diff --git a/include/vcpkg/base/contractual-constants.h b/include/vcpkg/base/contractual-constants.h
index e637a800db..b6e45a37e2 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/base/contractual-constants.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/base/contractual-constants.h
@@ -558,4 +558,14 @@ namespace vcpkg
     inline constexpr StringLiteral AbiTagPostBuildChecks = "post_build_checks";
     inline constexpr StringLiteral AbiTagPowershell = "powershell";
     inline constexpr StringLiteral AbiTagPublicAbiOverride = "public_abi_override";
+
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusDeinstall = "deinstall";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusError = "error";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusHalfInstalled = "half-installed";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusHold = "hold";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusInstall = "install";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusInstalled = "installed";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusNotInstalled = "not-installed";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusPurge = "purge";
+    inline constexpr StringLiteral StatusUnknown = "unknown";
 }
diff --git a/include/vcpkg/base/fmt.h b/include/vcpkg/base/fmt.h
index 416e6dcd38..2129c8c996 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/base/fmt.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/base/fmt.h
@@ -18,3 +18,11 @@ VCPKG_MSVC_WARNING(disable : 6239 4702)
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 #include <fmt/ranges.h>
 VCPKG_MSVC_WARNING(pop)
+
+template<class T>
+std::string adapt_to_string(const T& val)
+{
+    std::string result;
+    val.to_string(result);
+    return result;
+}
diff --git a/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h b/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h
index 8c10236efd..311a52bc28 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace vcpkg
     struct AdjacencyProvider
     {
         virtual std::vector<V> adjacency_list(const U& vertex) const = 0;
-        virtual std::string to_string(const V& vertex) const = 0;
         virtual U load_vertex_data(const V& vertex) const = 0;
     };
 
diff --git a/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h b/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h
index b9ad5b13c8..f1f2650ebe 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Built package metadata
-    /// </summary>
+    // metadata for a package in the 'packages' tree
     struct BinaryParagraph
     {
         BinaryParagraph() = default;
diff --git a/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h b/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h
index 4e4fa98f91..63ad9e211f 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Installed package metadata
-    /// </summary>
+
+    // metadata for a package's representation in the 'installed' tree
     struct StatusParagraph
     {
         StatusParagraph() noexcept;
@@ -30,14 +29,12 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     void serialize(const StatusParagraph& pgh, std::string& out_str);
 
-    std::string to_string(InstallState f);
-
-    std::string to_string(Want f);
+    StringLiteral to_string_literal(InstallState f);
+    StringLiteral to_string_literal(Want f);
 
     struct InstalledPackageView
     {
-        InstalledPackageView() noexcept : core(nullptr) { }
-
+        InstalledPackageView() = default;
         InstalledPackageView(const StatusParagraph* c, std::vector<const StatusParagraph*>&& fs)
             : core(c), features(std::move(fs))
         {
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
         std::vector<StatusParagraph> all_status_paragraphs() const;
 
-        const StatusParagraph* core;
+        const StatusParagraph* core = nullptr;
         std::vector<const StatusParagraph*> features;
     };
 
@@ -59,3 +56,6 @@ namespace vcpkg
                               const InstalledPaths& installed,
                               const ReadOnlyFilesystem& fs);
 }
+
+VCPKG_FORMAT_WITH_TO_STRING_LITERAL_NONMEMBER(vcpkg::InstallState);
+VCPKG_FORMAT_WITH_TO_STRING_LITERAL_NONMEMBER(vcpkg::Want);
diff --git a/include/vcpkg/versions.h b/include/vcpkg/versions.h
index cb3b1a512f..8a54cbf0bc 100644
--- a/include/vcpkg/versions.h
+++ b/include/vcpkg/versions.h
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         VersionDiff(const Version& left, const Version& right);
 
         std::string to_string() const;
+        void to_string(std::string& out) const;
     };
 
     struct VersionMapLess
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         VersionSpec(const std::string& port_name, const std::string& version_string, int port_version);
 
         std::string to_string() const;
+        void to_string(std::string& out) const;
 
         friend bool operator==(const VersionSpec& lhs, const VersionSpec& rhs);
         friend bool operator!=(const VersionSpec& lhs, const VersionSpec& rhs);
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     struct DotVersion
     {
-        DotVersion() { } // intentionally disable making this type an aggregate
+        DotVersion() noexcept { } // intentionally disable making this type an aggregate
 
