings, so that they almost rivalled the adornments of Syracuse. > But Fabius \nmod000287.xml|130|urn to Masinissa. When he shed tears of joy and said that he was indeed eager to do so, Scipio thereupon presented the boy with a gold ring, a tunic with a broad stripe, and a Spanish cloak, a golden brooch and a horse with his equipment; and ordering horsemen to \nmod000287.xml|130|apua two temples, those of Fortune and of Mars, and a number of tombs were struck by lightning; that at Cumae mice had gnawed the gold in the temple of Jupiter \u2014so true is it that superstition brings the gods into the smallest circumstances. At Casinum it was said\nmod000287.xml|130|had passed over into Gaul, and that the Gauls were aroused by his coming,  because he was said to have brought a  great amount of gold in order to hire mercenaries. After that, Sextus Antistius and Marcus Raecius, who were sent with them from Rome as ambassadors t\nmod000287.xml|130|ty-six thousand  of the enemy were slain, fifty-four hundred captured. Great was the rest of the booty, both of every kind and of gold and silver as well. In addition, Roman citizens \u2014over four thousand of them \u2014who as captives were in the hands of the enemy were \nmod000287.xml|130|c coast; coast and islands of the Tuscan Sea; Samnium and Umbria; Cisalpine Gaul.  In the aerarium sanctius was kept a reserve of gold bars (at this period), stored separately from other funds and to be drawn upon only in some great emergency. This is the first in\nmod000287.xml|130|ivable, we should be obliged to explain how Capua, so much more prosperous than Tarentum, could have yielded only 2,070 pounds of gold to the captors; XXVI. xiv. 8. > >For statues and paintings removed by Marcellus from Syracuse to Rome cf. XXV. xl. 1 ff. > >One c\nmod000288.xml|130|us Romans arrived. And at the first sight of so terrible a scene they stood for a little while stunned with amazement. Then, when gold and silver glistened in the heap of other objects and with the eagerness which is natural to man they were trying to snatch them \nmod000288.xml|130|tizens of Gades by plundering not merely their treasury but also the temples,  and by compelling all private owners to contribute gold and silver to the public funds.>  As he was sailing along the coast of Spain he landed soldiers not far from New Carthage and lai\nmod000288.xml|130|ed over into Spain to hire auxiliaries, having been seized together with the money. They set down two hundred and fifty pounds of gold and eight hundred pounds of silver in the forecourt > of the Senate House. After accepting the captives, remanding them to prison\nmod000288.xml|130| pounds of silver in the forecourt  of the Senate House. After accepting the captives, remanding them to prison and returning the gold and silver, the senate thanked the envoys; and in addition presents were made to them and ships furnished for their return to Spa\nmod000288.xml|130|ius XVI. xxxi. ff.   B.C. 206   B.C. 206  Here Polybius' narrative survives in a single sentence about frantic efforts to recover gold and silver, XI. xxiv. 11. > > B.C. 206 > >Cf. Vol. VII. pp. 279, n. 4; 282, n. 1; below, xxv. 11; XXIX. i. 19 and iii. 1 ff. > >P\nmod000289.xml|130|ng the invasion of Africa. They were to ask that Masinissa send assistance in the form of Numidian cavalry. Ample gifts \u2014vases of gold and silver, a purple toga, a tunic adorned with palms, an ivory sceptre, a robe of state and a curule chair \u2014were given them to b\nmod000289.xml|130|e shut up in the temple of Diana, the free-born boys and maidens and even the young babes with their nurses in the gymnasium, the gold and silver to be collected in the market-place and the valuable garments to be placed on the Rhodian and Cyzicene ships which wer\nmod000289.xml|130|rs slaughtered as they fought before the ruined wall, were forthwith to slay their wives and children, throw into the sea all the gold, silver and garments which were in the ships, and set fire to the public and private buildings in every possible place. This crim\nmod000289.xml|130|gdom and the name of Macedonia no less renowned than those of Rome. Thus dismissing the envoy,  Philip took possession of all the gold, silver, and other accumulated treasure, but lost all the human booty. For such madness laid hold of the people that all at once,\nmod000289.xml|130|ter the city in ovation. He  brought home forty-three thousand pounds of silver and two thousand four hundred and fifty pounds of gold from the booty, and presented to each of his soldiers a sum amounting to one hundred and twenty asses.>   The consular army had n\nmod000289.xml|130| his enemies in Aetolia. Scopas,  a prominent man among the  tribe, sent by King Ptolemy from Alexandria with a great quantity of gold, had transported to Egypt six thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry whom he had hired; nor would he have left a single fight\nmod000289.xml|130| and, entering the city as a private person, deposited in the treasury twelve hundred pounds of silver and about thirty pounds of gold.>  During the same year, Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus, who had succeeded Gaius Aurelius, consul of the preceding year, as governor of\nmod000289.xml|130|ude of the citizens with their wives and children fled to the citadel and then surrendered. There was no great quantity of money, gold or silver; statues, paintings of ancient workmanship, and adornments of that sort were found there in greater abundance than was \nmod000289.xml|130|ates were closed. A few of the leading men got away in the first confusion and their property was plundered in their absence; the gold and silver of those who remained was appropriated and heavy fines imposed upon them. Those who paid promptly were let go without \nmod000289.xml|130| entered the city in ovation by authorization of the senate. He displayed in the procession fifteen hundred and fifteen pounds of gold, twenty thousand pounds > of silver, and thirty-four thousand five hundred denarii of coined silver. Lucius Stertinius, > returni\nmod000289.xml|130|perished in that battle, and that eighty-seven standards were taken and seven hundred and thirty-two wagons and many necklaces of gold, one of which, of great weight, Claudius says was deposited in the temple on the Capitoline as a gift to Jupiter. The Gallic camp\nmod000289.xml|130| Punic War, in the consulship of Quintus Fabius and Tiberius Sempronius,  that no woman should possess more than half an ounce of gold or wear a parti-coloured > garment or ride in a carriage in the City or in a town within a mile thereof, except on the occasion o\nmod000289.xml|130|n Phrygia.  What pretext, respectable even to mention, is now given for this insurrection of the women? 'That we may glitter with gold and purple,' says one, 'that we may ride in carriages on holidays and ordinary days, that we may be borne through the city as if \nmod000289.xml|130| it is not strange that no Oppian or any other law was needed to limit female extravagance at the time when they spurned gifts of gold and purple voluntarily offered to them. If it were to-day that Cineas were going about the city with those presents he would have\nmod000289.xml|130|' It is just this equality that I will not put up with,' says yonder rich woman. 'Why do I not stand out conspicuous by reason of gold and purple? Why does the poverty of other women lie concealed under cover of this law, that it may seem that, had it been legal, \nmod000289.xml|130|ity?  When the City was later captured by the Gauls, how was it ransomed? Why, the matrons by unanimous consent contributed their gold to the public use. > In the recent war (not to go to remoter times), did not the widows, when there was a scarcity of money, aid \nmod000289.xml|130|s in proportion to our census-ratings, and ourselves bore the costs;  we all, following the example set by the senators, gave our gold and silver for the public use; widows and minors deposited their money in the treasury; we were forbidden to have at home more th\nmod000289.xml|130|c use; widows and minors deposited their money in the treasury; we were forbidden to have at home more than a certain quantity of gold or silver plate or coined silver or bronze; > at such a time were the > matrons so absorbed in luxury and adornment that the Oppi\nmod000289.xml|130|er of purple, which is worn out and destroyed, I see some reason \u2014not a good one, it is true \u2014for niggardliness; but in regard to gold, in which there is no loss except the cost of manufacture, what spitefulness does the law show! It is rather a safeguard for use \nmod000289.xml|130| the wives of allies of the Latin confederacy permitted the ornaments which are refused to them, when they see them decked out in gold and purple, when they see them riding through the city, and themselves following on foot, as if dominion resided in the Latin tow\nmod000289.xml|130|nty-three thousand silver denarii, five hundred and forty thousand  silver coins of Osca, and one thousand four hundred pounds of gold. From the booty, he gave to each of his > soldiers two hundred and seventy asses, and thrice that amount to each trooper.>  Tiber\nmod000289.xml|130|bronze and marble, more of which had been captured from Philip than received from the cities of Greece; and on the second day the gold and silver, wrought, unwrought, and minted. Of unwrought silver he had forty-three thousand two hundred and seventy pounds; of wr\nmod000289.xml|130|eight of silver in them is about equivalent to three denarii each. There were three thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds of gold, one shield made completely of gold, and fourteen thousand five hundred and fourteen gold coins with the image of Philip upon the\nmod000289.xml|130|ivalent to three denarii each. There were three thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds of gold, one shield made completely of gold, and fourteen thousand five hundred and fourteen gold coins with the image of Philip upon them. On the third day one hundred and \nmod000289.xml|130|nd seven hundred and fourteen pounds of gold, one shield made completely of gold, and fourteen thousand five hundred and fourteen gold coins with the image of Philip upon them. On the third day one hundred and fourteen golden crowns, gifts from the cities, were ca\nmod000290.xml|130|equisitioned from India, and before all \u2014and by this they  believed that the mind of the crowd was especially influenced \u2014so much gold was being brought that he could buy the Romans themselves. It was evident what commotion such talk would cause in the council; fo\nmod000290.xml|130|eak of other equipment for war, he said was useless: they themselves were aware that the kingdoms of Asia had always been rich in gold. Therefore the Romans would not have to do with Philip or Hannibal, the one the chief of a single state, the other confined only \nmod000290.xml|130|ing of Egypt; Philip promised aid and money and grain for the war; from Ptolemy also was brought the  sum of a thousand pounds of gold and twenty thousand pounds of silver. None of these gifts was accepted; thanks were expressed to the kings, and when each of them\nmod000290.xml|130|o-horse chariot, and in addition to the minted money twelve thousand pounds of silver and one hundred and  twenty-seven pounds of gold.>   The consul Acilius dispatched agents from Thermopylae to the Aetolians at Heraclea that then at least, having made trial of t\nmod000290.xml|130|e with congratulations on the victory. Their request that they be allowed to sacrifice on the Capitoline and to deposit a gift of gold in the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was granted by the senate. > A golden crown of one hundred pounds' weight was placed the\nmod000290.xml|130|f silver, one hundred and thirty thousand silver coins stamped with the two-horse chariot, one hundred and twenty-seven pounds of gold. >>  Publius Cornelius the consul accepted hostages from the nation of the Boii and deprived them of about one-half their land, t\nmod000290.xml|130|en necklaces to the number of one thousand four hundred and seventy-one, and besides he had two hundred and forty-seven pounds of gold, of silver, unwrought and wrought in Gallic vases, not unskilfully, in their manner, two thousand three hundred and forty pounds,\nmod000290.xml|130| honour gained in the whole course of his life was diminished by his candidate's dress.  In his testimony he said that vessels of gold and silver which he had seen in the captured camp along with the rest of the royal booty he had not seen in the triumph. Finally,\nmod000290.xml|130|thousand Attic fourdrachma pieces, three hundred and twenty-one thousand seven hundred cistophori, one hundred and forty thousand gold coins of Philip, > one thousand > four hundred and twenty-three pounds of silver vases \u2014all were embossed \u2014and one thousand and t\nmod000290.xml|130|nd  four hundred and twenty-three pounds of silver vases \u2014all were embossed \u2014and one thousand and twenty-three pounds of vases of gold. Also thirty-two royal generals, prefects and nobles, were led before his car. To the soldiers twenty-five denarii each > were gi\nmod000290.xml|130|r apart, an additional (intercalary) month was inserted between February and March. The length of this extra month varied.  These gold coins, of a probable value of twenty drachmae, were first minted by Philip I, and retained his name. > > B.C. 189 > >This is said\nmod000291.xml|130|d the instalments thereof, no change was made in the conditions proposed by the consul; if in place of silver they propose to pay gold, let them do so, it was agreed, provided that one gold piece shall be the equivalent of ten pieces of silver. > Whatever cities, \nmod000291.xml|130|nditions proposed by the consul; if in place of silver they propose to pay gold, let them do so, it was agreed, provided that one gold piece shall be the equivalent of ten pieces of silver. > Whatever cities, whatever districts, whatever persons have at any time b\nmod000291.xml|130|people, but not even that, as a lover might have done, did he grant her for nothing. Having stipulated for a definite quantity of gold, to avoid taking one of his own men as an accomplice, he allowed the woman herself to send as a messenger to her people whomsoeve\nmod000291.xml|130| Hercules a statue of the divinity himself was installed in accordance with a decree of the decemvirs, and a six-horse chariot of gold was set up on the Capitoline by Publius Cornelius; > the inscription read that one who had been consul had dedicated it. > Also t\nmod000291.xml|130| the charge was that, in order to secure more favourable terms of peace for Antiochus, Scipio had received six thousand pounds of gold, and four hundred and eighty pounds of silver more than he turned in to the treasury, Aulus Hostilius eighty pounds of gold and f\nmod000291.xml|130|ds of gold, and four hundred and eighty pounds of silver more than he turned in to the treasury, Aulus Hostilius eighty pounds of gold and four hundred and three of silver, the quaestor Furius one hundred and thirty pounds of gold, two hundred of silver. These amo\nmod000291.xml|130| Aulus Hostilius eighty pounds of gold and four hundred and three of silver, the quaestor Furius one hundred and thirty pounds of gold, two hundred of silver. These amounts of gold and silver I have found recorded in the writings of Antias. In the case of Lucius S\nmod000291.xml|130|r hundred and three of silver, the quaestor Furius one hundred and thirty pounds of gold, two hundred of silver. These amounts of gold and silver I have found recorded in the writings of Antias. In the case of Lucius Scipio, I should myself prefer to see an error \nmod000291.xml|130|cius Scipio, I should myself prefer to see an error of the scribe rather than a falsification of the historian  in the amounts of gold and silver; for it is more probable that the greater weight would have been of silver and not of gold and that the fine assessed \nmod000291.xml|130|istorian  in the amounts of gold and silver; for it is more probable that the greater weight would have been of silver and not of gold and that the fine assessed would have been four million sesterces rather than twenty-four million, > the more so because there is\nmod000291.xml|130|inished; that after his defeat he possessed everything he had owned before the war; that, although he had had a great quantity of gold and silver, none of it had been turned in to the treasury, all of it converted to private use; but (as to the last charge) had no\nmod000291.xml|130|r, none of it had been turned in to the treasury, all of it converted to private use; but (as to the last charge) had not so much gold and silver been displayed before the eyes of all in the triumph of Lucius Scipio as had not been carried in ten other triumphs if\nmod000291.xml|130|ther; although his fame should have aided Lucius Scipio, his unpopularity had done him harm. Judgment had been given that so much gold and silver had been conveyed into the house of Lucius Scipio as the sale of all his property could not produce. Where, then, he a\nmod000291.xml|130| conveyed into the house of Lucius Scipio as the sale of all his property could not produce. Where, then, he asked, was the royal gold, where all the legacies he had received? In a house which extravagance had not drained, this heap of new wealth should be apparen\nmod000291.xml|130|ed the Great Games to Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the day when he had captured Ambracia, that for this purpose a hundred pounds of gold had been contributed by the cities; > he requested that, from this money which he had planned to display in his triumph and then \nmod000291.xml|130|ight were carried before his car; he displayed also eighty-three thousand pounds of silver, two hundred and forty-three pounds of gold, one hundred and eighteen thousand Attic four-drachma pieces, twelve thousand three hundred and twenty-two coins called Philippei\nmod000291.xml|130| hundred and twelve golden crowns, two hundred and twenty thousand pounds of silver, two thousand one hundred and three pounds of gold, of Attic four-drachma pieces one hundred and twenty-seven thousand, of cistophori > two hundred and fifty thousand, of gold Phil\nmod000291.xml|130|ds of gold, of Attic four-drachma pieces one hundred and twenty-seven thousand, of cistophori  two hundred and fifty thousand, of gold Philippei sixteen thousand three hundred and twenty; there were also arms and many Gallic spoils transported in carts, and fifty-\nmod000291.xml|130|was granted to Manlius. He carried in his procession fifty-two golden crowns, in addition to one hundred and thirty-two pounds of gold and sixteen thousand three hundred of silver, and he declared in the senate that his quaestor Quintus Fabius was bringing ten tho\nmod000291.xml|130|f silver, and he declared in the senate that his quaestor Quintus Fabius was bringing ten thousand pounds of silver and eighty of gold: this too he would put into the treasury.