diff --git a/examples/400-multi-with-orchestration/variables.tf b/examples/400-multi-with-orchestration/variables.tf
index 4de9ef589..fa5f86b7f 100644
--- a/examples/400-multi-with-orchestration/variables.tf
+++ b/examples/400-multi-with-orchestration/variables.tf
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ variable "root_name" {
 variable "primary_location" {
   type        = string
   description = "Sets the location for \"primary\" resources to be created in."
-  default     = "northeurope"
+  default     = "NorthEurope"
 }
 
 variable "secondary_location" {
   type        = string
   description = "Sets the location for \"secondary\" resources to be created in."
-  default     = "westeurope"
+  default     = "WestEurope"
 }
 
 variable "subscription_id_connectivity" {
diff --git a/locals.tf b/locals.tf
index 6b724f43c..371b30cb7 100644
--- a/locals.tf
+++ b/locals.tf
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ locals {
     module.identity_resources.configuration.template_file_variables,
     module.management_resources.configuration.template_file_variables,
   )
-  default_location                = var.default_location
+  default_location                = lower(var.default_location)
   default_tags                    = var.default_tags
   disable_base_module_tags        = var.disable_base_module_tags
   disable_telemetry               = var.disable_telemetry
diff --git a/modules/connectivity/locals.geo_codes.tf.json b/modules/connectivity/locals.geo_codes.tf.json
index e628cc2ed..d3a720183 100644
--- a/modules/connectivity/locals.geo_codes.tf.json
+++ b/modules/connectivity/locals.geo_codes.tf.json
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
             "South India": "ins",
             "westindia": "inw",
             "West India": "inw",
+            "italynorth": "itn",
+            "Italy North": "itn",
             "japaneast": "jpe",
             "Japan East": "jpe",
             "japanwest": "jpw",
diff --git a/modules/connectivity/locals.tf b/modules/connectivity/locals.tf
index aeba68dd5..eac1805f4 100644
--- a/modules/connectivity/locals.tf
+++ b/modules/connectivity/locals.tf
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ locals {
   root_id                                   = var.root_id
   subscription_id                           = coalesce(var.subscription_id, "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")
   settings                                  = var.settings
-  location                                  = var.location
+  location                                  = lower(var.location)
   tags                                      = var.tags
   resource_prefix                           = coalesce(var.resource_prefix, local.root_id)
   resource_suffix                           = var.resource_suffix != local.empty_string ? "-${var.resource_suffix}" : local.empty_string
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ locals {
   # terraform will throw an error at this point.
   hub_networks_by_location = {
     for hub_network in local.hub_networks :
-    coalesce(hub_network.config.location, local.location) => hub_network
+    coalesce(lower(hub_network.config.location), local.location) => hub_network
   }
   hub_network_locations = keys(local.hub_networks_by_location)
   virtual_hubs          = local.settings.vwan_hub_networks
@@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ locals {
   # Groups per location if preferred.
   virtual_hubs_by_location = {
     for virtual_hub in local.virtual_hubs :
-    coalesce(virtual_hub.config.location, local.location) => virtual_hub
+    coalesce(lower(virtual_hub.config.location), local.location) => virtual_hub
   }
   virtual_hubs_by_location_for_resource_group_per_location = {
     for virtual_hub in local.virtual_hubs :
-    coalesce(virtual_hub.config.location, local.location) => virtual_hub
+    coalesce(lower(virtual_hub.config.location), local.location) => virtual_hub
     if local.resource_group_per_virtual_hub_location
   }
   virtual_hubs_by_location_for_shared_resource_group = {
     for virtual_hub in local.virtual_hubs :
-    coalesce(virtual_hub.config.location, local.location) => virtual_hub
+    coalesce(lower(virtual_hub.config.location), local.location) => virtual_hub