         std::string original_string;
         std::string version_string;
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     struct DateVersion
     {
-        DateVersion() { } // intentionally disable making this type an aggregate
+        DateVersion() noexcept { } // intentionally disable making this type an aggregate
 
         std::string original_string;
         std::string version_string;
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.cpp b/src/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.cpp
index e997c43e58..e2d02d3615 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.cpp
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         return fmt::format(
             "\nspec: \"{}\"\nversion: \"{}\"\nport_version: {}\ndescription: [\"{}\"]\nmaintainers: [\"{}\"]\nfeature: "
             "\"{}\"\ndefault_features: [\"{}\"]\ndependencies: [\"{}\"]\nabi: \"{}\"",
-            paragraph.spec.to_string(),
+            paragraph.spec,
             paragraph.version.text,
             paragraph.version.port_version,
             Strings::join(join_str, paragraph.description),
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/commands.ci.cpp b/src/vcpkg/commands.ci.cpp
index 115964d7ca..24581927f5 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/commands.ci.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/commands.ci.cpp
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ namespace
             (void)filesystem.create_directory(target_path, VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
             if (children.empty())
             {
-                std::string message =
-                    "There are no build logs for " + spec.to_string() +
-                    " build.\n"
-                    "This is usually because the build failed early and outside of a task that is logged.\n"
-                    "See the console output logs from vcpkg for more information on the failure.\n";
+                auto message =
+                    fmt::format("There are no build logs for {} build.\n"
+                                "This is usually because the build failed early and outside of a task that is logged.\n"
+                                "See the console output logs from vcpkg for more information on the failure.\n",
+                                spec);
                 filesystem.write_contents(std::move(target_path) / "readme.log", message, VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
             }
             else
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/commands.export.cpp b/src/vcpkg/commands.export.cpp
index a8a9a26330..4032519205 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/commands.export.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/commands.export.cpp
@@ -472,8 +472,7 @@ namespace
                     Checks::unreachable(VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
                 }
 
-                const std::string display_name = action.spec.to_string();
-                msg::println(msgExportingPackage, msg::package_name = display_name);
+                msg::println(msgExportingPackage, msg::package_name = action.spec);
 
                 const BinaryParagraph& binary_paragraph = action.core_paragraph().value_or_exit(VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
 
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/commands.list.cpp b/src/vcpkg/commands.list.cpp
index ea6373a558..a7ff89e78b 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/commands.list.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/commands.list.cpp
@@ -17,19 +17,20 @@ namespace
         Json::Object obj;
         for (const StatusParagraph* status_paragraph : installed_packages)
         {
-            auto current_spec = status_paragraph->package.spec;
-            if (obj.contains(current_spec.to_string()))
+            const auto& current_spec = status_paragraph->package.spec;
+            const auto current_spec_string = current_spec.to_string();
+            if (obj.contains(current_spec_string))
             {
                 if (status_paragraph->package.is_feature())
                 {
-                    Json::Value* value_obj = obj.get(current_spec.to_string());
+                    Json::Value* value_obj = obj.get(current_spec_string);
                     auto& feature_list = value_obj->object(VCPKG_LINE_INFO)[JsonIdFeatures].array(VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
                     feature_list.push_back(Json::Value::string(status_paragraph->package.feature));
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                Json::Object& library_obj = obj.insert(current_spec.to_string(), Json::Object());
+                Json::Object& library_obj = obj.insert(current_spec_string, Json::Object());
                 library_obj.insert(JsonIdPackageUnderscoreName, Json::Value::string(current_spec.name()));
                 library_obj.insert(JsonIdTriplet, Json::Value::string(current_spec.triplet().to_string()));
                 library_obj.insert(JsonIdVersion, Json::Value::string(status_paragraph->package.version.text));
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/dependencies.cpp b/src/vcpkg/dependencies.cpp
index 7142a61067..bfdd903138 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/dependencies.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/dependencies.cpp
@@ -680,8 +680,6 @@ namespace vcpkg
             }
 
             PackageSpec load_vertex_data(const PackageSpec& s) const override { return s; }
-
-            std::string to_string(const PackageSpec& spec) const override { return spec.to_string(); }
         };
 