>  There was a serious slave insurrection that year in Apulia. Lucius Postumius the prae\nmod000291.xml|130|s of silver. A few days later Lucius Quinctius Crispinus triumphed over the same Lusitanians and Celtiberians: the same amount of gold and silver was carried in this triumph.>  The censors Marcus Porcius and Lucius Valerius chose the senate amid suspense mingled w\nmod000291.xml|130|er occasions towards the vagaries of Antias; it is not quite clear what the annalist said about the fine.  Reckoning one pound of gold as 4,000 sesterces and one pound of silver as 336 sesterces, 6,000 pounds of gold, leaving the silver out of account, would be 24\nmod000291.xml|130|st said about the fine.  Reckoning one pound of gold as 4,000 sesterces and one pound of silver as 336 sesterces, 6,000 pounds of gold, leaving the silver out of account, would be 24,000,000 sesterces; reversing the figures, 480 pounds of gold (1,920,000 sesterces\nmod000291.xml|130|ces, 6,000 pounds of gold, leaving the silver out of account, would be 24,000,000 sesterces; reversing the figures, 480 pounds of gold (1,920,000 sesterces) plus 6,000 pounds of silver (2,016,000 sesterces) would produce approximately 4,000,000 sesterces to be rec\nmod000291.xml|130| 1 below.  The denomination of the coins is omitted. If the allowance was 80,000 sesterces, as is probable, only twenty pounds of gold would be used; 80,000 denarii would amount to eighty pounds. In either case, one wonders what became of the balance. The senate's\nmod000292.xml|130|d the City in ovation. In his procession he carried nine thousand three hundred and twenty pounds of silver, eighty-two pounds of gold and sixty-seven golden crowns.>   In the same year Roman arbitrators who were on the ground took part in a dispute about land-own\nmod000292.xml|130|ilius Paulus the proconsul triumphed over the Ligurian Ingauni. He carried in his triumph twenty-five golden crowns, but no other gold or silver was displayed. Many chiefs of the Ligurians as prisoners walked before his car. His donatives to his troops amounted to\nmod000292.xml|130|brought back with him. He displayed in his triumph one hundred and twenty-four golden crowns and in addition thirty-one pounds of gold, of unwrought silver. . . > of minted coins of Osca > one hundred and seventy-three thousand two hundred. To each of the infantry\nmod000292.xml|130| of statuary, and at Antioch he built a magnificent temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, which had not merely its ceiling panelled with gold, but also its walls wholly covered with gilded plates; and many other things he promised in other places, but by reason of the ve\nmod000292.xml|130|ntered the City in ovation over the Celtiberians, he deposited in the treasury ten thousand pounds of silver and five thousand of gold. Gnaeus Cornelius was inaugurated as flamen Dialis.>  In the same year a tablet was set up in the temple of Mater Matuta with thi\nmod000293.xml|130| thousand asses apiece and to the two princely brothers the following special gifts, two twisted necklaces made of five pounds of gold and five silver vessels of twenty pounds, and two horses with trappings for head and chest, along with their grooms, and cavalry \nmod000293.xml|130| with many other centuries of the first class, at once the leading men of the state, in the sight of the people, laid aside their gold rings and put on mourning, > in order to go about entreating > the commons. Chiefly, however, Tiberius Gracchus is said to have c\nmod000293.xml|130|d for the Macedonian campaign. Thanks were expressed by the senate and gifts sent the envoys, a twisted necklace of two pounds of gold and golden bowls of four pounds, a horse with ornamental trappings, and cavalry weapons. After the Gauls, Pamphylian > envoys pre\nmod000293.xml|130|unds, a horse with ornamental trappings, and cavalry weapons. After the Gauls, Pamphylian  envoys presented in the senate-house a gold crown made of twenty thousand philips > and their request was granted that they be permitted to deposit this > present in the tem\nmod000293.xml|130|d in turn seized the riderless horses of fallen cavalrymen for further fighting. These men had been pledged a cash payment of ten gold pieces per cavalryman, five per infantryman, and a thousand for their leader. When they approached, Perseus went to meet them fro\nmod000293.xml|130|, wine, and animals. He himself brought horses, breast-ornaments, and capes  as presents for the chief men, and a small amount of gold to distribute among a few, supposing that the rank and file could be led along by expectations. He reached the city of Almana and\nmod000293.xml|130|rom personal observation, but they asked about what had been promised for immediate delivery \u2014whether he had brought with him the gold which was to be distributed among the individual horsemen and footmen. When they received no reply on this point, Clondicus, thei\nmod000293.xml|130|heir chieftain, declared: Go back then and report to the king that the Gauls will not move a step farther unless they receive the gold and hostages.>  When this message was reported to the king, he summoned his council, but when it became clear what everyone would\nmod000293.xml|130|our account. The vehemence of these interruptions choked off Evander's speech.  Thereafter the king went home, put his money, his gold, and his silver  into the scout-ships which were moored in the Strymon and himself went down to the river.  The Thracians and the\nmod000293.xml|130|arcus Marcellus, on his return from Spain after taking the noted city of Marcolica, also deposited in the treasury ten pounds  of gold and silver of a value of one million sesterces.>  As the consul Aemilius Paulus was encamped near Sirae in the Odomantian territo\nmod000293.xml|130|our homes and our altars, will come to Rome; we will heap up in the assembly-ground and in the entry of your senate-house all our gold and our silver, whether owned by the state or its citizens, and will put our persons and those of our wives and children in your \nmod000293.xml|130|Rhodians were relieved of fear of a greater evil, since they had feared war. So they immediately voted a crown of twenty thousand gold pieces. They sent Theodotus, > the admiral of their fleet, on this embassy. They wanted to ask the Romans for an alliance in such\nmod000293.xml|130| allowed the right of marriage or of trading in land or buildings outside the bounds of his own region. Furthermore, the mines of gold and silver were not to be worked, but those of iron and copper were permitted. The tax on those who worked the mines was set at h\nmod000293.xml|130| the horses, than to the collected loot of Macedonia, set out on exhibition, statues, paintings, rare stuffs, and vessels made of gold, silver, bronze and ivory, manufactured with great pains in the palace at Pella, so as to serve not only for immediate show, as d\nmod000293.xml|130|t be free like the Macedonians; ten leading men from each city were summoned to the consul. These men were instructed to have the gold and silver collected at the civic > centre. Then cohorts were sent to all the cities, those bound for the more distant leaving be\nmod000293.xml|130|e at all the towns on the same day. The tribunes and centurions had been instructed as to their mission. Early in the day all the gold and silver was collected; at the fourth hour the soldiers were given the signal to plunder the towns. So great was the booty that\nmod000293.xml|130| brought with his children to Rome? Nay, if while the other commanders were mounting the Capitol in the chariot, arrayed in their gold and purple, from > below them Lucius Paulus, a lone citizen in the crowd of civilians, should ask them, ' Lucius Anicius, Gnaeus \nmod000293.xml|130|Macedonia? What of the golden statues, the marbles, the ivories, the paintings, the rare stuffs, all the embossed silver, all the gold, all the royal money? Shall they be carried to the treasury by night as if stolen? And what is more \u2014that greatest of shows, roya\nmod000293.xml|130|. Tribunes, call back the tribes, if you please, to the  voting; I [will join] you, soldiers ...    The total of all the captured gold and silver which was carried in the procession was one hundred and twenty million sesterces, according to the account of Valerius\nmod000293.xml|130|he account of Valerius Antias; no doubt a somewhat larger total than this is made up from the number of wagons and the weights of gold and silver in various forms which are mentioned by this same author. > As much again was either expended in the late war, or scat\nmod000293.xml|130| led in chains before the chariot of his conqueror through the city of his enemies; the conqueror Paulus, in the splendour of his gold and purple, was no less a witness. For of the two sons whom he kept at home as the only heirs of his name, his family rites, and \nmod000293.xml|130| triumph he bore through the city many military standards and other booty, as well as the royal furniture, twenty-seven pounds of gold, nineteen pounds of silver, thirteen thousand denarii, and one hundred and twenty thousand Illyrian silver-pieces. >  > Before th\nmod000293.xml|130|the leader was the subject of many songs. Twenty million sesterces was realized from this booty, according to Antias, besides the gold and silver delivered to the treasury; since it was not clear to me from what source this amount could be derived, I have quoted a\nmod000293.xml|130|gure here may be wrong. The philip, by weight a stater or double drachma of the Athenian standard (= 8.6 g.; the theoretical U.S. gold dollar of 1934 = 15r[grains troy = 0.988 g.), was popularized by Philip II after the fall of Olynthus in 348 B.C. He seems to hav\nmod000293.xml|130|which had an Athenian adviser. Philip continued the coinage of this town. During the second century, the philip was the commonest gold coin of Rome (see XXXIV. lii. 7; XXXVII. lix. 4; XXXIX. v. 15 and vii. 1, and frequent allusions of Plautus' Bacchides, Poenulus,\nmod000293.xml|130|oo small for the value given, but it is not easy to propose an emendation. The lb. of silver probably = 336 sesterces; the lb. of gold probably = 4000 sesterces (cf..Vol. XI. 192, note 4). Could MDC pondo become decem pondo by scribal error? I is perhaps easier to\nmod000293.xml|130|anciers, cf. XXXII. xxvii. 4; XXXIX. xliv. 8-9; XLIII. xvi. Below, xxix. 11, the specific arrangement for the mines is mentioned: gold and silver mining was prohibited, but iron and copper might be worked. The estates were no doubt those of the king. > >From xii. \nmod000294.xml|130|w is violated, let its punishments be executed. Let no private person presume to consecrate his land; and let his consecration of gold, silver and ivory, be made within the limits of moderation. Let private devotions be perpetually practised. Let the rights of the\nmod000294.xml|130|of worship. Therefore private individuals should not consecrate to the gods those territories which belong to them already. As to gold and silver in the cities, whether in houses or temples, this sort of property may very properly be consecrated. As to ivory, whic\nmod000294.xml|130|ies should not be celebrated, or many funeral processions arranged for any one deceased. And since, there was a general law, that gold should not be buried with the dead-another regulation contained this humane exception; if the teeth of the deceased were fastened\nmod000294.xml|130|d not be buried with the dead-another regulation contained this humane exception; if the teeth of the deceased were fastened with gold, the corpse should be buried or burned without taking it away. From which expression we might deduce another argument, that buria\nmod000294.xml|130|ry. Let some devote their attention to the prison discipline, and capital punishments. Let others supervise the public mintage of gold, and silver, and copper. Let others judge of suits and arbitrations; and let others carry the orders of the senate into execution\nmod000295.xml|130|ur name and reputation can be widely circulated? And then our estates and edifices, our cattle, and the enormous treasures of our gold and silver, can they be esteemed or denominated as desirable goods by him, who observes their perishable profit, and their contem\nmod000295.xml|130| all his enterprizes. He subdued all Latium; he captured Pometia, a powerful and wealthy city, and possest of an immense spoil of gold and silver, he accomplished his ancestor's vow by the edification of the Capitol. He formed colonies, and, faithful to the instit\nmod000295.xml|130|, for in this political field of exertion our greatest men have reaped their honours, like the invincible Curius -  \"Whom neither gold nor iron could subdue.\"> There exists this general difference between these two classes of great men, namely philosophers and pol\nmod000295.xml|130|  Philus. - Very well; I obey you, and wilfully with my eyes open, I will undertake this dirty business. Since those who seek for gold do not flinch at the sight of the mud, we, who search for justice, which is far more precious than gold, must overcome all dainty\nmod000295.xml|130| Since those who seek for gold do not flinch at the sight of the mud, we, who search for justice, which is far more precious than gold, must overcome all dainty scruples. I will therefore, make use of the antagonist arguments of a foreigner, and assume his charact\nmod000295.xml|130|he will be a rogue notwithstanding, because he deceives his neighbours. Again, let us suppose that a man meets another, who sells gold and silver, conceiving them to be copper or lead: shall he hold his peace, that he may make a capital bargain or correct the mist\nmod000296.xml|130|aware that there is a very ancient and very holy temple of Diana. That too, I say, was stripped and plundered by you; and all the gold which there was on Diana herself was taken off and carried away. What, in the name of mischief, can such audacity and inanity mea\nmod000296.xml|130|may say whatever I can, and the judge may suspect whatever he chooses. I say that you exported from Syracuse an immense weight of gold, of silver, of ivory, of purple; much cloth from Melita, much embroidered stuff, much furniture of Delos, many Corinthian vessels\nmod000296.xml|130| families of such exceeding riches, there was no silver vessel, no Corinthian or Delian plate, no jewel or pearl, nothing made of gold or ivory, no statue of marble or brass or ivory, no picture whether painted or embroidered, that he did not seek out, that he did\nmod000296.xml|130|to the province with military command and with the forces, to buy up all the statues, all the paintings, all the silver plate and gold plate, and ivory, and jewels, and to leave nothing to any body. For this defence seems to me to be got ready for everything; that\nmod000296.xml|130|in his tears. We have heard in the mythology of Eriphyla being so covetous that when she had seen a necklace, made, I suppose, of gold and jewels, she was so excited by its beauty, that she betrayed her husband for the sake of it. His covetousness was similar; but\nmod000296.xml|130|ltitude of men; he kept them employed uninterruptedly for eight months, though all that time no vessels were made of anything but gold. In that time he had so skillfully wrought the figures which he had torn off the goblets and censers, into golden goblets, or had\nmod000296.xml|130|ing, he ordered a goldsmith to be summoned into the forum before his throne of office, at Corduba, and openly weighed him out the gold. He ordered the man to set up his bench in the forum, and to make him a ring in the presence of every one. Perhaps in truth some \nmod000296.xml|130|n was, not only in Sicily, but also at Rome in the court of justice; the other wished all Spain to know to half an ounce how much gold it took to make a praetor's ring. Forsooth, as the one proved his right to his name, so did the other to his surname. > It is utt\nmod000296.xml|130|ated. After that, he himself invites the praetor to supper. He displays all his treasures; much silver, also not a few goblets of gold, which, as is the custom of kings, and especially in Syria, were studded all over with most splendid jewels. There was also a ves\nmod000296.xml|130|rial to the Roman people of his alliance with and friendship for them. He said that he did not care about the other works made of gold and jewels belonging to him which were in Verres's hands, but that it was a miserable and scandalous thing for this to be taken f\nmod000296.xml|130|at can appear more scandalous or more intolerable than this? Shall Verres have at his own house a candelabrum, made of jewels and gold, belonging to the great and good Jupiter? Shall that ornament be set out in his house at banquets which will be one scene of adul\nmod000296.xml|130|ess and falsehood. I am able to prove this distinctly, O judges, that no more magnificent doors, none more beautifully wrought of gold and ivory, ever existed in an, temple. It is incredible how many Greeks have left written accounts of the beauty of these doors: \nmod000296.xml|130| were tortured and executed in their room, and to make up their number; all the store of robes was taken away, all the silver and gold was taken by him and appropriated to his own use. > But how did he defend himself at the former pleading? He who had been silent \nmod000296.xml|130|e same views as they formerly used to entertain in seeking to recover their property. They are not seeking to recover silver, nor gold, nor robes, nor slaves, nor ornaments which have been carried off from their cities and their temples;\u2014they fear, like ignorant m\nmod000296.xml|130|a, whom he also pillaged in two of your most renowned and most venerated temples\u2014at Athens, when he took away a great quantity of gold, and at Syracuse, when he took away everything except the roof and walls;\u2014 And you, O Latona, O Apollo, O Diana, whose (I will no\nmod000296.xml|130|at is, in the mourning robe in which defendants in criminal prosecutions usually appeared in court. \u201cThe bulla was an ornament of gold worn by children, suspended from their necks, especially by the children of the noble and wealthy; it was worn by children of bot\nmod000296.xml|130|e and wealthy; it was worn by children of both sexes, as a token of paternal affection and of high birth. Instead of the bulla of gold, boys of inferior rank, including the children of freedmen, wore only a piece of leather.