     if !local.resource_group_per_virtual_hub_location
   }
   # The following objects are used to identify azurerm_virtual_hub
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ locals {
   # azurerm_virtual_wan resource
   virtual_hubs_by_location_for_managed_virtual_wan = {
     for virtual_hub in local.virtual_hubs :
-    coalesce(virtual_hub.config.location, local.location) => virtual_hub
+    coalesce(lower(virtual_hub.config.location), local.location) => virtual_hub
     if local.existing_virtual_wan_resource_id == local.empty_string
   }
   virtual_hubs_by_location_for_existing_virtual_wan = {
     for virtual_hub in local.virtual_hubs :
-    coalesce(virtual_hub.config.location, local.location) => virtual_hub
+    coalesce(lower(virtual_hub.config.location), local.location) => virtual_hub
     if local.existing_virtual_wan_resource_id != local.empty_string
   }
   # Need to know the full list of virtual_hub_locations
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ locals {
       length(local.virtual_hubs_by_location_for_managed_virtual_wan) > 0,
       length(local.virtual_hubs_by_location_for_shared_resource_group) > 0,
     ]
-  ) ? [local.location, ] : local.empty_list
-  ddos_location = coalesce(local.settings.ddos_protection_plan.config.location, local.location)
-  dns_location  = coalesce(local.settings.dns.config.location, local.location)
+  ) ? [local.location] : local.empty_list
+  ddos_location = coalesce(lower(local.settings.ddos_protection_plan.config.location), local.location)
+  dns_location  = coalesce(lower(local.settings.dns.config.location), local.location)
   connectivity_locations = distinct(concat(
     local.hub_network_locations,
     keys(local.virtual_hubs_by_location_for_resource_group_per_location),
@@ -1423,10 +1423,14 @@ locals {
 #  - azurerm_private_dns_zone
 locals {
   enable_private_link_by_service = local.settings.dns.config.enable_private_link_by_service
-  private_link_locations         = coalescelist(local.settings.dns.config.private_link_locations, [local.location])
+  lowered_private_link_locations = [for location in local.settings.dns.config.private_link_locations : lower(location)]
+  private_link_locations         = coalescelist(local.lowered_private_link_locations, [local.location])
   private_dns_zone_prefix        = "${local.resource_group_config_by_scope_and_location["dns"][local.dns_location].resource_id}/providers/Microsoft.Network/privateDnsZones/"
+
+  lowered_builtin_azure_backup_geo_codes = { for key, value in local.builtin_azure_backup_geo_codes : lower(key) => lower(value) }
+
   lookup_azure_backup_geo_codes = merge(
-    local.builtin_azure_backup_geo_codes,
+    local.lowered_builtin_azure_backup_geo_codes,
     local.custom_azure_backup_geo_codes,
   )
   lookup_private_link_dns_zone_by_service = {
diff --git a/modules/management/locals.tf b/modules/management/locals.tf
index 226fb6d8e..635597a27 100644
--- a/modules/management/locals.tf
+++ b/modules/management/locals.tf
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ locals {
   root_id                                      = var.root_id
   subscription_id                              = coalesce(var.subscription_id, "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000")
   settings                                     = var.settings
-  location                                     = var.location
+  location                                     = lower(var.location)
   tags                                         = var.tags
   resource_prefix                              = coalesce(var.resource_prefix, local.root_id)
   resource_suffix                              = length(var.resource_suffix) > 0 ? "-${var.resource_suffix}" : local.empty_string
diff --git a/tests/modules/test_001_baseline/variables.tf b/tests/modules/test_001_baseline/variables.tf
index 4113b7ec9..694231031 100644
--- a/tests/modules/test_001_baseline/variables.tf
+++ b/tests/modules/test_001_baseline/variables.tf
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ variable "root_name" {
 variable "primary_location" {
   type        = string
   description = "Sets the location for \"primary\" resources to be created in."
-  default     = "northeurope"
+  default     = "NorthEurope"
 }
 
 variable "secondary_location" {