         RemoveAdjacencyProvider p;
@@ -746,8 +744,6 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
                 return ExportPlanAction{spec, request_type};
             }
-
-            std::string to_string(const PackageSpec& spec) const override { return spec.to_string(); }
         };
 
         const std::unordered_set<PackageSpec> specs_as_set(specs.cbegin(), specs.cend());
@@ -997,7 +993,6 @@ namespace vcpkg
         {
             BaseEdgeProvider(const ClusterGraph& parent) : m_parent(parent) { }
 
-            std::string to_string(const PackageSpec& spec) const override { return spec.to_string(); }
             const Cluster* load_vertex_data(const PackageSpec& spec) const override
             {
                 return &m_parent.find_or_exit(spec, VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/export.prefab.cpp b/src/vcpkg/export.prefab.cpp
index f6f02a461d..22f9fcad01 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/export.prefab.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/export.prefab.cpp
@@ -36,12 +36,7 @@ namespace vcpkg::Prefab
         return paths;
     }
 
-    std::string NdkVersion::to_string() const
-    {
-        std::string ret;
-        this->to_string(ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
+    std::string NdkVersion::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
     void NdkVersion::to_string(std::string& out) const
     {
         out.append("NdkVersion{major=")
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/metrics.cpp b/src/vcpkg/metrics.cpp
index 008b9f0f34..e29e88f258 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/metrics.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/metrics.cpp
@@ -282,12 +282,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
                        last_completed_survey);
     }
 
-    std::string MetricsUserConfig::to_string() const
-    {
-        std::string ret;
-        to_string(ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
+    std::string MetricsUserConfig::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
 
     void MetricsUserConfig::try_write(const Filesystem& fs) const
     {
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/packagespec.cpp b/src/vcpkg/packagespec.cpp
index eca04f0aa3..53030973c0 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/packagespec.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/packagespec.cpp
@@ -70,12 +70,7 @@ namespace
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
-    std::string FeatureSpec::to_string() const
-    {
-        std::string ret;
-        this->to_string(ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
+    std::string FeatureSpec::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
     void FeatureSpec::to_string(std::string& out) const
     {
         if (feature().empty()) return spec().to_string(out);
@@ -130,7 +125,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     std::string PackageSpec::dir() const { return fmt::format("{}_{}", this->m_name, this->m_triplet); }
 
-    std::string PackageSpec::to_string() const { return fmt::format("{}:{}", this->name(), this->triplet()); }
+    std::string PackageSpec::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
     void PackageSpec::to_string(std::string& s) const
     {
         fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(s), "{}:{}", this->name(), this->triplet());
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/spdx.cpp b/src/vcpkg/spdx.cpp
index fd1ae3d842..2e28a3b404 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/spdx.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/spdx.cpp
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ static StringView extract_cmake_invocation_argument(StringView command, StringVi
 }
 
 static Json::Object make_resource(
-    std::string spdxid, std::string name, std::string downloadLocation, StringView sha512, StringView filename)
+    std::string spdxid, StringView name, std::string downloadLocation, StringView sha512, StringView filename)
 {
     Json::Object obj;
     obj.insert(SpdxSpdxId, std::move(spdxid));
-    obj.insert(JsonIdName, std::move(name));
+    obj.insert(JsonIdName, name.to_string());
     if (!filename.empty())
     {
         obj.insert(SpdxPackageFileName, filename);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Json::Value vcpkg::run_resource_heuristics(StringView contents, StringView versi
         auto sha = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(github, CMakeVariableSHA512);
 