\u201d\u2014Smith, Dict. Ant. v. Bulla.> >This tem\nmod000296.xml|130|ries who had not the imperium.\u201d Smith, Dict. Ant. p. 727 v. Potestas. Attalus, king of Pergamus, had been the inventor of weaving gold thread into tapestry work, and therefore tapestry with gold threads interwoven in it was called by his name.> >\u201cThericles was a p\nmod000296.xml|130|Potestas. Attalus, king of Pergamus, had been the inventor of weaving gold thread into tapestry work, and therefore tapestry with gold threads interwoven in it was called by his name.> >\u201cThericles was a potter in the time of Aristophanes, who made earthenware vess\nmod000297.xml|130| such things as they hold most precious, or in which they see him take most delight; whence one often sees horses, arms, cloth of gold, precious stones, and similar ornaments presented to princes, worthy of their greatness.> Desiring therefore to present myself to\nmod000298.xml|130| before one, a means needs to be contrived for the enemy to get away and not pay the just penalty; and if he\u2019s plundered a lot of gold, for him not to give it back but keep it and spend it on himself and those around him, unjustly and in a godless way, or if he\u2019s \nmod000298.xml|130|ho have the means of life, and good repute, and an abundance of other good things. Socrates: If I happened to have a soul made of gold, Callicles, don\u2019t you imagine I\u2019d be well pleased to find one of those stones people rub against gold to test it, the best one, s\nmod000298.xml|130|ened to have a soul made of gold, Callicles, don\u2019t you imagine I\u2019d be well pleased to find one of those stones people rub against gold to test it, the best one, so that if I went ahead and applied my soul to it, and it confirmed to me that it had been nur- > tured\nmod000299.xml|130|growth, the cause in each case being the same, namely, the excessive moisture of the soil and of the atmosphere. Britain contains gold and silver and other metals, as the prize of conquest. The ocean, too, produces pearls, but of a dusky and bluish hue. Some think\nmod000299.xml|130|, as it were, and enmeshed, the Gods have delivered them into our hands. Be not frightened by the idle display, by the glitter of gold and of silver, which can neither protect nor wound. In the very ranks of the enemy we shall find our own forces. Britons will ack\nmod000300.xml|130|both cases from the same cause, viz., the extreme wetness of the soil and climate. Britain offers a prize to the conqueror in her gold and silver and other metals ; the ocean also yields its pearls, but they are dark and lead-coloured. Some consider this to be due\nmod000300.xml|130| snare, and thus the gods have delivered them into our hands. \" Tremble not at their vain show, nor at the sheen of silver and of gold, which can neither hurt nor protect. In the very lines of the foe we shall find friends. The Briton will see that our cause is hi\nmod000301.xml|130|positively unknown ; their pride is in large herds, which constitute their sole and most highly prized form of wealth. Silver and gold the gods have denied them, but whether in mercy or in anger I hesitate to say ; neither would I be understood to affirm that Germ\nmod000301.xml|130|her in mercy or in anger I hesitate to say ; neither would I be understood to affirm that Germany possesses no veins of silver or gold, for nobody has ever looked for them. They make a difference in the value they set upon the precious metals for use and for comme\nmod000301.xml|130|ir envoys and chiefs, put to the same common uses as pots of clay, although those tribes that are on our border highly appreciate gold and silver for the purposes of trade, and recognise and preferentially accept some varieties of our coins. The interior tribes st\nmod000301.xml|130|r, in the form of pieces having deeplyindented rims, 1 and bearing the impression of a twohorse chariot. Silver, too, rather than gold attracts them, not that they are any fonder of it as a metal, but because the reckoning of silver coins is easier for men who dea\nmod000302.xml|130|d. It is number that is chiefly valued; they are in fact the most highly prized, indeed the only riches of the people. Silver and gold the gods have refused to them, whether in kindness or in anger I cannot say. I would not, however, affirm that no vein of German \nmod000302.xml|130| refused to them, whether in kindness or in anger I cannot say. I would not, however, affirm that no vein of German soil produces gold or silver, for who has ever made a search? They care but little to possess or use them. You may see among them vessels of silver,\nmod000302.xml|130|, which have been presented to their envoys and chieftains, held as cheap as those of clay. The border population, however, value gold and silver for their commercial utility, and are familiar with, and show preference for, some of our coins. The tribes of the int\nmod000302.xml|130| commodities. They like the old and well-known money, coins milled or showing a two-horse chariot. They likewise prefer silver to gold, not from any special liking, but because a large number of silver pieces is more convenient for use among dealers in cheap and c\nmod000303.xml|130|that\u2019s the offspring of many other arts\u2014won\u2019t we set it down as a sixth? Young Socrates: What exactly do you mean? Stranger: Both gold and silver and all the things that get mined, and all the things that tree-cutting and slicing in general provide, by cutting, to\nmod000303.xml|130|ll as more resistant to thorough understanding. And to me we appear to have fallen into a condition like that of those who refine gold. Young Socrates: How\u2019s that? Stranger: I suppose those craftsmen, too, first separate off dirt and rocks and many other things. A\nmod000303.xml|130|ose craftsmen, too, first separate off dirt and rocks and many other things. And after this there remain, mixed together with the gold, things akin to it that are held in honor and separable by fire alone\u2014bronze and silver, and sometimes there\u2019s adamant, too\u2014which\nmod000303.xml|130|ere\u2019s adamant, too\u2014which things, separated with difficulty by smeltings along with tests, allow us to see so-called unadulterated gold itself alone by itself. Young Socrates: At any rate, it\u2019s said that these things come about in this way. Stranger: Well then, acc\nmod000304.xml|130|kin to the kingly ruler and also harder to discern clearly. It seems to me that we have reached a point where we have to act like gold-refiners.> Y.S. How so?> Str. We are told that at the first stage of their work the workers separate off earth and stones and muc\nmod000304.xml|130|eparate off earth and stones and much else from the ore. When these are gone there still remain those precious substances akin to gold which are so combined with it as to be separable only by fire; I mean bronze and silver and sometimes adamant as well. These are \nmod000304.xml|130|e removed only with difficulty as the metal is tried in the refining fire until at last the process yields the sight of unalloyed gold separated off by itself.37 > > S. Yes, they do say that refining is done like that.> Str. It looks as though we are in a like sit\nmod000304.xml|130| the myth of the Statesman they were described as shepherds; their qualities of intellect and physical stamina, symbolized by the gold in their souls, elevated them naturally far above their subjects who had only silver or an alloy of iron and brass in their souls\nmod000304.xml|130|nt\" was used of diamond by Theophrastus not much later than Plato wrote, but this is not likely to be meant here, for the \"bud of gold\" of which the Timaeus speaks in a connection similar to the present one was dark in color, and may be haematite. > >The word tran\nmod000304.xml|130|the present one was dark in color, and may be haematite.  The word translated \"unalloyed\" has wide poetic usage, and \"un. sullied gold\" may be a quotation; on the other hand, it may well be that it is used here in the literal '\"trade\" sense.> >38 That is to say, t\nmod000305.xml|130|ho possess means and reputation and all the other good things of life. S. Had it so chanced, Callicles, that my soul were made of gold, should I not, think you, have rejoiced to discover one of those stones. the best one of its kind, whereby gold is tested, that I\nmod000305.xml|130|soul were made of gold, should I not, think you, have rejoiced to discover one of those stones. the best one of its kind, whereby gold is tested, that I might apply my soul to it, and, if it assured me that my soul had been trained aright, might then know myself t\nmod000306.xml|130| for I ask none; Come, let us not be chaff'rers of war, but warriors embattled. Nay; let us venture our lives, and the sword, not gold, weigh the outcome. Make we the trial by valour in arms and see if Dame Fortune Wills it that ye shall prevail or I, or what be h\nmod000306.xml|130|in to the objects of their desires. Of the things, then, that are essential to the sustenance  of human life, some are inanimate (gold and silver, for example, the fruits of the earth, and so forth), and some are animate and have their own peculiar instincts and a\nmod000306.xml|130|g, without the labour of man's hands, the stone needful for our use would not be quarried from the earth, nor would iron, copper, gold, and silver, hidden far within, be mined.>  And how could houses ever have been provided > in the first place for the human race,\nmod000306.xml|130|story goes, a horse of bronze; in its side was a door. On opening this door he saw the body of a dead man of enormous size with a gold ring upon his finger. He removed this and put it on his own hand and then repaired to an assembly of the shepherds, for he was a \nmod000306.xml|130|e thinks such facts should be declared, the other does not. If a man thinks that he is selling brass, when he is actually selling gold, should an upright man inform him that his stuff is gold, or go on buying for one shilling> what is worth a thousand?> It is clea\nmod000306.xml|130|t. If a man thinks that he is selling brass, when he is actually selling gold, should an upright man inform him that his stuff is gold, or go on buying for one shilling> what is worth a thousand?> It is clear enough by this time what my views are on these question\nmod000307.xml|130|orthy of confidence. Indeed, what Pyrrhus said about restoring the captives of war is admirable: \u2014 \u201cI ask that you should give no gold, no price; In war I ply no trade but sword with sword; With steel, and not with gold, stake we our lives. Wills queenly Fortune y\nmod000307.xml|130| admirable: \u2014 \u201cI ask that you should give no gold, no price; In war I ply no trade but sword with sword; With steel, and not with gold, stake we our lives. Wills queenly Fortune you or I should rule, Try we by might. And bear this message with you, \u2014 For those who\nmod000307.xml|130|desire by right purposes and honest deeds, not by fraud and roguery. The means of sustaining human life are in part inanimate, as gold, silver, the products of the earth, and other things of that sort; in part, living beings that have their own instincts and appet\nmod000307.xml|130| offices. By parity of reason the stones that we need for our use could not be quarried from the earth, \u201cNor iron, brass, silver, gold, be dug from their deep caverns,\u201d1> without the labor and handicraft of men.> 4. Whence, indeed, could houses, to dispel the seve\nmod000307.xml|130|ng, and saw, as the story goes, a brazen horse with doors in his sides. Opening these doors, he saw a man of unusual size, with a gold ring on his finger, which drawing off, he put it on his own finger (he was a shepherd in the king\u2019s service), and then repaired t\nmod000307.xml|130|liar, a gambler, thievish, a drunkard?\u201d Antipater says that they are to be told; Diogenes, that they are not. \u201cIf any one selling gold thinks that it is brass that he is selling, will a good man tell him that it is gold, or will he buy for a shilling1 what is wort\nmod000307.xml|130|enes, that they are not. \u201cIf any one selling gold thinks that it is brass that he is selling, will a good man tell him that it is gold, or will he buy for a shilling1 what is worth a thousand shillings?\u201d It is plain enough by this time what I think of these things\nmod000308.xml|130|rus. Meanwhile Gaul, Spain, and Italy vied in repairing the losses of the army, offering whatever they had at hand, arms, horses, gold. Germanicus having praised their zeal, took only for the war their arms and horses, and relieved the soldiers out of his own purs\nmod000308.xml|130|ury of the country by Quintus Haterius, an ex-consul, and by Octavius Fronto, an ex-praetor. It was decided that vessels of solid gold should not be made for the serving of food, and that men should not disgrace themselves with silken clothing from the East. Front\nmod000308.xml|130| the Bithynian to the Lycian sea. There was also to be read what tributes were imposed on these nations, the weight of silver and gold, the tale of arms and horses, the gifts of ivory and of perfumes to the temples, with the amount of grain and supplies furnished \nmod000308.xml|130|n to the old standard? The vast dimensions of country houses? The number of slaves of every nationality? The masses of silver and gold? The marvels in bronze and painting? The apparel worn indiscriminately by both sexes, or that peculiar luxury of women which, for\nmod000308.xml|130|us Haterius, when he brought forward a motion that the decrees passed that day should be set up in the Senate House in letters of gold, was laughed at as an old dotard, who would get nothing but infamy out of such utterly loathsome sycophancy.> [3.58] Meantime Jun\nmod000308.xml|130| had been decreed in honour of Drusus's tribunitian power with special censure on the extravagance of the proposed inscription in gold, so contrary to national usage. Letters also from Drusus were read, which, though studiously modest in expression, were taken to \nmod000308.xml|130|headlong from the Tarpeian rock. To remove any doubt that the vastness of his wealth had proved the man's ruin, Tiberius kept his gold-mines for himself, though they were forfeited to the State. Executions were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death \nmod000308.xml|130|prise by stratagem and force, and agents of corruption were found who tempted the servants of Arsaces into crime by a quantity of gold. At the same instant the Iberians burst into Armenia with a huge host, and captured the city of Artaxata. Artabanus, on hearing t\nmod000308.xml|130|ved an unbroken and loyal peace. United as they now are with us by manners, education, and intermarriage, let them bring us their gold and their wealth rather than enjoy it in isolation. Everything, Senators, which we now hold to be of the highest antiquity, was o\nmod000308.xml|130|ed a theatre. The emperor, with Agrippina seated near him, presided; he wore a splendid military cloak, she, a mantle of cloth of gold. A battle was fought with all the courage of brave men, though it was between condemned criminals. After much bloodshed they were\nmod000308.xml|130|d also that the consular decorations might be conferred on Asconius Labeo, who had been his guardian. Statues to himself of solid gold and silver he forbade, in opposition to offers made, and although the Senate passed a vote that the year should begin with the mo\nmod000308.xml|130|structed on Agrippa's lake, put the guests on board and set it in motion by other vessels towing it. These vessels glittered with gold and ivory; the crews were arranged according to age and experience in vice. Birds and beasts had been procured from remote countr\nmod000308.xml|130|nths, and days. [15.42] Nero meanwhile availed himself of his country's desolation, and erected a mansion in which the jewels and gold, long familiar objects, quite vulgarised by our extravagance, were not so marvellous as the fields and lakes, with woods on one s\nmod000308.xml|130|d the free states, as they were called. Even the gods fell victims to the plunder; for the temples in Rome were despoiled and the gold carried off, which, for a triumph or a vow, the Roman people in every age had consecrated in their prosperity or their alarm. Thr\nmod000308.xml|130|ission to the emperor, he explained how he had discovered on his land a cave of immense depth, which contained a vast quantity of gold, not in the form of coin, but in the shapeless and ponderous masses of ancient days. In fact, he said, ingots of great weight lay\nmod000308.xml|130|ight be demoralised by a superabundance of money, or that the Numidian kings, already for other reasons hostile, might by lust of gold be provoked to war.> [16.2] Nero upon this, without sufficiently examining the credibility of the author of the story, or of the \nmod000308.xml|130|s same incident their chief materials for eulogies on the emperor. \"Not only,\" they said, \"were there the usual harvests, and the gold of the mine with its alloy, but the earth now teemed with a new abundance, and wealth was thrust on them by the bounty of the god\nmod000310.xml|130|. For a possession and a work of art have not the same excellence. The most valuable possession is that which is worth most, e.g. gold, but the most valuable work of art is that which is great and beautiful (for the contemplation of such a work inspires admiration\nmod000310.xml|130| things that he does not think he ought to do. Again, one who gives what is his own, as Homer says Glaucus gave Diomede Armour of gold for brazen, the price of a hundred beeves for nine, is not unjustly treated; for though to give is in his power, to be unjustly t\nmod000310.xml|130|ies, too, this will be evident; horse, dog, and man have different pleasures, as Heraclitus says 'asses would prefer sweepings to gold'; for food is pleasanter than gold to asses. So the pleasures of creatures different in kind differ in kind, and it is plausible \nmod000310.xml|130|se, dog, and man have different pleasures, as Heraclitus says 'asses would prefer sweepings to gold'; for food is pleasanter than gold to asses. So the pleasures of creatures different in kind differ in kind, and it is plausible to suppose that those of a single s\nmod000311.xml|130|same as the excellence of a product or work of art: as a possession, that is most precious or estimable which is worth most, e.g. gold; as a work of art, that is most estimable which is great and beautiful: for the sight of such a work excites admiration, and a ma\nmod000311.xml|130| will confirm this: the pleasures of a horse, a dog, and a man are all different\u2014as Heraclitus says, a donkey would prefer hay to gold; for there is more pleasure in fodder than in gold to a donkey.> The pleasures of specifically different beings, then, are specif\nmod000311.xml|130|, and a man are all different\u2014as Heraclitus says, a donkey would prefer hay to gold; for there is more pleasure in fodder than in gold to a donkey.> The pleasures of specifically different beings, then, are specifically different; and we might naturally suppose th\nmod000313.xml|130|es a plot, for people to carry it into action.38 And something that is more scarce is a greater good than something plentiful, as gold is in comparison to iron, even though it is less useful, since its possession is a greater thing on account of being more difficu\nmod000313.xml|130|ke either the bad or the good of something less; this is the way Aristophanes, in the Babylonians, facetiously uses \u201cgoldlet\u201d for gold, \u201ccloaklet\u201d for cloak, \u201cinsultlet\u201d for insult, and \u201cdiseaselet\u201d for disease. But one needs to be cautious in the use of both tech\nmod000313.xml|130| sand and dust\u2026 I wouldn\u2019t marry a daughter of Agamemnon, son of Atreus, Not even if her beauty rivaled Aphrodite who shines like gold, And her accomplishments rivaled those of Athene. Hence, it is unsuitable for an elderly person to speak in hyperboles, but Athen\nmod000313.xml|130|any case it was already dented before he drove it. 39 The beginning of Pindar\u2019s first Olympian ode. The full line continues, \u201cbut gold is a blazing fire.\u201d 40 Most translators shy away from translating this word accurately here, out of a misunderstanding of the pra\nmod000315.xml|130|eaded tears in the wind no more. Let it go or stay, so I wake to the higher aims Of a land that has lost for a little her lust of gold,> And love of a peace that was full of wrongs and shames,> Horrible, hateful, monstrous, not to be told;> And hail once more to t\nmod000315.xml|130|essor Fischer of St. Petersburg, there is really no particular name which it always goes by: the most usual is the word Kin, i.e. gold, which the inhabitants of Tibet call Ser. Hence the emperor is called the king of gold, i.e. the king of the most splendid countr\nmod000315.xml|130|s by: the most usual is the word Kin, i.e. gold, which the inhabitants of Tibet call Ser. Hence the emperor is called the king of gold, i.e. the king of the most splendid country in the world. This word Kin may probably be Chin in the empire itself, but be pronoun\nmod000317.xml|130| of their character. Prove your friends by means of the misfortunes of life and of their fellowship in your perils; for as we try gold in the fire, so we come to know our friends when we are in misfortune.> You will best serve your friends if you do not wait for t\nmod000318.xml|130|hes   When men make it a habit, Nicocles, to bring to you who are rulers of kingdoms articles of dress or of bronze or of wrought gold,> or other such valuables of which they themselves have need and you have plenty, it seems to me all too evident that they are no\nmod000320.xml|130|ising any given state ought not to confine themselves alone to the state which they single out, but even as we examine purple and gold and test them by placing them side by side with articles of similar appearance and of the same estimated value, so also in the ca\nmod000324.xml|130| they resolved to wage war against any state, deemed it their duty, notwithstanding that the Acropolis was stored with silver and gold,> to face danger in their own persons in support of their resolutions, we, on the other hand, not withstanding that we are in suc\nmod000325.xml|130|owing them were Onetor, Anticles, Philonides, Philomelus, and Charmantides. All these men were crowned by Athens with chaplets of gold,> not because they were covetous of other people's possessions, but because they were honorable men and had spent large sums of t\nmod000325.xml|130|irded the city with walls in despite of the Lacedaemonians; and what manner of man was he who after him filled the Acropolis with gold and silver and made the homes of the Athenians to overflow with prosperity and wealth:> for you will find if you review the caree\nmod000325.xml|130|professional teacher of philosophy and oratory. See General Introd. p. xii, note a . See General Introd. p. xx, and note c . The \u201cgold and ivory\u201d statue of Athena which stood in the Parthenon.> >Zeuxis and Parrhasius sojourned in Athens about 400 B.C.> >Literally,\nmod000325.xml|130|the other. See General Introd. p. xii. See Isoc. 8.117. He lived one hundred and seven years according to Cicero, De senect. v. A gold coin about equal in value to the guinea.> >Popular actors, especially in comedy, received high pay. See B\u00f6ckh, Public Economy of \nmod000327.xml|130|t their expense any of the Hellenes who will deign to row their ships; appearing in the public choruses in garments spangled with gold, yet living through the winter in clothing which I refuse to describe and showing other contradictions of the same kind in their \nmod000327.xml|130|128, note. Isocrates here complains of the expensive and ostentatious rivalry in such matters. See below: \u201cgarments spangled with gold.\u201d The cost of such a service in some cases amounted to as much as five thousand drachmas.> >Six thousand citizens were selected b\nmod000328.xml|130|( 401 B.C.) in which Cyrus was slain. The distance from Babylon, according to Xenophon, was 360 stades (c. 45 miles). A talent of gold was worth about $1200 or 300 pounds.> >Cf. Isoc. 4.161.> >A Homeric reminiscence.> >For the actual facts see Dio. Sic. 15.9.> > 3\nmod000330.xml|130|e not the same, because the virtue of property is that there should be a share of greater amount, or it should be excellent, like gold, while the virtue of a work is that it should be great and beautiful. For whoever looks at a work like this wonders at it, and ma\nmod000330.xml|130|y more than anything else. For this reason they do not have great possessions compared with others, but they have much silver and gold. These are our remarks concerning liberality and its opposite. (7) As for high merit, 32 it appears to be in expenditures which h\nmod000330.xml|130|ure of the dog is different, and so the pleasure of man, as Heraclitus said: The intelligence 113 would prefer perceptions 114 to gold. For to the intelligence food is pleasanter than gold. The pleasures therefore of things which are different in form are differen\nmod000330.xml|130|n, as Heraclitus said: The intelligence 113 would prefer perceptions 114 to gold. For to the intelligence food is pleasanter than gold. The pleasures therefore of things which are different in form are different in form, whereas the pleasures of those which are th\nmod000336.xml|130|leased; and let neither night nor day hinder thee from performing 7 aught that thou hast promised me, nor stop at any expence  of gold and silver, or any greatness of military force (if such be any where requisite) to effect thy designs. But with Artabazus, a trus\nmod000336.xml|130|d upon the propylaea. of the citadel, and the other edifices erected, as also upon Potidaea; and that independent of the uncoined gold and silver in the offerings both private and public, as also the sacred utensils employed in the celebration of the processions a\nmod000336.xml|130| the golden ornaments around the goddess herself. He showed them that the statue had to the weight of forty talents of the purest gold , the whole of which was removable. Having, however, used it for preservation, they were bound, he said, to replace it by the sam\nmod000336.xml|130|es (who ruled after Sitalces, and made the most of it), to about the value of four hundred talents in money, as far as respected? gold and silver. There were presents , too, made to him in gold and silver to an equal amount, besides such as consisted of stuffs, bo\nmod000336.xml|130|about the value of four hundred talents in money, as far as respected? gold and silver. There were presents , too, made to him in gold and silver to an equal amount, besides such as consisted of stuffs, both embroidered and plain , and other furniture and moveable\nmod000336.xml|130|rasidas, fearing the approach of the reinforcement from the ships at Thasus, and learning that Thucydides had the property of the gold mines in that part of Thrace, and from that circumstance possessed a powerful interest with the principal persons of that part of\nmod000336.xml|130|nce. And they are of all present powers the most able to do this', if they be but willing; for they are in possession of the most gold and silver, whence war and every other purpose is facilitated. Let us also send to Lacedaemon and Corinth, entreating them to giv\nmod000336.xml|130|ow with but little comparative value. And on giving hospitable entertainments to those of the trireme , they collected cups, both gold and silver, from Egesta itself, and borrowed others from the neighbouring cities, both Phoenician and Grecian , and each brought \nmod000336.xml|130|eloponnesian war, otherwise it would make his marriage with the Thracian lady of Scaptesyle (by whom he obtained rich property in gold mines, etc.) an improbably late one. Whether he was employed in military service in the first seven years of the war, is uncertai\nmod000342.xml|130| be wealth if someone well provided with it will die of hunger, like Midas in the fable, when everything set before him turned to gold in answer to his own greedy prayer. That is why people seek another notion of what wealth and the craft of wealth acquisition are\nmod000342.xml|130|course, among spirited and warlike men.174 But it is evident that it is necessary for him to make the same people rulers. For the gold from the god has not been mixed into the souls of one lot of people at one time and another at another, but always into the same \nmod000342.xml|130|le at one time and another at another, but always into the same ones. For he says that the god, immediately at their birth, mixed gold into the souls of some, silver into others, and bronze and iron into those who are going to be craftsmen and farmers.175> Further\nmod000342.xml|130|sis (596-525 BC) first became king of the Egyptians, they treated him with contempt because he was of humble origins. So he had a gold footbath made into a statue of a god. The Egyptians treated the statue with great respect. Amasis pointed out that he was like th\nmod000342.xml|130|nks that those not chosen will resent this. See VII 9 1329a9-12. Note 175 He says that the god, immediately at their birth, mixed gold into the souls of some, silver into others, and bronze and iron into those who are going to be craftsmen and farmers: See Rep. 41\nmod000346.xml|130| of radicalisation among the dramatically growing Russian working class. Government violence against striking workers in the Lena gold fields in 1912, combined with population growth in the country\u2019s industrial centres marked by intensive exploitation of workers, \nmod000349.xml|130| the Member from Beauce Nord leaves us speechless: \u201cWe\u2019re not going to stop natural resources, extracting iron ore, or copper, or gold, because there are more sexual assaults in that area.\u201d62 Faced with that reaction, Alexa Conradi offered to give a class in Femin\nmod000350.xml|130| auction house in 2007 when it was bought by oil-rich Qatar, whose royal princelings create a realm of conspicuous consumption\u2014of gold, football clubs and, it seems, white men\u2019s fantasies in Orientalist art. Qatar\u2019s women, meanwhile, may only appear in public veil\nmod000353.xml|130|ositions. 32. Some of the senses in which \"al-'ayn\" is used are: \"water fountain,\" \"eye,\u201d \"sun,\" \"scalepan\" and \"dinar\" (a Muslim gold coin minted at the end of the seventh century AD).> 33. A sukun is a vowel-less sign, which when placed at the end of an expressi\nmod000355.xml|130|own hands. Here the fairy of success still freely beckoned to unsettled lands and fruitful plains, to barren mountains concealing gold.> Back in old Europe, feudalism had still not receded before the onslaught of the privileged trading aristocracy of the bourgeois\nmod000355.xml|130|ommunist education of women workers and peasants. June She is instrumental in obtaining an agreement on the return to the USSR of gold reserves placed in Swedish banks by the Kerensky government.> 1935> 20 May She plays an active part in establishing the Swedish-S\nmod000356.xml|130|tic propositions are judgments \u00e0 priori, although their conceptions may be empirical. Let us take as an instance the proposition, gold is a yellow metal. Now, to know this, I require no further experience beyond my conception of gold, which contains the propositio\nmod000356.xml|130|s an instance the proposition, gold is a yellow metal. Now, to know this, I require no further experience beyond my conception of gold, which contains the propositions that this body is yellow and a metal; for this constitutes precisely my conception, and therefor\nmod000362.xml|130|ontinually brought under the sway of industrialism. Vast tracts of Africa become recruiting grounds for the labor required in the gold and diamond mines of the Rand, Rhodesia, and Kimberley; for this purpose, the population is demoralized, taxed, driven into revol\nmod000363.xml|130|unctions, have been discovered so small, that a million of them would occupy less space than a grain of sand. The malleability of gold, the perfume of musk, the odour of flowers, and many other instances might be given of the excessive minuteness of the atoms of m\nmod000363.xml|130|ot the constitution of the solar spectrum. We know of no substance that is either perfectly opaque or perfectly transparent. Even gold may be beaten so thin as to be pervious to light. On the contrary, the clearest crystal, the purest air or water, stops or absorb\nmod000363.xml|130|f inconceivable minuteness. The progressive waves of the ether are so long compared with the dimensions of the molecules to which gold can be reduced, that it seemed probable to Dr. Faraday when the latter were placed in a sunbeam that some effective relation migh\nmod000363.xml|130|ns, there was reason to expect that these functions would change sensibly by the substitution of different sized particles of the gold for one another. At one time Dr. Faraday hoped he had changed one colour into another by means of gold, which would have been equ\nmod000363.xml|130|ent sized particles of the gold for one another. At one time Dr. Faraday hoped he had changed one colour into another by means of gold, which would have been equivalent to a change in the number of vibrations; but although he has not yet confirmed that result, his\nmod000363.xml|130| the image is first received on paper prepared with the ammonia-citrate of iron, and afterwards washed with a neutral solution of gold. It is fixed by water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and lastly by hydriodate of potash, from which a white and purple photograp\nmod000363.xml|130|zoate of silver the chemical spectrum is cut off at the orange rays, with phosphate of silver in the yellow, and with chloride of gold it terminates with the green, with carbonate of mercury it ends in the blue, and on paper prepared with the percyanide of gold, a\nmod000363.xml|130|of gold it terminates with the green, with carbonate of mercury it ends in the blue, and on paper prepared with the percyanide of gold, ammonia, and nitrate of silver, the darkening lies entirely beyond the visible spectrum at its most refrangible extremity, and i\nmod000363.xml|130|rk. Mr. Hunt found that a similar bleaching power is exerted by the red rays on paper prepared with protocyanide of potassium and gold with a wash of nitrate of silver.> The application of a moderately strong hydriodate of potash to darkened photographic paper ren\nmod000363.xml|130| depend on difference of temperature, and that, in order to obtain good impressions, dissimilar metals must be used. For example, gold, silver, bronze, and copper coins were placed on a plate of copper too hot to be touched, and allowed to remain till the plate co\nmod000363.xml|130|etals named. When the plate was exposed to the vapour of mercury the result was the same, but, when the vapour was wiped off, the gold and silver coins only had left permanent images on the copper. These impressions are often minutely perfect, whether the coins ar\nmod000363.xml|130| determined by suspending a needle of gum-lac horizontally by a silk fibre, the needle carrying at one end a piece of electrified gold leaf. A globe in the same or opposite electrical state when presented to the gold leaf will repel or attract it, and will therefo\nmod000363.xml|130|edle carrying at one end a piece of electrified gold leaf. A globe in the same or opposite electrical state when presented to the gold leaf will repel or attract it, and will therefore cause the needle to vibrate more or less rapidly according 287 to the distance \nmod000363.xml|130|former is 25,000 times weaker than the paramagnetism of the latter. The diamagnetism of conducting substances and metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, is augmented by division. Compression has also a great effect on magnetic action. For example, a bar of soft\nmod000365.xml|130|pirits summoned up can no longer be exorcised. Gone is the euphoria. Gone the patriotic noise in the streets, the chase after the gold-colored automobile, one false telegram after another, the wells poisoned by cholera, the Russian students heaving bombs over ever\nmod000365.xml|130|of their own nation. In reality the Serbian socialists Laptchevic and Kaclerovic have not only enrolled their names in letters of gold in the annals of the international socialist movement, but have shown a clear historical conception of the real causes of the war\nmod000367.xml|130|appened to Salentum in my absence? the magnificence and splendour in which I left it have disappeared.  