         packages.push_back(make_resource(fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n),
-                                         repo.to_string(),
+                                         repo,
                                          fmt::format("git+https://github.com/{}@{}", repo, ref),
                                          sha,
                                          {}));
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ Json::Value vcpkg::run_resource_heuristics(StringView contents, StringView versi
     {
         auto url = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(github, CMakeVariableUrl);
         auto ref = fix_ref_version(extract_cmake_invocation_argument(github, CMakeVariableRef), version_text);
-        packages.push_back(make_resource(
-            fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), url.to_string(), fmt::format("git+{}@{}", url, ref), {}, {}));
+        packages.push_back(
+            make_resource(fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), url, fmt::format("git+{}@{}", url, ref), {}, {}));
     }
     auto distfile = find_cmake_invocation(contents, "vcpkg_download_distfile");
     if (!distfile.empty())
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ Json::Value vcpkg::run_resource_heuristics(StringView contents, StringView versi
         auto url = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(distfile, CMakeVariableUrls);
         auto filename = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(distfile, CMakeVariableFilename);
         auto sha = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(distfile, CMakeVariableSHA512);
-        packages.push_back(make_resource(
-            fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), filename.to_string(), url.to_string(), sha, filename));
+        packages.push_back(
+            make_resource(fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), filename, url.to_string(), sha, filename));
     }
     auto sfg = find_cmake_invocation(contents, "vcpkg_from_sourceforge");
     if (!sfg.empty())
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ Json::Value vcpkg::run_resource_heuristics(StringView contents, StringView versi
         auto ref = fix_ref_version(extract_cmake_invocation_argument(sfg, CMakeVariableRef), version_text);
         auto filename = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(sfg, CMakeVariableFilename);
         auto sha = extract_cmake_invocation_argument(sfg, CMakeVariableSHA512);
-        auto url = Strings::concat("https://sourceforge.net/projects/", repo, "/files/", ref, '/', filename);
-        packages.push_back(make_resource(
-            fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), filename.to_string(), std::move(url), sha, filename));
+        auto url = fmt::format("https://sourceforge.net/projects/{}/files/{}/{}", repo, ref, filename);
+        packages.push_back(
+            make_resource(fmt::format("SPDXRef-resource-{}", ++n), filename, std::move(url), sha, filename));
     }
     return Json::Value::object(std::move(ret));
 }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ std::string vcpkg::create_spdx_sbom(const InstallPlanAction& action,
     doc.insert(SpdxDataLicense, SpdxCCZero);
     doc.insert(SpdxSpdxId, SpdxRefDocument);
     doc.insert(SpdxDocumentNamespace, std::move(document_namespace));
-    doc.insert(JsonIdName, Strings::concat(action.spec.to_string(), '@', cpgh.version.to_string(), ' ', abi));
+    doc.insert(JsonIdName, fmt::format("{}@{} {}", action.spec, cpgh.version, abi));
     {
         auto& cinfo = doc.insert(SpdxCreationInfo, Json::Object());
         auto& creators = cinfo.insert(JsonIdCreators, Json::Array());
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/statusparagraph.cpp b/src/vcpkg/statusparagraph.cpp
index f0a0748ecb..7fa5571aaa 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/statusparagraph.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/statusparagraph.cpp
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     void serialize(const StatusParagraph& pgh, std::string& out_str)
     {
+        auto want_literal = to_string_literal(pgh.want);
+        auto state_literal = to_string_literal(pgh.state);
         serialize(pgh.package, out_str);
         out_str.append("Status: ")
-            .append(to_string(pgh.want))
+            .append(want_literal.data(), want_literal.size())
             .append(" ok ")
-            .append(to_string(pgh.state))
+            .append(state_literal.data(), state_literal.size())
             .push_back('\n');
     }
 
@@ -36,11 +38,11 @@ namespace vcpkg
             ++b;
 
         want = [](const std::string& text) {
-            if (text == "unknown") return Want::UNKNOWN;
-            if (text == "install") return Want::INSTALL;
-            if (text == "hold") return Want::HOLD;
-            if (text == "deinstall") return Want::DEINSTALL;
-            if (text == "purge") return Want::PURGE;
+            if (text == StatusUnknown) return Want::UNKNOWN;
+            if (text == StatusInstall) return Want::INSTALL;
+            if (text == StatusHold) return Want::HOLD;
+            if (text == StatusDeinstall) return Want::DEINSTALL;
+            if (text == StatusPurge) return Want::PURGE;
             return Want::ERROR_STATE;
         }(std::string(mark, b));
 
@@ -48,47 +50,47 @@ namespace vcpkg
         b += 4;
 
         state = [](const std::string& text) {
-            if (text == "not-installed") return InstallState::NOT_INSTALLED;
-            if (text == "installed") return InstallState::INSTALLED;
-            if (text == "half-installed") return InstallState::HALF_INSTALLED;
+            if (text == StatusNotInstalled) return InstallState::NOT_INSTALLED;
+            if (text == StatusInstalled) return InstallState::INSTALLED;
+            if (text == StatusHalfInstalled) return InstallState::HALF_INSTALLED;
             return InstallState::ERROR_STATE;
         }(std::string(b, e));
     }
 