I see neither silver, nor gold, nor jewels; the habits of the people are plain, the buildings are smaller and more simple, the arts languish, and the city is be\nmod000367.xml|130|ssion, and that there is not a field uncultivated.\u201d \u2014 \u201cAnd which is best,\u201d replied Mentor, \u201ca superb city, abounding with marble, gold, and silver, with a steril and neglected country; or a country in a state of high cultivation, and fruitful as a garden, with a c\nmod000367.xml|130|n the other hand, what is more common than to observe decayed cities environed by barren and ill-cultivated lands? The purple and gold of Tyre during the prosperity of the Ph\u0153nicians, far from depriving the fields of their labourers, obliged that nation to colonis\nmod000367.xml|130| political economy. You would perhaps also allow children to hear the story of King Midas, whose touch converted every thing into gold.> Caroline: Is that also a lesson of political economy? I  think, Mrs. B., you have the art of converting every thing you touch i\nmod000367.xml|130|y thing you touch into that science. Mrs B.: It is not my art, but the real nature of things. The story of King Midas shows, that gold alone does not constitute wealth, and that it is valuable only as it bears a due proportion to the more immediately useful produc\nmod000367.xml|130|nd by riches in general \u2014 in what does wealth consist? Caroline: Oh, I suppose, you mean money? \u2014 I should say wealth consists in gold and silver.> Mrs B.: Consider what would be the situation of a country which possessed no other wealth than money. Do you recolle\nmod000367.xml|130|tion of a country which possessed no other wealth than money. Do you recollect in what estimation Robinson Crusoe held his bag of gold, when he was wrecked upon a desert island?> Caroline: True: but in an island which is not desert, money will purchase whatever yo\nmod000367.xml|130|e: Certainly: these are clearly the things which constitute real wealth; for unless we could procure the necessaries of life with gold and silver,  they would be of no more use to us than lead or iron.> Mrs B.: We may therefore say that wealth comprehends every ar\nmod000367.xml|130|ng riches by money, instead of observing that wealth consists in such commodities as are useful or agreeable to mankind, of which gold and silver constitute but a very small portion.> > > >CONVERSATION III. > >ON PROPERTY. > labour the origin of wealth. \u2014 legal in\nmod000367.xml|130|istained with human blood, and even that of a lamb has rarely been shed upon it. When we first traded with these people, we found gold and silver used for ploughshares, and, in general, employed promiscuously with iron. As they carried on no foreign trade, they ha\nmod000367.xml|130|work a mine. The Mexicans and Peruvians in America, though they had made some progress towards civilisation, had never sought for gold in the bowels of the earth, but contented themselves with what they could pick up in the beds of rivers. In Britain, the Cornish \nmod000367.xml|130| calculate with any degree of accuracy the quantity of rent, profit, and wages which a commodity cost, and still less that of the gold or silver for which it is sold.> Mrs B.: Nor is it necessary to enter into this calculation; it is by long experience only that t\nmod000367.xml|130|ney as a medium of exchange. \u2014 of coining. \u2014 use of money as a standard of value. \u2014 of the variation of the exchangeable value of gold and silver. \u2014 in what manner it affects the price of commodities. \u2014 of nominal and real cheapness. \u2014 what classes of people are a\nmod000367.xml|130|the price of commodities. \u2014 of nominal and real cheapness. \u2014 what classes of people are affected by the variation in the value of gold and silver. \u2014 how far money constitutes a part of the wealth of a country. \u2014 of the exportation of money. \u2014 of the means by which\nmod000367.xml|130|e very ancient, for mention is made in history of the iron coin of the Greeks, and the copper coin of the Romans. Mrs B.: Nor are gold and silver coins of modern date: but they were scarce before the discovery of the American mines. The first gold coins were struc\nmod000367.xml|130| Mrs B.: Nor are gold and silver coins of modern date: but they were scarce before the discovery of the American mines. The first gold coins were struck at Rome, about 200 years before Christ. Those of silver about 65 years earlier. Previous to that period the as,\nmod000367.xml|130|ssion, which declares that it is of a certain weight and quality. Thus the impression on a guinea signifies that it is a piece of gold of a certain fineness, weighing 107 grains nearly.> Caroline: Money must also be of great use in fixing the value of commodities;\nmod000367.xml|130|ot be possessed of 20l. in money; but his property, whether land or commodities, if sold, would bring him 20,000l. Caroline: When gold is brought into this country, pray how is it paid for? Something must be given in exchange for it; and yet that something cannot \nmod000367.xml|130|ly not. A bullion merchant would derive no advantage from a trade in which he would be employed in exchanging a certain weight of gold  and silver in one country, for a similar weight of gold and silver in another country: he would lose not only all the profits of\nmod000367.xml|130| a trade in which he would be employed in exchanging a certain weight of gold  and silver in one country, for a similar weight of gold and silver in another country: he would lose not only all the profits of trade, but the expenses of the freight, etc.; so that in\nmod000367.xml|130|rofits of trade, but the expenses of the freight, etc.; so that in fact he would be exchanging 100l. for 90l., or 95l. We pay for gold and silver in woollen cloths, hardware, calicoes, and linens, and a variety of other commodities.> Caroline: Then we purchase gol\nmod000367.xml|130|gold and silver in woollen cloths, hardware, calicoes, and linens, and a variety of other commodities. Caroline: Then we purchase gold with goods, just as we purchase goods with gold?> Mrs B.: Exactly; those who take our goods in exchange for gold bullion, buy goo\nmod000367.xml|130|icoes, and linens, and a variety of other commodities. Caroline: Then we purchase gold with goods, just as we purchase goods with gold?> Mrs B.: Exactly; those who take our goods in exchange for gold bullion, buy goods with gold; only as the gold is not coined, it\nmod000367.xml|130| Then we purchase gold with goods, just as we purchase goods with gold? Mrs B.: Exactly; those who take our goods in exchange for gold bullion, buy goods with gold; only as the gold is not coined, it may rather be called an exchange of commodities than a purchase.\nmod000367.xml|130|oods, just as we purchase goods with gold? Mrs B.: Exactly; those who take our goods in exchange for gold bullion, buy goods with gold; only as the gold is not coined, it may rather be called an exchange of commodities than a purchase.> Caroline: And if the mines \nmod000367.xml|130|urchase goods with gold? Mrs B.: Exactly; those who take our goods in exchange for gold bullion, buy goods with gold; only as the gold is not coined, it may rather be called an exchange of commodities than a purchase.> Caroline: And if the mines should prove less \nmod000367.xml|130|ommodities than a purchase. Caroline: And if the mines should prove less productive than usual, or any circumstance should render gold scarce, and thus raise its exchangeable value, we must export a greater quantity of goods to exchange for the same quantity of go\nmod000367.xml|130|ld scarce, and thus raise its exchangeable value, we must export a greater quantity of goods to exchange for the same quantity of gold?> Mrs B.: Undoubtedly. The natural value of gold bullion, like that of any other commodity, may be estimated by the labour bestow\nmod000367.xml|130|, we must export a greater quantity of goods to exchange for the same quantity of gold? Mrs B.: Undoubtedly. The natural value of gold bullion, like that of any other commodity, may be estimated by the labour bestowed upon it, both to extract  it from the mines, a\nmod000367.xml|130|and. This fluctuation, however, can be discovered only by the greater or smaller quantity of goods for which the same quantity of gold will exchange. For as gold and silver may be bought with any kind of goods, they are not susceptible of a standard of value like \nmod000367.xml|130|ver, can be discovered only by the greater or smaller quantity of goods for which the same quantity of gold will exchange. For as gold and silver may be bought with any kind of goods, they are not susceptible of a standard of value like that of other commodities w\nmod000367.xml|130|ceptible of a standard of value like that of other commodities which is estimated in one particular article \u2014 money. Caroline: As gold and silver are the standard of value of all other commodities, all other commodities, I conceive, must be affected by an alterati\nmod000367.xml|130|value of all other commodities, all other commodities, I conceive, must be affected by an alteration in the exchangeable value of gold and silver?> Mrs B.: And this is the reason why money is not an accurate standard of the value of commodities: for if money by it\nmod000367.xml|130|eficiency of any article raises its exchangeable value, and consequently its price, above its natural value; thus a deficiency of gold or silver would make a smaller quantity exchange for the same quantity of goods as before; and therefore a loaf of bread would se\nmod000367.xml|130| banknote, which has no intrinsic value, is simply a sign of value; but when you purchase goods for a guinea, you give a piece of gold of equivalent value in exchange.> In order to judge whether money forms any part of the wealth of a nation, let us refer to our d\nmod000367.xml|130|etals imported from America to Europe, have carried into effect the absurd restrictive laws by which they attempted to keep their gold and silver at home, those metals would  eventually have become of little more value to them than lead and copper.> If you have un\nmod000367.xml|130|will bring money in payment; for they will be willing to make purchases, but not sales at a cheap market. Mrs B.: It is thus that gold and silver are diffused throughout all parts of the civilised world, wherever there is a deficiency, it flows in from every quart\nmod000367.xml|130| of exchange, it would be totally unfit for a standard.   CONVERSATION XVII.  Subject of MONEY continued.  of the depreciation of gold and silver. \u2014 of the adulteration and depreciation of coined money.\u2014of banks.\u2014of paper money.\u2014effects of paper money when not pay\nmod000367.xml|130|here will be no change in the value of money, and commodities will continue to be bought and sold at their former prices. If less gold and silver be extracted than is requisite for these purposes, goods will fall in price; and if, on the contrary, a greater quanti\nmod000367.xml|130|he variations of the scale by which their value is measured. Dr. Adam Smith was of opinion that for many years past the supply of gold and silver did not exceed the demand; but several later writers conceive that he was mistaken on this point. I am very far from b\nmod000367.xml|130| present times. Mrs B.: As the wealth of the Romans arose in a great measure from the spoliation of the countries they conquered, gold and silver formed an essential part of their plunder; specie, therefore, might possibly be of less value there than in other part\nmod000367.xml|130|ghed a pound, of 12 ounces. Philip the First adulterated it with one-third of alloy. Philip of Valois practised the same fraud on gold coin, and it has been repeated by successive  sovereigns till the depreciation of the French livre is even greater than that of o\nmod000367.xml|130|n; what a  saving of expense! The establishment of a bank of paper-money appears to me very similar to the discovery of a mine of gold in the country: or indeed the bank has even some advantages over the mine, for it is certain of being productive, and yet it is a\nmod000367.xml|130| currency in order to fill up the void. Thus, you see that it is an expensive luxury for a country to maintain twenty millions of gold in circulation.> Caroline: I am only surprised that facts like these should not have given rise to paper-money long before the  p\nmod000367.xml|130|y in this species of bank; whilst those which issue bank-notes, by the substitution of a cheap circulating medium, render that of gold and silver superfluous, and enable it to be sent abroad to purchase foreign commodities.> Mrs B.: And, should foreign countries a\nmod000367.xml|130|wever great. In short, it seems to have discovered the philosopher\u2019s stone; for, though it may not have found the means of making gold, it possessed a substitute which answered the purpose equally well.> Mrs B.: Excepting, that, having no intrinsic value, it canno\nmod000367.xml|130|evolutions of Europe, a more than usual quantity of currency necessary. Caroline: But was it not during the late war that all our gold coin disappeared, and was supposed to be melted down or exported? And was there not a general rise in the price of provisions and\nmod000367.xml|130|. But the strongest argument in favour of a depreciation  of the currency is, that guineas no longer passed for the same value as gold bullion, which is the natural standard of the value of coined money.> Caroline: Has the gold then been adulterated, and an ounce \nmod000367.xml|130|o longer passed for the same value as gold bullion, which is the natural standard of the value of coined money. Caroline: Has the gold then been adulterated, and an ounce of gold coined into more than 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd.?> Mrs B.: No; but gold bullion partook of the ge\nmod000367.xml|130|ullion, which is the natural standard of the value of coined money. Caroline: Has the gold then been adulterated, and an ounce of gold coined into more than 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd.?> Mrs B.: No; but gold bullion partook of the general rise of commodities, and, instead of s\nmod000367.xml|130|d money. Caroline: Has the gold then been adulterated, and an ounce of gold coined into more than 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd.? Mrs B.: No; but gold bullion partook of the general rise of commodities, and, instead of selling for 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd., it sold for above 4l., and even o\nmod000367.xml|130|But why did not guineas rise in the same proportion? I cannot conceive how they can be less valuable than a similar weight of the gold of which they are made.> Mrs B.: The coined and the uncoined gold, it is true, remained in reality of the same value, but as it i\nmod000367.xml|130|ceive how they can be less valuable than a similar weight of the gold of which they are made. Mrs B.: The coined and the uncoined gold, it is true, remained in reality of the same value, but as it is not lawful to pass a guinea for more than a poundnote and a shil\nmod000367.xml|130|were compelled to share the fate of the paper-currency; and if that was depreciated, all the coined money of the country, whether gold or silver, must have been so likewise.> Caroline: Then, if it had not been illegal, every one would have melted his depreciated g\nmod000367.xml|130|ine: Then, if it had not been illegal, every one would have melted his depreciated guineas and shillings, and converted them into gold and silver bullion?> Mrs B.: Certainly. It is this which caused our specie to disappear, and transported it to foreign countries,\nmod000367.xml|130|cause it was dear; and sent our money to purchase goods at foreign markets, because they were cheap. Caroline: But if an ounce of gold rises in price from 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd. to 5l., is it not rather the value of the bullion that has risen than the currency that has fa\nmod000367.xml|130|s for these bills raises their price, for they find it answer to give something more than the amount of the bill rather than send gold to Russia to pay for their hemp and tallow. The sum thus given for a bill above its amount is called a premium, and our exchange \nmod000367.xml|130| as the exports or imports prevail. But our exchange with Russia, I suppose, can never fall below what it would cost to transport gold to Russia; for as it is obtional with our merchants to pay either in bills or money, if the premium on the bill were greater than\nmod000367.xml|130|an the expense of sending money, they would prefer the latter mode of payment. Mrs B.: Undoubtedly; and as the expense of sending gold to different countries varies according to the distance, and to the facility or difficulty of our intercourse with them, a favour\nmod000367.xml|130|e: But the premium given for bills of exchange,  after all, does not supersede the necessity of our paying the balance of debt in gold; it merely removes the difficulty from one individual to another: for those merchants who finally cannot obtain bills must transm\nmod000367.xml|130|ods only to a trifling amount. The exchange would, in this case, be so unfavourable as to reduce us to the necessity of exporting gold in payment for the excess of imports, did not the bill-merchants come to our assistance. This useful class of men buy up the surp\nmod000367.xml|130|ept with such countries as, having mines of their own, may be said to produce money. If Spain and Portugal were to retain all the gold and silver which they derive from their mines, it would fall so much in value in those countries, that no laws could prevent its \nmod000367.xml|130| Spanish or Portuguese merchant could export in payment for the goods imported; and, indeed, we find that they supply Europe with gold and silver, in the same manner as we supply it with the produce of our West-Indian colonies, coffee and sugar. We have, in a form\nmod000367.xml|130|emarkably unfavourable to our exportations, the balance of foreign debt was very much against us, and the expense of transmitting gold considerably increased; so far the exchange may be said to have been really unfavourable. It is probable that both these causes c\nmod000367.xml|130|more money we receive for our work, the richer we must be. Caroline: Not if we export the fruits of their labour and receive only gold in return: for the poor are maintained not by the act of labour, but by its produce; and if all that produce were exported, and n\nmod000367.xml|130| for the poor are maintained not by the act of labour, but by its produce; and if all that produce were exported, and nothing but gold received in exchange, we should be much in the situation of King Midas, who was starved because every thing he touched was conver\nmod000367.xml|130| in exchange, we should be much in the situation of King Midas, who was starved because every thing he touched was converted into gold.> But do not the bill-merchants prevent this importation of gold, by transferring the bills of exchange from one country to anoth\nmod000367.xml|130|who was starved because every thing he touched was converted into gold. But do not the bill-merchants prevent this importation of gold, by transferring the bills of exchange from one country to another? for if our balance of trade is favourable with one country, i\nmod000367.xml|130| debt, but as a commodity for which there is a demand. This demand will always take place in thriving countries, not only because gold and silver bullion are wanted by jewellers and silversmiths for the purposes of luxury: but also because, as the saleable produce\nmod000367.xml|130|ops in those countries: so much does war reverse the natural order of things. Instead of exporting our manufactures to bring back gold, we were obliged to drain our circulation to send money in order to support our troops, whilst our manufacturers were either star\nmod000367.xml|130|e either starving, or became members of that very army which caused their ruin. Caroline: But if Spain, from the abundance of her gold and silver, imports such large quantities of manufactured goods, is it not a check to her industry at home?> Mrs B.: It certainly\nmod000367.xml|130| check to her industry at home? Mrs B.: It certainly is; though not so much as you would imagine, because she does not obtain the gold and silver of America free of cost; she obtains it partly  in the form of a tax imposed by the mother-country, or rent for the ro\nmod000367.xml|130| manufactured in Spain or Portugal. A Spanish merchant having imported goods from England and sent them to America, receives back gold and silver in payment, which are transmitted to England, if wanted there, Spain and Portugal being the entrep\u00f4t, in consequence o\nmod000367.xml|130|smitted to England, if wanted there, Spain and Portugal being the entrep\u00f4t, in consequence of the strict regulations by which the gold and silver are compelled to be brought to the mother-country.> The want of industry in Spain, though it proceeds in a great measu\nmod000367.xml|130|ecious metals has produced. In Townsend\u2019s Travels in Spain, which abound with philosophical observations, it is stated, \u201cthat the gold and silver of America, instead of animating the country and promoting industry, instead of giving life and vigour to the whole co\nmod000368.xml|130|ilosophy which made her scorn wealth; then she was deemed to be like a crazy woman; the most indecent made herself respected with gold; commerce in women was a kind of industry in the first class (of society), which, henceforth, will have no more credit. If it sti\nmod000370.xml|130|raged her to despise riches: she was then reduced to being considered awkward. The most indecent woman became respectable through gold; the commerce of women was a sort of trade that was accepted in the highest circles which, from now on, will have no credit. If i\nmod000374.xml|130| receive a currency which can be contracted or expanded ad libitum, these paper issues must be at a considerable discount against gold and silver. The discount will be the greater the more such a state imports from abroad, and the less it has to export in return.>\nmod000374.xml|130|estions are to be answered: firstly, how is the counterfeiting of drafts to be prevented? and secondly, how the counterfeiting of gold and silver? I am the more inclined to reply to these questions, since I can thus illustrate how that which is deemed impossible i\nmod000376.xml|130|count for; and their \"elementary\" character is merely fictional. It probably is in fact as absurd to speak of pure carbon or pure gold, as of a pure monkey or a pure dog. There are no such things, except as they may be arrived at by arbitrary definition and the me\nmod000379.xml|130|world, except for the sake of money, itself not excluded.  It knows no bliss save that of rapid gain, no pain save that of losing gold. {276}  In the presence of this avarice and lust of gain, it is not possible for a single human sentiment or opinion to remain un\nmod000379.xml|130|eon gave to English industry and commerce all the elbow-room they had asked for.  The discovery of the Californian and Australian gold-fields followed in rapid succession.  The Colonial markets developed at an increasing rate their capacity for absorbing English m\nmod000083.xml|130|cultivated peace and kept them in all quietness. Hence the tyranny of Pisistratus was often spoken of proverbially as 'the age of gold'; for when his sons succeeded him the government > became much harsher. But most important of all in this respect was his popular\nmod000083.xml|130|s of Games, and they again to the victorious competitors. The prizes for the victors in the musical contest consist of silver and gold, for the victors in manly vigour, of shields, and for the victors in the gymnastic contest and the horse-race, of oil.> > > >Part\nmod000088.xml|130|e Nine Archons used to make affirmation on oath at the Stone2 that if they transgressed any one of the laws they would dedicate a gold statue of a man; owing to which they are even now still sworn in with this oath. [2] And he fixed the laws to stay unaltered for \nmod000088.xml|130| the Directors of the Games and these to the victorious competitors. For the prizes are for the victors in music silver money and gold vessels, for those in manly beauty shields, and for those in the gymnastic contest and the horse-race olive-oil.> > > > > > They \nmod000197.xml|130|m is revenue from agriculture, which some call tithe and some produce-tax. The second is that from special products; in one place gold, in another silver, in another copper, and so on. Third in importance is revenue from markets, and fourth that which arises from \nmod000197.xml|130|others taking from what was then left. The people of Ephesus, being in need of funds, passed a law forbidding their women to wear gold, and ordering them to lend the State what gold they had in their possession.> They also offered to any citizen who was willing to\nmod000197.xml|130|le of Ephesus, being in need of funds, passed a law forbidding their women to wear gold, and ordering them to lend the State what gold they had in their possession.> They also offered to any citizen who was willing to pay a fixed sum the right of having his name i\nmod000197.xml|130|went on, the women again appeared with precious ornaments. Dionysius thereupon issued a decree that any woman who desired to wear gold should make an offering of a fixed amount in the temple.> Intending to build a fleet of triremes, Dionysius knew that he should r\nmod000197.xml|130|t been brought in. He also made a raid on Tyrrhenia with a hundred ships, and rifled the temple of Leucothea of a large amount of gold and silver, besides a quantity of works of art. But being aware that his sailors too had taken much plunder, he made proclamation\nmod000197.xml|130|es of gain. Again, when Taos was on the point of setting out from Egypt, Chabrias advised him to make requisition of all uncoined gold and silver in the possession of the inhabitants; and when most of them complied, he bade the king make use of the bullion, and re\nmod000197.xml|130|les for this unprovoked aggression; and gave orders for a battue. The priests, to save the credit of their god, collected all the gold they could, and succeeded in putting an end to the pursuit.> King Alexander had given Cleomenes command to establish a town near \nmod000197.xml|130|ere alike useless; wherefore let them depart from his country. When Dionysius was making a tour of the temples, wherever he saw a gold or silver table set, he bade them fill a cup \"in honor of the good spirit,\"> and then had the table carried away. Wherever, again\nmod000197.xml|130|law upon expenditure, dress, and ornament;and remembering that beauty depends not on costliness of raiment, nor does abundance of gold so conduce to the praise of a woman as self-control in all that she does, and her inclination towards an honorable and well-order\nmod000197.xml|130| B.C. For its fame see Acts 19. Portions of the sculptured pillars are to be seen in the British Museum. The stater was a Persian gold coin worth 20 drachmae. (See 3.) > >See 3.> >Or: \"that citizens should sell to the state what slaves they possessed . . . as the \nmod000203.xml|130|nce certain similar devices, such as toads, fleurs-de-lys, sacred vessels, and Symbols have their place. standards with flames of gold.38 However that may be, I do not wish, for my part, to be incredulous, since neither we nor our ancestors have had any occasion u\nmod000203.xml|130|ier forms it has other elements besides petals, such as arrow tips, spikes, and even bees and toads. The oriflamme or standard of gold was also adopted by French royalty. Originally it belonged to the Abbey of St. Denis and had a red background, dotted with stars \nmod000331.xml|130|d all swore to abide by them; and the nine archons, [13]swearing beside the stone, declared that they would make an offering of a gold statue if they transgressed any of the laws; hence it is that they so swear even to this day. And he ratified the laws for a hund\nmod000331.xml|130|aws, and that they will not take bribes in connection with their office, and if they should they will make a votive offering of a gold statue. After this oath they walk to the Acropolis, and take it again in the same terms there, and after this they enter upon the\nmod000331.xml|130| of games, and they again to the victorious competitors. Now for the victors in the musical contests the prizes are of silver and gold, in those for manliness spears, and for the gymnastic games and horse-races olive-oil.> > > CHAP. LXI.: Election by vote to all o\nmod000332.xml|130|an only fall to the lot of the lucky few. However, the boundary line that singles out, for example,  what is an elephant, an oak, gold, and the line between the genus and the 140 species itself pass through many stages into the endless particularization of the cha\nmod000332.xml|130|n that the question itself is ill-posed because it is impossible to deceive a people about this matter. Putting brass in place of gold and offering counterfeit instead of genuine coins may well have swindled individuals many a time; many people have been led to be\nmod000380.xml|130|shape the ideas which in Scandinavia go by the name of \u201cthe new immorality.\u201d Thus from one country to another fly the shuttles of gold and shuttles of steel, drawing the fine and many-coloured woof of contemporary consciousness through thread after thread of the s\nmod000380.xml|130|ulation will be renewed daily in moods the transitions of which are as imperceptible as those of the evening sky from the reddest gold to the purest white; in the border lines of sympathy and antipathy, now fine as a straw, now broad as a river. It will be renewed\nmod000380.xml|130|at of parfiler, which was the rage in the eighteenth century, and which consisted in drawing the threads out of worn-out cloth of gold. The feelings are torn up, ripped open, tied together; tangled, disentangled, and wound up. But feelings are roots, not threads\u2014n\nmod000380.xml|130|elings are torn up, ripped open, tied together; tangled, disentangled, and wound up. But feelings are roots, not threads\u2014not even gold threads. It is in the great, wholesome realities of life that the creative force of love, like that of art, finds the productive \nmod000380.xml|130|rs. Our conceptions are forged from the true or false metal of our moods and become in turn the implements by which the bronze or gold of moods is wrought. All sanctity, all self-culture rest upon man\u2019s power of diverting certain thoughts, suppressing certain conc\nmod000382.xml|130|er, found it therefore often wisest to give her consent to an acceptable suitor. Only the one whose dowry was valued at a \u201cton of gold\u201d\u2014or who also was a celebrated beauty\u2014could run the risk of declining a courtship; yes, she could permit herself to occasion it on\nmod000383.xml|130|habitants had been so materially prosperous; and to the fellahin especially it had come to be spoken of as, for them, the \"age of gold.\" Isma\u00efl, when in 1860 he succeeded to the Viceroyalty, was without question the richest of Mohammedan princes and master of the \nmod000383.xml|130|Akabah, which is fringed in places with coral reefs, we had stopped to examine these and to admire the wonderful colours, purple, gold, and vermilion, of the innumerable little fishes which live in them. I was standing thus at the sea's edge, my gun, which I alway\nmod000383.xml|130| sheykhs on the condition prescribed of a general peace between the tribes, and I left with him a bag containing 400 Napoleons in gold, which he considered would be a sufficient sum to obtain what we required. Bribery was so much a matter of course in dealing with\nmod000383.xml|130| by Lord Granville to sound me. . . . I have told Glyns (my bankers, Messrs. Glyn, Mills, and Currie) to get me \u00a31, 000 in French gold, the sinews of war. I feel very loath to go, but happy, being sure that I am doing what is right. . . . Sabunji will go too. . . \nmod000383.xml|130|limax, \"Captain Gill has just come, and placed twenty thousand pounds at my disposal for the Arabs. \" The rest is a mere dream of gold and glory. August 6, \"Suez . . . I start to-morrow for a few days in the desert to buy camels. Captain Gill and the Admiral's Fla\nmod000383.xml|130|\u00a3260 left, after paying all expenses of my journey, etc. , in hard money in my despatch box, and to-day twenty thousand pounds in gold were brought by ship and paid into my account here! I have carte blanche to do everything. I give passes to the sentries. If I se\nmod000383.xml|130|postulated.  The party, however, was foredoomed to disaster. The Bedouin escort, men of the Haiwat and Howeytat, got scent of the gold they were carrying, and were determined to be beforehand with the Teyyaha, for whom it was intended\u2014the Egyptian governor of Nakh\nmod000383.xml|130|ong to the Canal at his disposal. August 5th: Gill goes down the Canal with another officer to Suez, taking with them \u00a320, 000 in gold for Palmer. They stop at Isma\u00eflia, and he sees there Mr. Pickard, with whom he discusses the best route to choose for cutting the\nmod000383.xml|130|y Yusuf, who complained freely of the scurvy treatment he had received for his services. \u00a31, 000 indeed had been paid him down in gold before the battle, but a further promise of \u00a310, 000 had never been kept to him, nor did he succeed in obtaining more from the Go\nmod000383.xml|130|ers to go in three days to Tel-el-Kebir to arrest Ali Yusuf when the collapse came. Arabi was betrayed by all about him, some for gold, others for jealousy. Mahmud Sami was jealous of Arabi, and spoilt the second battle of Kassassin because he was not in chief com\nmod000383.xml|130|hey lie slaughtered those poor sheep whose foldIn the gray twilight of our wrath we harriedTo serve the worshippers of stocks and gold? > This fails. That finds its hour. This fights. That falters. Greece is stamped out beneath a Wolseley's heels. Or Egypt is aven\nmod000383.xml|130|ave a thing to say. But how to say it? How shall I tell the mystery of guile\u2014The fraud that fought\u2014the treason that disbanded\u2014The gold that slew the children of the Nile? > The ways of violence are hard to reckon, And men of right grow feeble in their will, And Vi\nmod000385.xml|130|lack and white, would easily have chosen the latter. It was rather a choice between suffrage and slavery, after endless blood and gold had flowed to sweep human bondage away. Not a single Southern legislature stood ready to admit a Negro, under any conditions, to \nmod000385.xml|130|he has cruelly wronged and is still wronging. The North\u2014her co-partner in guilt\u2014cannot salve her conscience by plastering it with gold. We cannot settle this problem by diplomacy and suaveness, by \u201cpolicy\u201d alone. If worse come to worst, can the moral fibre of this\nmod000385.xml|130|e Burkes,\u2014two brown and yellow lads, and a tiny haughty-eyed girl. Fat Reuben\u2019s little chubby girl came, with golden face and old-gold hair, faithful and solemn. \u2019Thenie was on hand early,\u2014a jolly, ugly, good-hearted girl, who slyly dipped snuff and looked after h\nmod000385.xml|130|ot men of the sturdier make; they of Atlanta turned resolutely toward the future; and that future held aloft vistas of purple and gold:\u2014Atlanta, Queen of the cotton kingdom; Atlanta, Gateway to the Land of the Sun; Atlanta, the new Lachesis, spinner of web and woo\nmod000385.xml|130|le,\u2014how swarthy Atalanta, tall and wild, would marry only him who out-raced her; and how the wily Hippomenes laid three apples of gold in the way. She fled like a shadow, paused, startled over the first apple, but even as he stretched his hand, fled again; hovered\nmod000385.xml|130| cursed. If Atlanta be not named for Atalanta, she ought to have been. Atalanta is not the first or the last maiden whom greed of gold has led to defile the temple of Love; and not maids alone, but men in the race of life, sink from the high and generous ideals of\nmod000385.xml|130|ay? So common is this that one-half think it normal; so unquestioned, that we almost fear to question if the end of racing is not gold, if the aim of man is not rightly to be rich. And if this is the fault of America, how dire a danger lies before a new land and a\nmod000385.xml|130|ch. And if this is the fault of America, how dire a danger lies before a new land and a new city, lest Atlanta, stooping for mere gold, shall find that gold accursed!