-    std::string to_string(InstallState f)
+    StringLiteral to_string_literal(InstallState f)
     {
         switch (f)
         {
-            case InstallState::HALF_INSTALLED: return "half-installed";
-            case InstallState::INSTALLED: return "installed";
-            case InstallState::NOT_INSTALLED: return "not-installed";
-            default: return "error";
+            case InstallState::HALF_INSTALLED: return StatusHalfInstalled;
+            case InstallState::INSTALLED: return StatusInstalled;
+            case InstallState::NOT_INSTALLED: return StatusNotInstalled;
+            default: Checks::unreachable(VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
         }
     }
 
-    std::string to_string(Want f)
+    StringLiteral to_string_literal(Want f)
     {
         switch (f)
         {
-            case Want::DEINSTALL: return "deinstall";
-            case Want::HOLD: return "hold";
-            case Want::INSTALL: return "install";
-            case Want::PURGE: return "purge";
-            case Want::UNKNOWN: return "unknown";
-            default: return "error";
+            case Want::DEINSTALL: return StatusDeinstall;
+            case Want::HOLD: return StatusHold;
+            case Want::INSTALL: return StatusInstall;
+            case Want::PURGE: return StatusPurge;
+            case Want::UNKNOWN: return StatusUnknown;
+            default: Checks::unreachable(VCPKG_LINE_INFO);
         }
     }
 
     std::map<std::string, std::vector<FeatureSpec>> InstalledPackageView::feature_dependencies() const
     {
-        auto extract_deps = [&](const PackageSpec& spec) { return FeatureSpec{spec, FeatureNameCore.to_string()}; };
+        auto extract_deps = [](const PackageSpec& spec) { return FeatureSpec{spec, FeatureNameCore}; };
 
         std::map<std::string, std::vector<FeatureSpec>> deps;
-
         deps.emplace(FeatureNameCore, Util::fmap(core->package.dependencies, extract_deps));
-
-        for (const StatusParagraph* const& feature : features)
+        for (const StatusParagraph* feature : features)
+        {
             deps.emplace(feature->package.feature, Util::fmap(feature->package.dependencies, extract_deps));
+        }
 
         return deps;
     }
@@ -97,10 +99,11 @@ namespace vcpkg
     {
         InternalFeatureSet ret;
         ret.emplace_back(FeatureNameCore);
-        for (const auto& f : features)
+        for (const StatusParagraph* f : features)
         {
             ret.emplace_back(f->package.feature);
         }
+
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -111,18 +114,23 @@ namespace vcpkg
         // accumulate all features in installed dependencies
         // Todo: make this unneeded by collapsing all package dependencies into the core package
         std::vector<PackageSpec> deps;
-        for (auto&& feature : features)
+        for (const StatusParagraph* feature : features)
+        {
             for (auto&& dep : feature->package.dependencies)
+            {
                 deps.push_back(dep);
+            }
+        }
 
         // Add the core paragraph dependencies to the list
         for (auto&& dep : core->package.dependencies)
+        {
             deps.push_back(dep);
+        }
 
-        auto this_spec = this->spec();
+        const auto& this_spec = this->spec();
         Util::erase_remove_if(deps, [this_spec](const PackageSpec& pspec) { return pspec == this_spec; });
         Util::sort_unique_erase(deps);
-
         return deps;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/vcpkg/versions.cpp b/src/vcpkg/versions.cpp
index e37351f086..00c1dd26e4 100644
--- a/src/vcpkg/versions.cpp
+++ b/src/vcpkg/versions.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
     {
     }
 
-    std::string Version::to_string() const
-    {
-        std::string result;
-        to_string(result);
-        return result;
-    }
+    std::string Version::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
 
     void Version::to_string(std::string& out) const
     {
@@ -81,9 +76,17 @@ namespace vcpkg
     VersionDiff::VersionDiff() noexcept : left(), right() { }
     VersionDiff::VersionDiff(const Version& left, const Version& right) : left(left), right(right) { }
 
-    std::string VersionDiff::to_string() const { return fmt::format("{} -> {}", left, right); }
+    std::string VersionDiff::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
+    void VersionDiff::to_string(std::string& out) const
+    {
+        fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{} -> {}", left, right);
+    }
 
-    std::string VersionSpec::to_string() const { return fmt::format("{}@{}", port_name, version); }
+    std::string VersionSpec::to_string() const { return adapt_to_string(*this); }
+    void VersionSpec::to_string(std::string& out) const
+    {
+        fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}@{}", port_name, version);
+    }
 
     namespace
     {