> It was no maiden\u2019s idle whim that started this hard racing; a fearful wilderness lay about the f\nmod000385.xml|130| fault of America, how dire a danger lies before a new land and a new city, lest Atlanta, stooping for mere gold, shall find that gold accursed!> It was no maiden\u2019s idle whim that started this hard racing; a fearful wilderness lay about the feet of that city after\nmod000385.xml|130|ough sour wood and sullen water, and by the red waste of sun-baked clay! How fleet must Atalanta be if she will not be tempted by gold to profane the Sanctuary!> The Sanctuary of our fathers has, to be sure, few Gods,\u2014some sneer, \u201call too few.\u201d There is the thrift\nmod000385.xml|130|f patrician, knight, and noble; forgot his honor with his foibles, his kindliness with his carelessness, and stooped to apples of gold,\u2014to men busier and sharper, thriftier and more unscrupulous. Golden apples are beautiful\u2014I remember the lawless days of boyhood, \nmod000385.xml|130|thriftier and more unscrupulous. Golden apples are beautiful\u2014I remember the lawless days of boyhood, when orchards in crimson and gold tempted me over fence and field\u2014and, too, the merchant who has dethroned the planter is no despicable parvenu. Work and wealth ar\nmod000385.xml|130|ger is that these ideals, with their simple beauty and weird inspiration, will suddenly sink to a question of cash and a lust for gold. Here stands this black young Atalanta, girding herself for the race that must be run; and if her eyes be still toward the hills \nmod000385.xml|130|which, despite the jeers of latter-day striplings, sprung from our fathers\u2019 blood, must that too degenerate into a dusty quest of gold,\u2014into lawless lust with Hippomenes?> The hundred hills of Atlanta are not all crowned with factories. On one, toward the west, th\nmod000385.xml|130| They alone can bear the maiden past the temptation of golden fruit. They will not guide her flying feet away from the cotton and gold; for\u2014ah, thoughtful Hippomenes!\u2014do not the apples lie in the very Way of Life? But they will guide her over and beyond them, and \nmod000385.xml|130|t a man. And to make men, we must have ideals, broad, pure, and inspiring ends of living,\u2014not sordid money-getting, not apples of gold. The worker must work for the glory of his handiwork, not simply for pay; the thinker must think for truth, not for fame. And all\nmod000385.xml|130|storic ground. Right across our track, three hundred and sixty years ago, wandered the cavalcade of Hernando de Soto, looking for gold and the Great Sea; and he and his foot-sore captives disappeared yonder in the grim forests to the west. Here sits Atlanta, the c\nmod000385.xml|130| half-formed word, and as its eyes caught the gleam and flash of life. How beautiful he was, with his olive-tinted flesh and dark gold ringlets, his eyes of mingled blue and brown, his perfect little limbs, and the soft voluptuous roll which the blood of Africa ha\nmod000385.xml|130| at the hot red soil of Georgia and the breathless city of a hundred hills, and felt a vague unrest. Why was his hair tinted with gold? An evil omen was golden hair in my life. Why had not the brown of his eyes crushed out and killed the blue?\u2014for brown were his f\nmod000385.xml|130|It did not wholly fade away, but diffused itself and lingered thick at the edges. Through it the child now first saw the blue and gold of life,\u2014the sun-swept road that ran \u2019twixt heaven and earth until in one far-off wan wavering line they met and kissed. A vision\nmod000385.xml|130|ath. The great brown sea lay silent. The air scarce breathed. The dying day bathed the twisted oaks and mighty pines in black and gold. There came from the wind no warning, not a whisper from the cloudless sky. There was only a black man hurrying on with an ache i\nmod000387.xml|130|om the front, and passes in triumphant review before the leaders of the Revolution. At their feet lie the crowns of kings and the gold of the bankers. Ships draped with flags are seen carrying workers from the west. The workers of the whole world, with the emblems\nmod000387.xml|130|ciety. Intelligence modifies profoundly the operation of material conditions. When America was first discovered, men only desired gold and silver; consequently the portions first settled were not those that are now most profitable. The Bessemer process created the\nmod000389.xml|130|her in the North. Virginia received the first English colony; the emigrants took possession of it in 1607. The idea that mines of gold and silver are the sources of national wealth was at that time singularly prevalent in Europe; a fatal delusion, which has done m\nmod000389.xml|130|t, and has cost more lives in America, than the united influence of war and bad laws. The men sent to Virginia *a were seekers of gold, adventurers, without resources and without character, whose turbulent and restless spirit endangered the infant colony, *b and r\nmod000389.xml|130|el of a private citizen. A democracy may, however, allow a certain show of magisterial pomp, and clothe its officers in silks and gold, without seriously compromising its principles. Privileges of this kind are transitory; they belong to the place, and are distinc\nmod000389.xml|130|dice repulses them from that office. The same schools do not receive the child of the black and of the European. In the theatres, gold cannot procure a seat for the servile race beside their former masters; in the hospitals they lie apart; and although they are al\nmod000389.xml|130|any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque or Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of C\nmod000389.xml|130| England in 1609 stipulated, amongst other conditions, that the adventurers should pay to the Crown a fifth of the produce of all gold and silver mines. See Marshall's \"Life of Washington,\" vol. i. pp. 18-66.] [Footnote b: A large portion of the adventurers, says \nmod000391.xml|130|ot one of national reputation earned that reputation in a woman suffrage state. The National Institute of Social Science awards a gold medal for distinction in social service. Men like William H. Taft and Charles W. Eliot have been thus decorated. Miss Jane Addams\nmod000394.xml|130|f this universal practice. But, suppose now that you were the legislator, the absolute king of a vast empire, where there were no gold mines.> B. No unpleasant fiction.> F. Suppose, again, that you were perfectly convinced of this,\u2014that wealth consists solely and \nmod000394.xml|130|to our gratitude. The fact of its being accomplished, proves that it is a good thing. B. But Bacon's axiom is true in the case of gold and silver. If we admit that at a certain moment there exists in the world a given quantity, it is perfectly clear that one purse\nmod000394.xml|130|sts in the world a given quantity, it is perfectly clear that one purse cannot be filled without another being emptied. F. And if gold is considered to be riches, the natural conclusion is, that displacements of fortune take place among men, but no general progres\nmod000394.xml|130|tate the transmission of these useful things from one to another, which may be done equally well with an ounce of rare metal like gold, with a pound of more abundant material as silver, or with a hundredweight of still more abundant metal, as copper. According to \nmod000394.xml|130|do not believe that, on the whole, they will add much to the enjoyments, to the real satisfactions of mankind. If the Californian gold merely replaces in the world that which has been lost and destroyed, it may have its use. If it increases the amount of cash, it \nmod000394.xml|130|world that which has been lost and destroyed, it may have its use. If it increases the amount of cash, it will depreciate it. The gold diggers will be richer than they would have been without it. But those in whose possession the gold is at the moment of its depre\nmod000394.xml|130|h, it will depreciate it. The gold diggers will be richer than they would have been without it. But those in whose possession the gold is at the moment of its depreciation, will obtain a smaller gratification for the same amount. I cannot look upon this as an incr\nmod000394.xml|130|but, in the two suppositions that you have made, the increase is real, and you must allow that I am right. F. To a certain point, gold and silver have a value. To obtain this, men consent to give useful things which have a value also. When, therefore, there are mi\nmod000394.xml|130|seful things which have a value also. When, therefore, there are mines in a country, if that country obtains from them sufficient gold to purchase a useful thing from abroad\u2014a locomotive, for instance\u2014it enriches itself with all the enjoyments which a locomotive c\nmod000394.xml|130| home. The question is, whether it spends more efforts in the former proceeding than in the latter? For if it did not export this gold, it would depreciate, and something worse would happen than what you see in California, for there, at least, the precious metals \nmod000394.xml|130|cious metals are used to buy useful things made elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is still a danger that they may starve on heaps of gold. What would it be if the law prohibited exportation? As to the second supposition\u2014that of the gold which we obtain by trade; it i\nmod000394.xml|130|at they may starve on heaps of gold. What would it be if the law prohibited exportation? As to the second supposition\u2014that of the gold which we obtain by trade; it is an advantage, or the reverse, according as the country stands more or less in need of it, compare\nmod000394.xml|130|is not for the law to judge of this, but for those who are concerned in it; for if the law should start upon this principle, that gold is preferable to useful things, whatever may be their value, and if it should act effectually in this sense, it would tend to mak\nmod000394.xml|130|here would be a great deal of cash to spend, and nothing to buy. It is the very same system which is represented by Midas. B. The gold which is imported implies that a useful thing is exported, and in this respect there is a satisfaction withdrawn from the country\nmod000394.xml|130|d in this respect there is a satisfaction withdrawn from the country. But is there not a corresponding benefit? And will not this gold be the source of a number of new satisfactions, by circulating from hand to hand, and inciting to labour and industry, until at l\nmod000394.xml|130|pictures. You should begin, then, by proving that all these things create themselves; you must suppose the Mint melting ingots of gold which have fallen from the moon; or that the Board of Assignats be put in action at the national printing office; for you cannot \nmod000394.xml|130|red for each exchange, just as the players required more counters for each deposit. You have the proof of this in what passes for gold, silver, and copper. Why does the same exchange require more copper than silver, more silver than gold? Is it not because these m\nmod000394.xml|130|of this in what passes for gold, silver, and copper. Why does the same exchange require more copper than silver, more silver than gold? Is it not because these metals are distributed in the world in different proportions? What reason have you to suppose that if go\nmod000394.xml|130|ld? Is it not because these metals are distributed in the world in different proportions? What reason have you to suppose that if gold were suddenly to become as abundant as silver, it would not require as much of one as of the other to buy a house?> B. You may be\nmod000394.xml|130|ave found some consolation in thinking that there was an easy method of making all the members of the community happy. F. Even if gold and silver were true riches, it would be no easy matter to increase the amount of them in a country where there are no mines.> B.\nmod000394.xml|130|e amount of them in a country where there are no mines. B. No, but it is easy to substitute something else. I agree with you that gold and silver can do but little service, except as a mere means of exchange. It is the same with paper money, bank-notes, and c. The\nmod000394.xml|130|uits by a very mild deception. Why, then, refuse the philosopher's stone, which would teach us the secret of changing flints into gold, and, in the mean time, into paper money? Are you so blindly wedded to your logic, that you would refuse to try an experiment whe\nmod000394.xml|130|t of the reality. A measure of length, size, surface, is a quantity agreed upon, and unchangeable. It is not so with the value of gold and silver. This varies as much as that of corn, wine, cloth, or labour, and from the same causes, for it has the same source and\nmod000394.xml|130|buted by language to the other productions for which it is exchanged. Thus, let us suppose that all the circumstances relative to gold remain the same, and that the corn harvest has failed. The price of corn will rise. It will be said, \"The quarter of corn, which \nmod000394.xml|130| us reverse the supposition: let us suppose that all the circumstances relative to corn remain the same, and that half of all the gold in existence is swallowed up; this time it is the price of gold which will rise. It would seem that we ought to say,\u2014\"This Napole\nmod000394.xml|130|tances relative to corn remain the same, and that half of all the gold in existence is swallowed up; this time it is the price of gold which will rise. It would seem that we ought to say,\u2014\"This Napoleon, which was worth twenty francs, is now worth forty.\" Now, do \nmod000399.xml|130|d?\" he would go on. \"You don't let people own the air. And these bricks and timber you mustn't touch, the mortar you need and the gold you need\u2014they all came out of the ground\u2014they all belonged to everybody or nobody a little while ago!\"> You would say something i\nmod000400.xml|130|rose above a hunting nomadic Neolithic life. They never discovered the use of iron, and their chief metal possessions were native gold and copper. But in Mexico, Yucatan and Peru conditions existed favourable to settled cultivation, and here about 1000 B.C. or so \nmod000400.xml|130|RA PYRAMIDS The Pyramid to the right, the step Pyramid, is the oldest stone building in the world Photo: F. Boyer Bronze, copper, gold, silver and, as a precious rarity, meteoric iron were known in both Sumeria and Egypt at a very early stage.> >VIEW FROM THE SUMM\nmod000400.xml|130|r it. They managed their small occasional trades by barter. The princes and rulers who alone had more than a few possessions used gold and silver bars and precious stones for any incidental act of trade. The temple dominated life; in Sumeria it was a great towerin\nmod000400.xml|130|n and beautifully coloured, but glass things were usually small. There was no clear glass and no optical use of glass. People had gold stoppings in their teeth but no spectacles on their noses.> One odd contrast between the life of old Thebes or Babylon and modern\nmod000400.xml|130|fight. You on the other hand have now attained the utmost skill in war .... No other nations in the world have what they possess: gold, silver, bronze, embroidered garments, beasts and slaves. All this you might have for yourselves, if you so desired.\u201d> THE TEMPLE\nmod000400.xml|130|e was \u201cthe philosopher\u2019s stone\u201d\u2014a means of changing the metallic elements one into another and so getting a control of artificial gold, and the other was the elixir vit\u0153, a stimulant that would revivify age and prolong life indefinitely. The crabbed patient experi\nmod000400.xml|130|e first of the experimental philosophers. The old alchemists sought the philosopher\u2019s stone which was to transmute base metals to gold, and an elixir of immortality; they found the methods of modern experimental science which promise in the end to give man illimit\nmod000400.xml|130| Museum) The three Polos started by way of Palestine and not by the Crimea, as in their previous expedition. They had with them a gold tablet and other indications from the Great Khan that must have greatly facilitated their journey. The Great Khan had asked for s\nmod000400.xml|130|travellers,\u201d and \u201cfine vineyards, fields, and gardens,\u201d of \u201cmany abbeys\u201d of Buddhist monks, of manufactures of \u201ccloth of silk and gold and many fine taffetas,\u201d a \u201cconstant succession of cities and boroughs,\u201d and so on, first roused the incredulity and then fired t\nmod000400.xml|130|e defeated by the Mongol bowmen, and also of the Mongol conquest of Pegu. He told of Japan, and greatly exaggerated the amount of gold in that country. For three years Marco ruled the city of Yang-chow as governor, and he probably impressed the Chinese inhabitants\nmod000400.xml|130| which was really a new continent, whose distinct existence the old world had never hitherto suspected. He returned to Spain with gold, cotton, strange beasts and birds, and two wild- eyed painted Indians to be baptized. They were called Indians because, to the en\nmod000400.xml|130|ling with communities at a very much lower level of productive activity, found a new inducement for persistence in the search for gold and silver. Particularly did the mines of Spanish America yield silver. The Europeans had to go to America not simply as armed me\nmod000400.xml|130| to the kingdom. The Australian settlements developed slowly until in 1842 the discovery of valuable copper mines, and in 1851 of gold, gave them a new importance. Improvements in transport were also making Australian wool an increasingly marketable commodity in E\nmod000400.xml|130|ropean market. Hitherto the chief commodities that had attracted the European powers into unsettled and barbaric regions had been gold or other metals, spices, ivory, or slaves. But in the latter quarter of the nineteenth century the increase of the European popul\nmod000410.xml|130|er of revolutionary power to be massacred, would allow all the evil passions and barbarities excited by corruption and capitalist gold to overflow. It is thus necessary that the proletarian vanguard organize materially and spiritually this indolent and slow majori\nmod000413.xml|130| to make hydrogen cause an acid to act on zinc, I formulate a rule which succeeds; I could have said, make distilled water act on gold; that also would have been a rule, only it would not have succeeded. If, therefore, scientific 'recipes' have a value, as rule of\nmod000413.xml|130|uld it get its value? Because it is 'lived,' that is, because we love it and believe in it? The alchemists had recipes for making gold, they loved them and had faith in them, and yet our recipes are the good ones, although our faith be less lively, because they su\nmod000413.xml|130|ine from which humbler investigators will excavate their materials.\" Brilliant was his appreciation of Poincar\u00e9 in presenting the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. The three others most akin in genius are linked with him by the Sylvester medal of the R\nint000155.xml|130|f neoliberal policies. SKOURIES GOLD MINE: In Skouries, Halkidiki, a gold mine is in development by the Canadian company Eldorado Gold in collaboration with AKTOR S.A., Greece\u2019s \u201cnational contractor\u201d, owned by Giorgos Bobolas, the personification of Greek oligarch\nint000190.xml|130|situation worse\u2014reducing the chance that Ohioans will get the fair evidence-based hearing they deserve about their energy future. Gold standards> At the heart of the debate are two tools\u2014renewable energy standards and energy efficiency standards\u2014successfully used \nint000259.xml|130|ts scope and depth, brings to mind a vast Sebastiao Salgado project (think Migrations) or Ed Kashi\u2019s excellent Curse of the Black Gold book on the Nigerian oil industry.> Nowhere People is the kind of project that young documentary photographers often dream about \nint000291.xml|130|e that reproduced Trump\u2019s full interview with ABC News\u2019s George Stephanopoulos in which he so infamously insulted Khizr Khan, the Gold Star father who spoke out against him at the Democratic Party convention, and his wife, Ghazala.> Similarly, links to Trump\u2019s \u201cNe\nint000411.xml|130|l measures, and not Tescos? Should I boycott Maxwell House because they fund the Republican Party in the United States, or Nestl\u00e8 Gold Blend because its aggressive marketing practices undermine breastfeeding in poor communities? Should I continue to boycott Gap ev\nint001020.xml|130|: Fahnder werteten NSU-\u201cGaragenliste\u201d nicht richtig aus,\u201d Spiegel Online, February 14, 2014; Wolf Wetzel, \u201cDie Garagenliste \u2013 die Gold Card des Nationalsozialistischen Untergrundes/NSU,\u201d Eyes Wide Shut, November 16, 2011. \u21a9>  18. The \u201cextremism doctrine\u201d is the st\nint001706.xml|130|                                                                                       Dick Morris: Dems Mistakenly Chase 'Fool's Gold' in Trump Scandals> By Eric Mack> Democrats are repeating the same mistake Republicans made attacking former President Bill Clint\nint002100.xml|130|the big political cause. So this was the way that they organised the concert?!  Somewhere near the stage was a promised land, the Gold Circle, filled with VIP's who's paid up to \u00a3600 a ticket to be close enough to reach out and touch the stars. > This was a land w\nint002501.xml|130|                                                                                                                           \u2018Black Gold\u2019: Mapping London\u2019s African Oil Hub> A little-known network of London-based oil and gas companies tied to international tax havens\nint002537.xml|130|                                                        Troubled History Resonates as Local Campaigners Resist Northern Ireland's Gold Rush Over Cyanide Fears> As you drive up through the undulating hills near Greencastle, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, you\u2019ll s\nint002537.xml|130|ll-paid jobs, across a range of skill sets, during the construction and operation phases\u201d. Photo: Newspaper adverts for Dalradian Gold in the local press.> Dalradian told DeSmog UK that \u201cthe full range of jobs were communicated at a range of public consultation ev\nint002596.xml|130|                                        McIntyre's Missing Millions or How Climategate Blogger Missed Out on 'Deal of a Lifetime' Gold mining guru Steve McIntyre has long been accused of taking cash from oil companies to fund his climate denial investigations webs\nint002596.xml|130| that he must be working for Big Oil \u2013 or must be backed by the ultra-conservative think tanks funded by the oil industry. Struck Gold> But, in a darkly comic twist of fate, his interest in climate science in fact resulted in his stepping back from the board of a \nint003020.xml|130|. Carbonized fossil wood was found in 1947 in volcanic \u201csand\u201d at 1,700 feet underground within the Cripple Creek Breccia, Cresson Gold Mine, Cripple Creek, Colorado. The Ar-Ar [Argon-Argon] radiometric dating method yielded a date of 32 million years old. The Carb\nint003020.xml|130|. The Carbon-14 dating method yielded a date of 41,260 years old. Kelly, K.D. 1996. Origin and Timing of Magnetism and Associated Gold-Telluride Mineralization of Cripple Creek, Colorado. Ph.D. dissertation. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.> Beukens, R.P. Rad\nint003054.xml|130| our athletes win and I cheer them on even when they lose. I get a lump in my throat when the Star Spangled Banner is played at a Gold Medal ceremony. I admit to having strong national pride and I am glad when we win in our efforts against the athletes of other na\nint003067.xml|130| layers dating supposedly as far back as 400 to 500 million years. Over 300 man-made stone tools were found during the California Gold Rush Period (1850 to 1890). They were found in gold bearing gravels and are cataloged at the University of California, Berkeley. \nint003691.xml|130|y dividends to six percent in some cases and to eight percent in others, with profits over that required to be transferred to the Gold Discount Bank, which in turn required that the profits be invested in government loans or municipal debt service bonds.> Nazi hos\nint003792.xml|130|t 11th Street near Fifth Avenue in Greenwich Village, New York. The antipersonnel bomb loaded with sixteen-penny nails killed Ted Gold, Terry Robbins and Diana Oughton. The bomb was intended for a U.S. Army dance at Fort Dix in New Jersey where had it exploded, po\nmod000005.xml|130|; it \u201cseems now to transform paper into gold by the magic of its imprint [scheint jetzt durch die Magie seines Stempels Papier in Gold zu verwandeln; Marx is referring to the imprint that stamps gold and prints paper money].\u201d38 This magic always busies itself with\nmod000006.xml|130|nage, which is used as small change only in certain countries, but with coins that are used in foreign trade) are part of wealth? Gold and silver have very little utility \u2013 \u2018as far as their use in the house goes\u2019; and, however rare they may be, their abundance sti\nmod000006.xml|130| draw its value from the material of which it is composed, but rather from its form, which is the image or mark of the Prince\u2019.13 Gold is precious because it is money \u2013 not the converse. The relation so strictly laid down in the sixteenth century is forthwith reve\nmod000006.xml|130|er; the metal merely enables this value to be represented, as a name represents an image or an idea, yet does not constitute it: \u2018Gold is merely the sign and the instrument commonly used to convey the value of things in practice; but the true estimation of that va\nmod000006.xml|130|and title . . . It is therefore as merchandise that money is, not the sign, but the common measure of all other merchandise . . . Gold derives its price from its rarity, and far from its being an evil that it should be employed at the same time as both merchandise\nmod000011.xml|130|icit\u201d) and an \u201cimplicit\u201d definition. Usually a definition is understood as an unequivocal determination of a concept. When I say \u201cGold is a metal\u201d, this is not yet a definition; the concept \u201cgold\u201d is established only as an element of the class of metals. The conce\nmod000011.xml|130|nce that unequivocally distinguishes the concept \u201cgold\u201d from other concepts that are elements of the class of metals. The phrase \u201cGold is a precious metal\u201d is, therefore, also insufficient; as a specific difference, we will have to indicate its atomic weight, or m\nmod000018.xml|130|at play. In The Golden Bough Frazer offers a fine example of an antifestival. For several weeks in the year the Cape tribe on the Gold Coast perm it no sound of tom-toms or musket fire. Public conversations are forbidden. If a dispute arises and voices are raised,\nmod000058.xml|130|ferentiation, it must therefore be divisible at will, and it must also be possible to assemble it again from its component parts. Gold and silver possess these properties by nature.> The money commodity acquires a dual use-value. Alongside its special use-value as\nmod000058.xml|130|lver to be excluded from being merchandize' (T. Papillon, The East-India Trade a Most Profitable Trade, London, 1677, p. 4). 39. 'Gold and silver have value as metals before they are money' (Galiani, op. cit., p. 72). Locke says, 'The universal consent of mankind \nmod000063.xml|130|parative Study (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Claude Meillassoux, The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold, trans. Alide Dasnois (London: The Athlone Press, 1986; repr. 1991); and Alain Testart, L\u2019esclave, la dette et le pouvoir. \u00c9tudes\nmod000117.xml|130| a reason for confusing illusion with truth? Admirable geographical discoveries have been made by adventurers seeking the Land of Gold. Does this mean that our maps should include ElDorado? > > > > > A collection of scientific lectures given by William Thomson in \nmod000147.xml|130| very much bigger than those found elsewhere, except only the horses, which are surpassed by the Median breed called the Nisaean. Gold too is produced there in vast abundance, some dug from the earth, some washed down by the rivers, some carried off in the mode wh\nmod000153.xml|130| of pay, enough to meet the expenses of the year and no more; and they will go to mess and live together like soldiers in a camp. Gold and silver we will tell them that they have from God; the diviner metal is within them, and they have therefore no need of the dr\nmod000153.xml|130|d to their education. They should have no property; their pay should only meet their expenses; and they should have common meals. Gold and silver we will tell them that they have from God, and this divine gift in their souls they must not alloy with that earthly d\nmod000153.xml|130| but are ready enough to pay them to their mercenaries. There is nothing of which he is more contemptuous than the love of money. Gold is used for fetters of criminals, and diamonds and pearls for children's necklaces (When the ambassadors came arrayed in gold and\nmod000154.xml|130|The soil and the hearth are in all cases sacred to all the gods; wherefore no one shall consecrate afresh what is already sacred. Gold and silver, which in other States are used both privately and in temples, are objects liable to cause envy; and ivory, which come\nmod000159.xml|130|tioned fashion their works, a very various class, the offspring of many other arts? Younger Socrates: What do you mean? Stranger: Gold and silver and all the products of the mines and all the materials which tree-felling and wood-cutting in general cut and provide\nmod000166.xml|130|uperfluity at the end of the year nor any lack. And resorting to a common mess like soldiers on campaign they will live together. Gold and silver, we will tell them, they have of the divine quality from the gods always in their souls, and they have no need of the \nmod000166.xml|130|55 (N.). Cf. Zechariah xii. 9 \u201c . . . will try them as gold is tried,\u201d Job xxiii. 10 \u201cWhen he hath tried me I shall come forth as Gold.\u201d Cf. also 1Peter i. 7, Psalm xii. 6, lxvi. 10, Isaiah xlviii. 10.> >The translation preserves the intentional order of the Greek\nmod000168.xml|130| land and the hearth of the house of all men is sacred to all Gods; wherefore let no man dedicate them a second time to the Gods. Gold and silver, whether possessed by private persons or in temples, are in other cities provocative of envy, and ivory, the product o\nmod000168.xml|130|an will offer moderate gifts to the Gods; his land or hearth cannot be offered, because they are already consecrated to all Gods. Gold and silver, which arouse envy, and ivory, which is taken from the dead body of an animal, are unsuitable offerings; iron and bras\nmod000217.xml|130|f into the alien, by a fall, a descent into body, into Matter. The dishonour of the Soul is in its ceasing to be clean and apart. Gold is degraded when it is mixed with earthy particles; if these be worked out, the gold is left and is beautiful, isolated from all \nmod000217.xml|130| upon them. Here with us a man will say \"I wish I had such and such a quantity of gold\" -- or \"such and such a number of houses.\" Gold is one thing: the wish is not to bring the numerical quantity into gold but to bring the gold to quantity; the quantity, already \nmod000252.xml|130|s if we ascribed a predicate to a subject is contradicted by the decidedly objective expression of the judgment. The rose is red; Gold is a metal. It is not by us that something is first ascribed to them. A judgment is however distinguished from a proposition. The\nmod000267.xml|130|on horseback and on foot, (for they use both styles,) and both with bows and with spears; and they are wont to carry battle-axes. Gold and brass they use for all things; for their spears and arrowheads and axes they use brass, but their heads and their girdles and\nmod000267.xml|130|is more lacking than a twentieth-century work ought to be; and heinous, and often elementary, errors are unduly frequent.       * Gold and silver alloy. * One mina equals one-sixtieth of a talent. > > One amphore equals approximately nine gallons. > > The chief ma\nmod000273.xml|130| stripe of purple on the fore part, worn by the senators; the knights wore a similar one, only ornamented with a narrower stripe. Gold rings were also used as badges of distinction, the common people wore iron ones.> Footnote 2: The duration of Alexander's militar\nmod000304.xml|130|on the products of several yet more primitive arts. Shall we not take this as the sixth kind? Y.S. Of what are you thinking? Str. Gold and silver and all mined metals; all the pioneer work done by woodcutting and lopping to provide material for carpentry and wicke\nmod000306.xml|130|reaties; Hannibal was cruel; the others were more merciful. From Pyrrhus we have this famous speech on the exchange of prisoners: Gold will I none, nor price shall ye give; for I ask none; Come, let us not be chaff'rers of war, but warriors embattled. Nay; let us \nmod000311.xml|130| incontinent man does [171]is not that which he thinks he ought to do.) But he that gives, as Glaucus gives to Diomede in Homer\u2014 \u201cGold for his bronze, fivescore kine\u2019s worth for nine,\u201d> does not suffer injustice; for the giving rests with him, but suffering injust\nmod000363.xml|130|stituted a series of the most refined experiments upon the relation of the minute particles of metals to the vibrations of light. Gold acts powerfully on light, and possesses a real transparency, transmitting green rays when very thin; and being capable of extreme\nmod000366.xml|130|neral outlines of what may be safely said upon that subject may be summed up in a very few words. Draw a line on a globe from the Gold Coast in Western Africa to the steppes of Tartary. At the southern and western end of that line there live the most dolichocephal\nmod000367.xml|130|, etc. which America exports, to obtain which we must send her commodities that have been produced by the employment of our poor. Gold and silver, though they have greatly excited our avarice and ambition, have eventually contributed but little to stimulate our in\nmod000367.xml|130|e from 3l. 17s. 10\u00bdd. to 5l., is it not rather the value of the bullion that has risen than the currency that has fallen? Mrs B.: Gold bullion, like every other commodity, rises in price only, not in value; and that rise is owing to the depreciation of the currenc\nmod000374.xml|130|merely know that every other one will recognize it as the equivalent of a particular part of all purchasable articles in a state. Gold is, therefore, excellent money; for its true value, its utility, is as nothing in comparison with its imaginary value as a sign. \nmod000383.xml|130|ling. Virtue for him is as a tale of old. Which be his gods? The cent. per cent. in silver. His God of gods? The world's creator, Gold. > \"The Turk that plunders and the Frank that panders, These are our lords who ply with lust and fraud. The brothel and the winep\nmod000385.xml|130|h questions can come only from a study of Negro religion as a development, through its gradual changes from the heathenism of the Gold Coast to the institutional Negro church of Chicago.> Moreover, the religious growth of millions of men, even though they be slave\nmod000394.xml|130|es as much as that of corn, wine, cloth, or labour, and from the same causes, for it has the same source and obeys the same laws. Gold is brought within our reach, just like iron, by the labour of miners, the advances of capitalists, and the combination of merchan\nmod000400.xml|130|and modern life was the absence of coined money. Most trade was still done by barter. Babylon was financially far ahead of Egypt. Gold and silver were used for exchange and kept in ingots; and there were bankers, before coinage, who stamped their names and the wei\nint000155.xml|130|element. The water movement now has to rise up against its former ally and today\u2019s administrator of neoliberal policies. SKOURIES GOLD MINE:> In Skouries, Halkidiki, a gold mine is in development by the Canadian company Eldorado Gold in collaboration with AKTOR S.\nmod000400.xml|130|uite apart from the revolutionary spirit of the teachings of Jesus himself. MOSAIC OF SS. PETER AND PAUL POINTING TO A THRONE, ON GOLD BACKGROUND> MOSAIC OF SS. PETER AND PAUL POINTING TO A THRONE, ON GOLD BACKGROUND> From the Ninth Century original, in the Church\nmod000400.xml|130|self. MOSAIC OF SS. PETER AND PAUL POINTING TO A THRONE, ON GOLD BACKGROUND MOSAIC OF SS. PETER AND PAUL POINTING TO A THRONE, ON GOLD BACKGROUND> From the Ninth Century original, in the Church of Sta. Prassede, Rome> (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)> St. Paul \n"}